Web site usability is an important factor when creating and managing web sites, since it essentially determines whether or not the site is usable by its intended audience. As an attempt to simplify the process of achieving high usability for web sites, this thesis has explored the possibility of integrating usability guidelines with web content management systems. The overall aim was to determine if, and how, usability guidelines can be implemented in a web content management system to make it promote and deliver web site usability, and to find solutions that aid web site users in carrying out the basic tasks of finding, reading and understanding information on the web. To estimate the effectiveness of such solutions, the level of human dependency was considered when evaluating the solutions. This thesis has shown that it is possible to construct such solutions, and has found several for each of the basic user tasks of finding, reading and understanding information. Although some of the found solutions automatically improve a site's usability or actively promote site usability, the majority are still dependent on human efforts in order to promote usability. It was concluded that it is possible to integrate usability guidelines with a web content management system, but that web site usability still largely depends on human effort in order to be effective.

This is a report concerning the software development project Eldflugan, a system developed by eight students at Linköping University. It addresses experience from developing a web-based e-commerce using Scrum, an agile development method, which was used throughout the project. The teams work, how Scrum was applied with both advantages and disadvantages is being lifted. Different development environments have been used due to separate issues and opportunities, which is described. The database management systems, MySQL, and the local version, SQLite, are discussed as well as AJAX and PJAX, tools for giving the users a better and faster experience. To prepare Eldflugan for entering the e-commerce market, a marketing plan including environmental scanning, a SWOT analysis and a STP, has been made. Ethical aspects such as legal, use and handling of personal information and how it is communicated are also being addressed. Finally the report discusses product weaknesses, future opportunities, implementation difficulties and how those could have been prevented. It was found that Scrum is best used when it is utilized fully and a risk analysis can prevent unexpected problems to surface.

In this paper, the aim is to research green coding and sustainability within web development. Can environmentally friendly web development make a difference in climate change? In which ways can a web developer code green? And to what extent are programmers today aware of the phrase “green coding”? These are the key questions that will be discussed in the essay. The goal is to research the current recognition of environmentally friendly coding within the programming community. To give examples of eco-friendly development and research its relevance as a tool for combating climate change. The paper will attempt to answer if it has a significant enough effect on global emissions for society to care about, or explain why such a conclusion is difficult to ascertain. This study proceeded accordingly when answering the questions. Firstly, a survey was created with questions about green coding and eco-friendly development and then shared with a group of programmers. Secondly, previous studies were collected to see how well their research fit together and what conclusions can be drawn from it. Thirdly, information and data from statistics were collected together with test measurements in order to identify energy-efficient ways of coding and developing. The results from gathering and comparing sources of energy consumed from data being transferred show that it is difficult to calculate the impact eco-friendly development has on climate change. Some techniques and tools that are preferable when prioritizing energy efficiency are revealed. The results of the survey showed that there is some recognition of the phrase “green coding” among programmers but not widespread and that there is a minority of the respondents who think about saving energy when coding and choosing tools and techniques.

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are an important component in modern-day web applications. Representation State Transfer (REST) has been the de facto standard for building web APIs since its inception in 2000. In 2015 Facebook launched GraphQL, a technology with the purpose of solving some of the drawbacks of traditional REST APIs. However, few scientific studies have yet to assess the benefits and drawbacks of GraphQL vs REST from a performance standpoint. In this study, a controlled experiment was conducted to assess three categories of runtime performance: response time, CPU consumption and memory consumption. Results show that GraphQL consumes more server-side resources than REST, except in certain scenarios, while response time depends highly on the query. When fetching the same amount of data, REST is more efficient than GraphQL in every regard.  Keywords: Web Development, Application Programming Interfaces, REST, GraphQL, Performance.

This thesis is about how we delivered a product that eases maintenance and support of the client Ninetech’s system ServeIT. The product provides a website which has the purpose of providing an easy way to perform actions and show relevant information in a meaningful way. The functionalities that the product provides is showing all opticians within the different organizations in ServeIT and rebuilding search indexes when a product is added or removed by a supplier or optician. The specified requirements imposed by Ninetech were all implemented, and the final product is today used within their production environment. The project was purpose-fully made scalable, such that further development could be made by Ninetech once the project came to an end.

Several studies have been carryout on finding optimal locations to minimize CO2 emissions from the last mile distribution perspective. In conjunction with that, there has been no study conducted in Sweden that provides a decision support system to compute the transport consequences of the modifications in the retailer’s store network. This thesis did used the following steps: requirement analysis, system design, implementation and testing to build a prototype decision support system that is to help retailers find optimal locations for a new retail store. This thesis provided a subsequent answer as to which data are needed along with the rightful user interface for said decision support system. Subsequently, this thesis does present a decision support system prototype from which some recommendations were provided as to what skills set and tools are needed for the management and maintenance of said decision support system. The primary data used during this thesis is the Dalarna municipalities, six selected retailer’s stores networks and the Dalarna Road network geo-data (Longitude and latitude). This thesis does conclude that it is possible to integrate an optimization model within the Django framework using a geo data to build a decision support system.

In recent years, web development and technologies became pivotal for our lives and ubiquitous across business sectors. Web development is an inherently complex process, which involves different stakeholders, tasks, and technologies. Through the years, researchers and practitioners in web development created so-called web stacks as a way to alleviate the complexity associated to web development. Web stacks can be defined as sets of technologies coupled together for the purpose of designing and developing all the web infrastructure. As technologies and tools evolve, new stacks are designed and realized. In this thesis, we investigate one such new stack: Jamstack. We investigate how Jamstackis perceived by practitioners in the web development domain focusing on its perceived benefits and limitations, its main application domains, and the supporting tools. We achieve this using an online survey involving 31 respondents. We analyze the collected data using both vertical and orthogonal analysis. The collected data indicate that Jamstack is perceived as a promising stack whose benefits overcome possible limitations. The data suggest that Jamstack will certainly play a role in modern and future web development although there is no strong evidence that it will take over and replace traditional stacks.

Due to the increasing prevalence of laws, standards, and ethical discussions about web accessibility, developing websites and apps that are usable to everyone—regardless of disability and impairment—is more important than ever. In spite of this, most of the web is still inaccessible and accessibility is commonly treated as an afterthought. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to implement web accessibility as a cornerstone of software development processes, and more specifically what motivates accessibility adoption and how to implement it successfully. The main part of the research consists of an extensive analysis of the literature to identify common themes. Although legislation and financial concerns play a role in why organizations adopt accessibility, the most frequently cited factors are social and ethical aspects as well as reaching a wider audience. The success of accessibility implementation is largely dependent on how knowledge is created, maintained, and disseminated in organizations. Prioritizing it and integrating it as much as any other basic requirement is also a key to success. Moreover, WCAG 2.1 Level AA is the recommended accessibility standard and compliance level, as informed by a law review and insights from literature. In addition, semi-structured interviews and a workshop were conducted with participants across three projects of a Swedish IT company with the aim of applying the findings in a real-life context and bringing about change in the organization. Final suggestions were based on the thematic analysis, and adapted to the case company through the insights from interviews and the workshop, as well as process documentation and corporate policies. Although not generalizable to all organizations, the suggestions provide understanding of enterprises sharing the case company's characteristics. Furthermore, the thematic analysis and law review have relevance for all types of private organizations.

For the past few years, Sweden has worked towards digitalisation of the public sector, however without any legislated requirements for accessibility. In order to make public sector body websites and applications accessible to all users a new Swedish law, based on the Web Accessibility Directive, has been implemented. This new law dictates that public sector websites and applications need to comply with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) in September of 2020. This study explores factors influencing web practitioners when developing accessible websites, applications and services for the public sector. This is done through a survey and semi-structured interviews, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The new law does not provide guidance on methods or evaluations to develop products and services accessible for all users. Instead it has a main focus on compliance with WCAG 2.1. The result show that the close connection between the law and the guidelines removes the focus from the users in evaluations. Instead the focus is on measurable compliance with the law through the use of static checklists or automatic testing tools. As long as the method of using a checklist or automatic tool is presented as equally sufficient as user testing in terms of reaching compliance with the law, clients requesting accessible solutions will not change their priorities or allocate resources towards user testing. The findings are presented in a model representing the factors influencing web development and accessibility evaluation and how these factors are connected and dependent on each other.

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected us in different ways and expose the weaknesses of our ecosystem. Some groups of people are more vulnerable to the virus meaning they have to follow the public health authority recommendations with extra caution. At the start of this project, they recommended keeping distance and avoid a crowded environment which makes everyday living harder, especially for groups more vulnerable to the virus. In this thesis, I aim to solve this issue with a web application that extends Coops home delivery of groceries and makes it possible to order extra services as well. The project resulted in an application that is stable enough to use in production today.