Este trabalho é uma análise formal da construção das orações relativas em contextos de sintagmas preposicionais no português oral culto de Porto Alegre em que a preposição não está visível na forma fonética, apesar de a gramática normativa exigi-la. Antes da realização da análise propriamente dita, relembramos a estrutura e a classificação das orações relativas, os pronomes relativos empregados com ou sem preposições e algumas particularidades e inovações dessas estruturas que vêm surgindo no PB, além de apresentar o panorama da gramática gerativa até o modelo de Princípios e Parâmetros, destacando as abordagens gerativas mais relevantes sobre a construção Relativa Cortadora. A análise baseia-se em dados coletados em 24 (vinte e quatro) inquéritos, que correspondem a 24 (vinte e quatro) informantes, registrados no corpus do projeto NURC – Norma Urbana Culta – que totalizam 300 (trezentos) períodos de análise. Seguindo o modelo de pesquisa gerativa – Princípios e Parâmetros –, são levantadas as estratégias de construção das orações padrão e não-padrão, sendo estas classificadas em Relativas Cortadoras e Relativas Copiadoras. Os resultados atestam que a construção não-padrão é utilizada em 69,33% dos casos, sendo 67,00% de Relativa Cortadora e 2,33% de Relativa Copiadora, enquanto que a estratégia padrão é empregada em 30,67% (trinta e três por cento). No uso da estratégia padrão, o emprego do pronome relativo está garantido, sendo resultado de movimento do elemento QU, com fixação de parâmetro [+movQU]; e no emprego das estratégias não-padrão a tendência é o uso da partícula “que”, denominada de “juntor”, correlacionada com o fato de que as orações subordinadas são regidas à principal por meio da conjunção. Neste último caso, QU não resulta de movimento [-movQU], sendo gerado na posição de base e caracterizando que o Português Brasileiro (PB) é uma língua de parâmetro [±movQU]. / This work is a formal analysis of the relative clauses’ construction in prepositional sintagms in oral cult Portuguese from Porto Alegre, in which the preposition is not visible in the phonetic form, in spite of the normative grammar requires it. Before accomplishing the analysis, we reminded the construction of the relative clauses, the relative pronouns with or without prepositions and some particularities and innovation of these constructions which are lighting up in BP, besides presenting the generative grammar view until the Principles and Parameters Model, singularizing the most relevant generative subjects about the construction of PP-Chopping. The analysis is based on data collected in 24 enquiries, corresponding to 24 informants registered in the corpus of the NURC project – Urban Cult Norma – which complete 300 periods of analysis. Following the model of generative research – Principles and Parameters –, the strategies standard – Pied-piping – and non-standard clauses´ construction are verified, and classificated in PP-Chopping and Resumptive Pronoun. The results show that the non-standard constructions are used in 69,33% of the cases, being 67,00% of PPChopping and 2,33% of Resumptive Pronouns, while the standard strategy is used in 30,67%. In the usage of the standard strategy, the use of the relative pronouns is assured, being a result of the element WH moviment, with the parameter fixing [+movWH]; while in the nonstandard strategies is tended the usage of “que”, called “juntor”, related to the fact that the subordinate clauses are governed to the main one by the conjuction. In this last case, WH does not result of movement [-movWH], being generated in the base position and characterizing that Brazilian Portuguese is a language of parameter [±movWH].

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-11T12:09:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaduartemarcao.pdf: 3039217 bytes, checksum: 3d02a3fd20a157117bfde56d24c4edcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T13:53:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaduartemarcao.pdf: 3039217 bytes, checksum: 3d02a3fd20a157117bfde56d24c4edcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T13:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nataliaduartemarcao.pdf: 3039217 bytes, checksum: 3d02a3fd20a157117bfde56d24c4edcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O trabalho aqui apresentado insere-se no projeto Multilingual Knowledge Base ou simplesmente m.knob (www.mknob.com), o qual tem por objetivo criar um aplicativo web e vem sendo desenvolvido no Laboratório FrameNet Brasil de Linguística Computacional – FN-Br – (SALOMÃO, 2009). De forma mais geral, a FN-Br vem explorando a implementação das teorias da Semântica de Frames e da Gramática de Construções através da criação de recursos linguísticos computacionais, como o Lexicon e o Constructicon do Português Brasileiro (PB) – um repertório de construções disponível online. Dessa maneira, esta dissertação busca embasamento em pressupostos teóricos relacionados à Linguística Cognitiva, tais como a Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1982) e a Gramática das Construções de Berkeley (KAY & FILLMORE, 1999) e segue a metodologia de análise da Berkeley FrameNet (FILLMORE ET AL. 2003). Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar a descrição e a modelagem linguístico-computacional (cf. DIAS-DA-SILVA, 1996) das construções Interrogativas QU- em PB na base construcional da FrameNet Brasil, a qual sustenta o aplicativo web m.knob. A pesquisa se justifica pelo fato de o chatbot – uma interface de recomendação de atrações turísticas baseada em compreensão de língua natural – empregado no aplicativo não suportar que o usuário interaja através de sentenças interrogativas. Nesse sentido, a descrição e modelagem das construções QU- se faz necessária de modo a contribuir para que o usuário, durante a interação com o aplicativo, busque informações adicionais acerca das atrações recomendadas através de perguntas. Para fomentar essa funcionalidade nova, esta dissertação traz uma proposta de modelagem de onze construções QU- em PB. Ao final, aplica-se um teste de prova de conceito para avaliação do modelo proposto. / This work is part of the Multilingual Knowledge Base project or simply m.knob (www.mknob.com). It aims to create a web application and has been developed at the FrameNet Brasil Laboratory of Computational Linguistics - FN-Br - (SALOMÃO, 2009). More generally, FN-Br has been exploring the implementation of Framing Semantics and Construction Grammar theories through the creation of computational linguistic resources, such as the Lexicon and Constructicon of the Brazilian Portuguese (PB) - a repertoire of constructions available online. In this way, this Master’s thesis is based on the theoretical assumptions of Cognitive Linguistics, such as Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1982) and the Berkeley Constructions Grammar (KAY & FILLMORE, 1999). Our analytical methodology is the one by Berkeley FrameNet (FILLMORE et al., 2003). In this context, this thesis aims to present the description and the linguistic-computational modeling (cf. DIAS-DA-SILVA, 1996) of the Interrogative Wh-constructions of the Brazilian Portuguese in the constructional base of FrameNet Brasil, which supports the web application m.knob. The research is justified by the fact that the chatbot - a tourist attraction recommendation interface based on natural-language understanding - employed in the application does not support the user interacting through interrogative sentences. In that sense, the description and modeling of Wh-constructions are necessary in order to help the user, during interaction with the application, look for additional information about the recommended attractions through questions. To foster this new function, this thesis presents a proposal for modeling eleven Wh-Constructions in Brazilian Portuguese. At the end, a proof of concept test is applied to evaluate the proposed model.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de rendre compte des relations entre syntaxe et phonologie dans l'expression du focus pragmatique, du focus sémantique [contrastif et non-contrastif] et du donné en français francilien. S'agissant là d'un domaine assez vaste, elle se concentre particulièrement sur trois phénomènes : l'asymétrie sujet-non-sujet dans le recours aux phrases clivées en réponse aux questions partielles, l'alternance des questions à mot-wh antéposé et des questions à mot-wh in situ dans l'expression des véritables demandes d'informations et enfin les ``effets d'intervention'' dans les questions partielles. Pour chacun de ces phénomènes, elle propose une formalisation dans le cadre de la Théorie de l'Optimalité, et plus particulièrement dans l'approche Strongly Parallel OT. Elle fait notamment usage des contraintes Stress-Focus, NotGivenProminent, Destress-Given, Head-I-Right [Hi], Op-spec ou encore Epp. Elle met le français en perspective avec des langues aussi variées que l'anglais, le coréen, l'italien, le japonais, le sotho du nord et le zoulou. / This dissertation has as its objective to investigate syntax-phonology interactions in the expression of pragmatic focus, semantic focus and givenness in Francilian French, the dialect of French spoken in the Paris metropolitan area. It concentrates on three puzzles : the subject-non-subject asymmetry in the use of cleft sentences as an answering strategy to wh-questions, the occurrence of both fronted and in situ wh-questions, and so-called wh-questions' intervention effects. The phenomena investigated are accounted for through the ranking of the constraints Stress-Focus, NotGivenProminent, Destress-Given, Head-I-Right [Hi], Op-spec and Epp, within the Strongly Parallel Optimal Theoretic approach. As this thesis offers a typological perspective, languages as varied as English, Korean, Italian, Japanese, Northern Sotho and Zulu are also discussed and contrasted to French.

Wirbeltierskelette stehen seit langem im Fokus vieler wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen sowie kultureller Überlieferungen, und dies hängt wahrscheinlich mit der erstaunlichen Fähigkeit des Skeletts zusammen, den Tod zu überdauern und der Zersetzung zu widerstehen. Es ist diese Widerstandsfähigkeit des Knochens, die es uns ermöglicht, Evolution der Wirbeltiere anhand des Fossilberichts zu analysieren. Knochengewebe macht heute den Großteil der Wirbeltierskelette aus, doch über den evolutionären Ursprung von Knochen ist wenig bekannt, insbesondere was seine zelluläre Zusammensetzung angeht. Das übergreifende Thema dieser Arbeit ist es, die Evolution von mineralisiertem Gewebe mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf Knochengewebe besser zu verstehen. Dies geschieht durch verschiedene Methoden von der traditionellen externen Morphologie über die Histologie bis hin zur Röntgen-Computertomographie und schließlich durch die Entwicklung der neuartigen fokussierten Ionenstrahl-Tomographie-Technik (FIB-SEM). Mit Hilfe dieser Methoden wird versucht, die Mikrostruktur fossilen Knochens zu verstehen und aus ihr abzuleiten, wie die heute erkennbarenMorphologien und Physiologien des Knochens entstanden sind. Die zweite Hälfte dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit Paläopathologien und wie sie unser Verständnis der normalen Physiologie durch die Dokumentation pathologisch veränderter Fossilien erweitern können. / Vertebrate skeletons have long been the focus of many scientific disciplines as well as cultural lore, and this is likely due to the amazing ability for the skeleton to survive death and decomposition. It is this resiliency of bone that allows us to to analyze the evolution of vertebrate life in the fossil record. Bone tissue makes up the majority of vertebrate skeletons today, yet little is known about its developmental origins, particularly when it comes to the cellular composition. In this thesis the overarching theme is to better understand the evolution of mineralized tissue with a particular emphasis on bone tissue. This is done through several methodologies from traditional external morphology, to histology, to X-ray computer tomography, and finally with a development of a novel focused ion beam (FIB-SEM) tomography technique. These methods are all employed as an attempt to understand the microstructure of fossil bone from early jawless vertebrates to amniotes and thus deduce how the morphologies and physiologies ascribed to bone today have come about. The second half of this thesis deals with osseous paleopathologies and how they can inform our understanding of normal physiology through the documentation of aberrant fossils.

Die Brachyura umfassen ca. 7000 Arten. Die Variationsbreite ihrer morphologischen Merkmale spiegelt sich in den männlichen und weiblichen Reproduktionssystemen wider und machen sie zu einem herausfordernden Untersuchungsgegenstand. Obwohl sich zahlreiche Studien mit der Phylogenie der Brachyura befasst haben, fehlen eindeutige Ergebnisse. Manche Studien stützen sich weiterhin auf deren Teilung in die Podotremata, die Heterotremata und die Thoracotremata (die beiden letzteren bilden die Eubrachyura), die auf der Position der Gonoporen basiert. In dieser Arbeit wurden die männlichen Kopulations- und weiblichen Reproduktionssysteme von vier eubrachyuren Arten untersucht. Zur Analyse ihrer inneren Morphologie, wurden die Gonopoden in der ersten und zweiten Studie μCT-gescannt und 3D-rekonstruiert. Zusätzlich wurden in allen Studien rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen angewendet, um Informationen über die Oberflächenstrukturen der Gonopoden zu erhalten. Alle Untersuchungen des weiblichen Systems wurden mit bewährten histologischen Methoden und Lichtmikroskopie durchgeführt. In der ersten und zweiten Studie wurde diese detaillierte Strukturanalyse durch 3D-Rekonstruktion ergänzt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien wurden in Zusammenhang mit der vorhandenen Literatur interpretiert, um Merkmale des männlichen und weiblichen Reproduktionssystems zu definieren und deren Potenzial für phylogenetische Untersuchungen zu diskutieren. Außerdem wird ein evolutives Scenario bezüglich der Transformation der hier vorgeschlagenen Merkmalszustände des weiblichen Reproduktionssystems diskutiert. Die Gonopoden sind wertvoll, um Artenzugehörigkeiten zu Brachyurengruppen zu identifizieren, sind aber für Untersuchungen großskaliger Brachyurenphylogenie ungeeignet. Einige der weiblichen Merkmale können ausschließlich heterotremen oder thoracotremen Weibchen zugeordnet werden. Die vorgeschlagenen Szenarien deuten darauf hin, dass einige dieser Charaktere mehrfach entstanden sind. / The Brachyura comprise approximately 7000 species. The variability of their morphological traits is reflected in the male copulatory and the female reproductive systems that make them a challenging object of investigation. Numerous studies addressed the brachyuran phylogeny but unambiguous results have yet to be presented. Some studies still rely on the division of Brachyura into the Podotremata, the Heterotremata and the Thoracotremata (the latter two forming the Eubrachyura) that is based on the position of the male and female gonopores. In this work, the male copulatory and female reproductive systems of four eubrachyuran species were investigated. In the first and the second study, the gonopods were µCT-scanned and 3D-reconstructed to analyse their internal morphology. Additionally, in all studies scanning electron microscopy was used in order to obtain information about the surface structures of the gonopods. All investigations of the female system were conducted using approved histological methods and light microscopy. In the first and second study, this detailed structural analysis was complemented by 3D-reconstruction. The results of these studies are evaluated in comparison with the existing literature in order to define characters of the male copulatory and female reproductive system and discuss their potential for phylogenetic investigations. Additionally, an evolutionary scenario of the transformations of the herein proposed character states of the female reproductive system is discussed. Without additional information from the female reproductive system, the gonopod morphology is valuable to identify species affiliations to certain groups but remains inconclusive for large-scale brachyuran phylogeny. Some of the female characters found in these studies can explicitly be assigned to heterotreme or thoracotreme females. The proposed scenarios suggest, that some, if not all of these characters probably have evolved multiple times.

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Auf der Basis von Fossilien wird angenommen, dass die ersten Säugetiere nachtaktiv waren. Diese Arbeit untersucht diese Hypothese mit bioinformatischen und molekularbiologischen Techniken. Der Fokus liegt auf dem Rhodopsin, ein Sehpigment im Wirbeltierauge, das für Sehen unter schlechten Lichtverhältnissen verantwortlich ist. Zunächst wurde das Rhodopsin der monotrematen Echidna, einem basalen Säugetier, sequenziert und mit zwei Mutanten mit Mutationen an Positionen 158 und 169 in vitro exprimiert. Die biochemische und funktionelle Charakterisierung ergab, dass das Echidna-Rhodopsin farbpigment-typische Charakteristika aufweist, was auf eine Expression auch in Zapfen hindeutet. Dies ist die erste Charakterisierung eines Rhodopsins eines nachtaktiven Tieres. Dann wurden anzestrale Rhodopsinsequenzen für die Knotenpunkte Amniota, Mammalia und Theria mithilfe der Maximum-Likelihood-Methode berechnet. Die in vitro Expression und biochemische und funktionelle Charakterisierung zeigt funktionale und rhodopsin-typische Sehpigmente. Das Mammalia- und Theria-Rhodopsin zeigen eine hohe Meta II Halbwertszeit. Dieses Ergebnis wird als eventuelle Anpassung an Sehen unter schlechten Lichtverhältnissen interpretiert, wobei, aufgrund von Unstimmigkeiten in der Literatur, Schlussfolgerungen auf ökologisch-bedingte Anpassungen basierend auf einzelnen Funktionstests problematisch sind, da die visuelle Signalkaskade ein sehr komplexes und durch viele Proteine vernetztes System darstellt. Zuletzt zeigen Selektionsanalysen, dass das Rhodopsin entlang der Theria-Linie positive Selektion auf nicht-synonyme Substitutionen erfahren hat, was zu Anpassungen in einem Protein führt. Der Fossilbericht belegt entlang dieser Linie mehrere Einnischungsevents in neue Lebensräume. Entlang der Mammalia-Linie wurde positive Selektion auf synonyme Substitutionen gemessen, was zu einer Zunahme an Rhodopsin-Molekülen führt und damit eine Anpassung an Sehen unter schlechten Lichtverhältnissen darstellt. / Based on information from the fossil record, the first mammals are thought to have been nocturnal. This thesis investigates this popular hypothesis using bioinformatic and molecular techniques, focusing on the rhodopsin, a visual pigment in the vertebrate eye that is responsible for vision at low-light levels. First, the rhodopsin gene of the monotreme echidna, a basal mammal, was sequenced and successfully expressed in vitro, together with two mutants with substitutions at sites 158 and 169. Biochemical and functional analyses revealed that the echidna rhodopsin displays cone-like characteristics, likely due to being also expressed in cones. With the echidna being nocturnal, this thesis comprises the first characterisation of a rhodopsin of a nocturnal animal. Second, ancestral rhodopsin sequences for the tetrapod nodes Amniota, Mammalia, and Theria were inferred using Maximum likelihood estimates. All expressed pigments were successfully expressed in vitro, functional and rod-like. Mammalia and Theria rhodopsins display a high meta II half life time, a pattern that is usually interpreted to facilitate better vision at low-light levels. However, due to inconsistency in the available data, the result also suggests that, with the visual signaling cascade being a complex and interconnected system, erecting ecological interpretations based on single biochemical and functional reactions is problematic. Third, selective constraint analyses performed on a set of tetrapod rhodopsin sequences indicate that positive selection on non-synonymous sites, was acting along the branch leading to Theria. This result reflects the rapid diversification into modern ecological habitats during the Triassic and Jurassic, as indicated by the fossil record. In addition, positive selection on synonymous sites, leading to an increase of rhodopsin molecules, was found along the branch leading to Mammalia and suggests adaptations to vision at low-light levels.