Univ., Diss.--Zürich, 2002.

Syftet med studien är att, med hjälp av metoden contingent valuation (CV), undersöka betalningsviljan (willingness to pay, WTP) för en reducerad risk att drabbas av mag- och tarmsjukdomar på grund av förorenat dricksvatten i Skellefteå kommun. Studien undersöker också sambandet mellan WTP och tidigare erfarenheter av förorenat dricksvatten. Respondenterna fick besvara en sluten och en öppen WTP-fråga för ett föreslaget projekt. WTP varierar mellan 39 – 67 kronor per månad utöver den nuvarande avgiften för vatten och avlopp (VA-taxan). De variabler som förklarar individuella skillnader i WTP är budnivån, upplevd dricksvattenkvalitet, huruvida personen blev drabbad vid tidigare utbrottet, om konsumtionsbeteendet har förändrats, ålder, inkomst och hushåll med barn. Resultaten visar att de respondenter som drabbats vid ett tidigare utbrott är mindre benägna att acceptera en högre kostnad. Ett förändrat konsumtionsbeteende visar däremot att respondenter i genomsnitt har en högre WTP för en minskad risk av mag- och tarmsjukdomar. / The purpose of the study is to examine the willingness to pay (WTP) for a reduced risk of gastrointestinal diseases due to contaminated drinking water in the municipality of Skellefteå using the contingent valuation method (CV). The study also examines the relationship between WTP and previous experiences of contaminated drinking water. The respondents answered to a closed and an open WTP question for a proposed project.  WTP varies between SEK 39 – 67 per month in addition to the current fee on water and wastewater. The variables that explain individual differences in WTP are the bid level, experienced drinking water quality, impact of the previous outbreak, changed consumption behavior, age, income and households with children. The results show that respondents affected by the previous outbreak are less likely to accept a higher cost. Respondents who changed their consumption behavior want, on average, pay more for a reduced risk of gastrointestinal diseases.

Submitted by Silvia Marcomini (silvia.marcomini92@gmail.com) on 2017-01-02T17:04:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2017-01-04T13:07:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T13:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Marcomini - Master's thesis.pdf: 1575837 bytes, checksum: 65fcc8bc9b5ee94136369fc95e8d707b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / The literature shows that shopping environment has an impact on various consumer behaviors, and that favourable environmental cues are associated with higher customer’ quality perception and willingness to pay. I investigated and found that this is true only when consumers are in a positive mood. When they are in a negative mood, consumers infer higher quality from a discount-looking shop. A between-design experimental survey has been conducted to analyze the impact of shopping environment, mood and shopping motivation on customers’ perception of quality and willingness to pay. Two mood conditions (positive/negative) have been created and induced to respondents at the beginning of the survey, along with two shopping environment conditions (upscale-looking/discount-looking) based on design, scent and sales personnel factors. Results show that shopping environment does not impact significantly the dependent variables but it interacts significantly with mood to determine quality perception; shopping motivation impacts significantly both quality perception and willingness to pay. / A literatura existente mostra que o ambiente do local onde se realizam compras impactua o comportamento do consumidor e que certos elementos favoráveis presentes neste local, estão associados a uma maior perceção de qualidade e uma maior disposição para comprar por parte dos consumidores. A autora investigou e descobriu que esta afirmação apenas se confirma quando os consumidores estão com bom-humor. Se em contrapartida, os consumidores estiverem com mau-humor, são os próprios que inferem uma maior qualidade aos produtos que sejam comprados numa loja de descontos. Realizou-se um questionário experimental para analisar o impacto do ambiente do local de compras, humor e motivação na perceção de qualidade e na disposição para comprar dos consumidores. Duas condições de humor (positivas / negativas) foram criadas e induzidas aos inquiridos no início do questionário, juntamente com duas condições de ambiente de compras (de alto nível / com desconto) baseadas em fatores como o design do espaço, o aroma e os empregados do local. Os resultados mostram que o ambiente do local de compras não afeta significativamente as variáveis dependentes, mas interage significativamente com o humor para determinar a perceção de qualidade dos produtos por parte dos consumidores. Por outro lado, a motivação para comprar afeta claramente tanto a perceção quanto a disposição para comprar.

Nesta tese são desenvolvidos três estudos sobre o risco associado aos acidentes de trânsito, com o objetivo de avaliar como a população o percebe, e o valor que estaria disposta a pagar para reduzi-lo. As análises foram feitas com duas diferentes metodologias econométricas e dois diferentes conjuntos de dados da população de Porto Alegre. O primeiro estudo procurou avaliar que fatores de risco contribuem para aumentar a gravidade dos acidentes de trânsito, utilizando dados de acidentes de trânsito ocorridos na cidade de Porto Alegre no período 2000-2008, através de modelos logit ordenados generalizados. Os resultados indicam que a maioria das vítimas feridas em acidentes de trânsito são condutores jovens, do sexo masculino e que estavam em motocicletas ou cujo acidente foi um choque contra obstáculos. Contudo, as vítimas fatais têm maior probabilidade de morte são os pedestres, com mais de 60 anos de idade. Os acidentes com maior gravidade ocorrem em maior proporção a noite ou finais de semana, em locais mais afastados do centro da cidade, o que sugere comportamento associado à alta velocidade e uso de substâncias psicoativas como álcool. Para os demais estudos utilizaram-se dados de um survey feito com a população de Porto Alegre em 2009. O segundo estudo avalia como as características sócio-demográficas, a experiência no trânsito e a informação recebida, afetam a percepção do risco e o comportamento no trânsito. Os resultados indicam que os indivíduos que tem risco maior de morte no trânsito subestimam seu próprio risco e vice-versa; e que os mais jovens têm maior percepção deste risco, assim como os que tiveram experiência de acidente de trânsito ou passam mais tempo expostos a ele. O risco do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas associado ao trânsito, no entanto é percebido maior pelos idosos, mulheres, não bebedores ou quem não tem comportamento de risco, assim como pelos que têm mais informação do risco. Da mesma maneira, o comportamento de risco no trânsito associado ao consumo de álcool está negativamente relacionado a percepção deste risco e a idade. O terceiro estudo estimou a disposição a pagar ( ) dos entrevistados pela redução no seu próprio risco de sofrer lesões em um acidente de trânsito e o valor de uma vida estatística ( ), utilizando modelos lineares e não-lineares ajustados através de uma transformação Box-Cox. Os resultados indicam que a esta relacionada de forma decrescente com a idade e com a não utilização de dispositivos de segurança, mas aumenta com a renda, o tempo de exposição ao trânsito, a experiência com acidentes, para as mulheres e para os que têm dependentes. O valor médio eliciado da para reduzir a zero o risco das lesões mais graves, que resultam em morte, implicou em de cerca de R$ 13,4 milhões (US$7,3 milhões) - valor menor, porém comparável ao encontrado para países desenvolvidos e em estudo para o Brasil. / This thesis develops three studies on the risk associated with traffic accidents, in order to assess how people perceive it and the value they would be willing to pay to reduce it. The analysis was made with two different econometric methods and two different sets of data from Porto Alegre's population. The first study to assess at risk factors that contribute to increased severity of accidents, using data obtained from traffic accidents in the city of Porto Alegre between the years 2000 and 2008, and applying the generalized ordered logit. The results indicate that most of the victims injured in accidents are young drivers, males, motorcyclists and whose crash was a “collision with obstacles”. However, fatal victims have a different profile: they are pedestrians, over 60 years old. The most serious accidents occur in greater proportions at nights or weekends, at locations further away from the city center, which suggests behavior associated with high speed driving and the use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol. The other two studies used data from a survey done with the population of Porto Alegre in 2009. The second study evaluates how socio-demographic characteristics, traffic experience and the information received about the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol, affect risk perception and behavior in the traffic. The results indicate that individuals who have greater risk of dying in traffic, underestimate their own risk and vice versa; and that young people as well as those who have been in an accident or those who spend a lot of time in traffic, have a greater perception of their risk. On the other hand, the risk of alcohol consumption associated with traffic, is perceived better by older people, women, non-drinkers, people without risky behavior, and those who are more aware of the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol. Similarly, risky behavior in traffic, related to alcohol consumption, is inversely proportional to perception of risk and to age. The third study estimated the respondents' willingness to pay ( ) for the reduction in their risk of suffering injuries in a traffic accident, as well as the value of a statistical life ( ), using linear and nonlinear models adjusted by the Box-Cox transformation. The results indicate that the decreases with age and with not using safety devices, but increases with income, exposure to traffic, and the accidents experience, for women and for those who have dependents. The average value elicited by to reduce to zero the risk of severe injuries that result in death, implied a of about R$13.4 million (US$ 7.3 million) - lower, but still a comparable value to that found in developed countries, and studied in Brazil.

This thesis investigates the sensitivity of derived monetary valuations of the well-being effects of non-market goods, by considering, in turn, the four components that contribute to these calculations. Comparisons are made to the current subjective well-being (SWB) literature by altering one component at a time in a willingness to pay (WTP) function, in addition to varying the estimator used when calculating WTP. The first component varied is the measure of income used; a more robust, up-to-date measure is proposed that takes into account household size, economies of scale and composition, plus other improvements over current income scaling approaches including equivalence scales. Secondly, anticipation and adaptation effects are examined, in order to allow for the dynamics of SWB in WTP valuations. Thirdly, due to the ordered nature of the dependent variable, the effects of both cardinal and ordinal models on WTP derivations are investigated. Such models include the ordered logit fixed effects (FE) model (see for example Das and Van Soest (1999), Ferrer-i-Carbonell and Frijters (2004) and Baetschmann et al. (2011)). The final input to be varied is whether income endogeneity is accounted for. A control function approach is used in this case. A key finding is that all four inputs in the WTP calculation contribute significantly to the estimated WTP values. However, the degree to which each input influences the variation in WTP values differs substantially. The three main contributing factors to WTP variations are the income variable chosen, anticipation and adaptation effects, and controlling for endogeneity. Additionally, this thesis proposes a new way to define WTP that is also valid for ordered estimators. Whilst the standard WTP approach relies simply on coefficient ratios at a point in time, the method proposed here uses the finding that statistically significant anticipation and adaptation effects, along with adaptation to all non-market events (except for unemployment) suggest that there are concerns with taking WTP values as yearly valuations that assume constant effects on SWB. By instead defining WTP as the summation of the value of all WTP effects over all lag and lead effect periods, the total value of an event can be calculated. This definition presents further weaknesses of the original method by showing that because of significant lag and lead effects for events such as divorce and widowhood, these events have substantially larger WTP values than first thought. This leads to the major finding in this study that rank orders are not preserved when controlling for income endogeneity, even when comparing two model specifications that are identical in all other respects. Therefore, despite absolute WTP valuations appearing more similar for linear and ordered estimators when a more appropriate model specification is in place, the rank orders are affected. This finding argues against papers such as Powdthavee and van den Berg (2011) that find that rank orders are preserved for WTP valuations when modelling SWB. In conclusion, given rank orders are generally not preserved when a small change is made in the model specification, the validity of the WTP method is significantly reduced. Finally, the above methodology is applied to education, with the main contribution to the education literature being that the positive effects on SWB from education only exist in terms of lead effects.

Nesta tese são desenvolvidos três estudos sobre o risco associado aos acidentes de trânsito, com o objetivo de avaliar como a população o percebe, e o valor que estaria disposta a pagar para reduzi-lo. As análises foram feitas com duas diferentes metodologias econométricas e dois diferentes conjuntos de dados da população de Porto Alegre. O primeiro estudo procurou avaliar que fatores de risco contribuem para aumentar a gravidade dos acidentes de trânsito, utilizando dados de acidentes de trânsito ocorridos na cidade de Porto Alegre no período 2000-2008, através de modelos logit ordenados generalizados. Os resultados indicam que a maioria das vítimas feridas em acidentes de trânsito são condutores jovens, do sexo masculino e que estavam em motocicletas ou cujo acidente foi um choque contra obstáculos. Contudo, as vítimas fatais têm maior probabilidade de morte são os pedestres, com mais de 60 anos de idade. Os acidentes com maior gravidade ocorrem em maior proporção a noite ou finais de semana, em locais mais afastados do centro da cidade, o que sugere comportamento associado à alta velocidade e uso de substâncias psicoativas como álcool. Para os demais estudos utilizaram-se dados de um survey feito com a população de Porto Alegre em 2009. O segundo estudo avalia como as características sócio-demográficas, a experiência no trânsito e a informação recebida, afetam a percepção do risco e o comportamento no trânsito. Os resultados indicam que os indivíduos que tem risco maior de morte no trânsito subestimam seu próprio risco e vice-versa; e que os mais jovens têm maior percepção deste risco, assim como os que tiveram experiência de acidente de trânsito ou passam mais tempo expostos a ele. O risco do consumo de bebidas alcoólicas associado ao trânsito, no entanto é percebido maior pelos idosos, mulheres, não bebedores ou quem não tem comportamento de risco, assim como pelos que têm mais informação do risco. Da mesma maneira, o comportamento de risco no trânsito associado ao consumo de álcool está negativamente relacionado a percepção deste risco e a idade. O terceiro estudo estimou a disposição a pagar ( ) dos entrevistados pela redução no seu próprio risco de sofrer lesões em um acidente de trânsito e o valor de uma vida estatística ( ), utilizando modelos lineares e não-lineares ajustados através de uma transformação Box-Cox. Os resultados indicam que a esta relacionada de forma decrescente com a idade e com a não utilização de dispositivos de segurança, mas aumenta com a renda, o tempo de exposição ao trânsito, a experiência com acidentes, para as mulheres e para os que têm dependentes. O valor médio eliciado da para reduzir a zero o risco das lesões mais graves, que resultam em morte, implicou em de cerca de R$ 13,4 milhões (US$7,3 milhões) - valor menor, porém comparável ao encontrado para países desenvolvidos e em estudo para o Brasil. / This thesis develops three studies on the risk associated with traffic accidents, in order to assess how people perceive it and the value they would be willing to pay to reduce it. The analysis was made with two different econometric methods and two different sets of data from Porto Alegre's population. The first study to assess at risk factors that contribute to increased severity of accidents, using data obtained from traffic accidents in the city of Porto Alegre between the years 2000 and 2008, and applying the generalized ordered logit. The results indicate that most of the victims injured in accidents are young drivers, males, motorcyclists and whose crash was a “collision with obstacles”. However, fatal victims have a different profile: they are pedestrians, over 60 years old. The most serious accidents occur in greater proportions at nights or weekends, at locations further away from the city center, which suggests behavior associated with high speed driving and the use of psychoactive substances, such as alcohol. The other two studies used data from a survey done with the population of Porto Alegre in 2009. The second study evaluates how socio-demographic characteristics, traffic experience and the information received about the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol, affect risk perception and behavior in the traffic. The results indicate that individuals who have greater risk of dying in traffic, underestimate their own risk and vice versa; and that young people as well as those who have been in an accident or those who spend a lot of time in traffic, have a greater perception of their risk. On the other hand, the risk of alcohol consumption associated with traffic, is perceived better by older people, women, non-drinkers, people without risky behavior, and those who are more aware of the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol. Similarly, risky behavior in traffic, related to alcohol consumption, is inversely proportional to perception of risk and to age. The third study estimated the respondents' willingness to pay ( ) for the reduction in their risk of suffering injuries in a traffic accident, as well as the value of a statistical life ( ), using linear and nonlinear models adjusted by the Box-Cox transformation. The results indicate that the decreases with age and with not using safety devices, but increases with income, exposure to traffic, and the accidents experience, for women and for those who have dependents. The average value elicited by to reduce to zero the risk of severe injuries that result in death, implied a of about R$13.4 million (US$ 7.3 million) - lower, but still a comparable value to that found in developed countries, and studied in Brazil.

abstract: In two independent and thematically connected chapters, I investigate consumers' willingness to pay a price premium in response to product development that entails prosocial attributes (PATs), those that allude to the reduction of negative externalities to benefit society, and to an innovative participatory pricing design called 'Pay-What-You-Want' (PWYW) pricing, a mechanism that relinquishes the determination of payments in exchange for private goods to the consumers themselves partly relying on their prosocial preferences to drive positive payments. First, I propose a novel statistical approach built on the choice based contingent valuation technique to estimate incremental willingness to pay (IWTP) for PATs that accounts for consumer heterogeneity, dependence in the decision making processes, and incentive compatibility. I validate the approach by estimating IWTP for a variety of PATs and contrast the theoretical and managerial benefits of using the proposed approach over extant techniques used in the literature for this purpose. Second, I propose a general and flexible statistical modeling framework for estimating PWYW payments that exceed zero. It relies on the joint estimation of three types of consumer decision processes namely, the consumer propensity to default to an explicit price recommendation, the propensity to pay a least legitimate price, and the payment of a freely-chosen non-zero payment. Of particular interest is the model's ability to account for a wide variety of design constraints such as the setting of price bounds, explicit price recommendations, and the provision of a menu of discrete prices to choose from. I validate the approach by estimating PWYW payments for a variety of products such as music licenses, snacks, and sports tickets. I specifically examine and report the differential impact of three managerially controllable variables namely, 'payment anonymity', 'information on payment recipients' and 'information of product value/quality'. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016

In the past few decades people’s attitude towards music consumption has tremendously changed in China. With the constantly rising market and huge potential space, it is necessary to study the consumer behavior and explore factors that decide people’s willingness to pay in music consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate: 1) What factors may influence the Chinese consumer behavior on music and its merchandise; 2) What factors may influence the “willingness to pay” of Chinese consumer in music consumption; 3) The similarities and differences between the consumption of music product and musical merchandise in China. The authors select the qualitative method and set up two focus groups, music product group and music merchandise group, in this study. Finally, they found five dimensions (musical preference & identity, culture of music, musical loyalty & satisfaction, Chinese music consumption, willingness to pay) will interaction with each other and influence Chinese consumer behavior on music product and its merchandise.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1026635 bytes, checksum: 9f73fc99ed670817798dac77b35bfb11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The economic valuation of environmental assets has gained relevance as instruments to assist the decision making of managers both public and legislators, as investors and entrepreneurs. Assign an economic value to environmental resources is not yet a widespread practice. The environmental management has been focused mainly on assessment of the impacts generated by the unbalanced exploitation of these resources. Therefore, this work has as overall goal performing economic valuation of Dunes State Park of Natal in Natal/RN, analyzing the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for students and employees of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) through Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), considering its natural attractions, and specific objectives, we analyze the socioeconomic profile of students and employees and their concerns about environmental issues, as well we estimate the function WTP for the use of environmental attractions of the park. Finally, we relate the value of the WTP Park socioeconomic characteristics of the students and IFRN servers. As methodology, we used a bibliographic review of the existing literature and a field research, executed at Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Natal-campus center, where we applied a questionnaire in the open form of elicitation, during September of 2012, among students aged 18 years and servers (administrative staff and teachers) of this educational institution, gathering also socioeconomic information of the individuals. The results demonstrated that through the regression model, analyzed in general, we have evidence for a significance level of 6,8% there is a significant difference between the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the park with family income and net income, in other words, as the individual has a higher net income and family, value willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park tends to be higher. Furthermore, it was detected that there is also significant effect with respect to schooling, where as you increase the educational level of the individual, the average willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park also increases. A fact relevant as adjustments in the general model, it is found not to have significant effect on the amount willing to pay for the maintenance of the Dunes state Park with respect to students and servers. / A valoração econômica de ativos ambientais tem ganhado relevância como instrumentos para auxiliar a tomada de decisão tanto de gestores públicos e legisladores, como de investidores e empresários. Atribuir um valor econômico aos recursos ambientais não é, ainda, uma prática difundida. A gestão ambiental tem se preocupado principalmente na avaliação dos impactos gerados pela exploração desequilibrada desses recursos. Logo, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral realizar a valoração econômica do Parque Estadual Dunas de Natal, em Natal/RN, analisando a Disposição a Pagar (DAP) de alunos e servidores do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN) por meio do Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC), considerando seus atrativos naturais; e como objetivos específicos, analisamos o perfil socioeconômico de alunos e servidores e de seus interesses sobre as questões ambientais, bem como estimamos a função DAP pelo uso dos atrativos ambientais do parque. E, por fim, relacionamos o valor da DAP do parque às características socioeconômicos dos discentes e servidores do IFRN. Como metodologia, utilizamos uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura existente e uma pesquisa de campo, realizada no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte (IFRN), Câmpus Natal-Central, onde aplicamos um questionário na forma aberta de eliciação, durante o mês de setembro de 2012, entre os alunos maiores de 18 anos e servidores (técnicos administrativos e professores) desta instituição de ensino, reunindo também informações socioeconômicas dos indivíduos amostrados. Os resultados demonstraram que, através do modelo de regressão, analisado de forma geral, temos evidências para um nível de significância de 6,8% que existe diferença significativa entre o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do parque com renda familiar e renda líquida, ou seja, a medida que o indivíduo possui maior renda líquida e familiar, o valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas tende a ser maior. Além disso, foi detectado que existe efeito significativo também com relação ao grau de escolaridade, onde a medida que aumenta o grau de escolaridade do indívíduo, o valor médio disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas também aumenta. Um fato relevante visto nos ajustes do modelo geral, trata-se de não ter encontrado efeito significativo no valor disposto a pagar pela manutenção do Parque das Dunas com relação aos estudantes e servidores.

The environmental goods and services cannot be valued through markets economically defined. Therefore, it has been necessary to implement methodologies such as contingent valuation for this purpose. This method was proposed 66 years ago and it has been widely used in different fields such as conservation of protected areas. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical review of the contingent valuation method and to show experiences of its application in the assessment of Protected Areas in Latin America. In the sixties and seventies contingent valuation began to acquire greater importance for estimates of non-use values. Then, there was a cross-disciplinary integration of elements to strengthen the development of surveys and in the nineties appeared a criticism of its validity .Moreover, contingent valuation studies in Latin American countries have had positive results in determining the willingness to pay for recreational value, environmental services value, social benefits and public management of protected areas. / Los bienes y servicios ambientales no pueden ser valorados económicamente a través de mercados definidos, por lo que ha sido necesario la implementación de metodologías como la valoración contingente para dicho fin. Este método fue planteado hace 66 años y desde entonces ha sido ampliamente empleado en diversos campos como la conservación de áreas protegidas. El presente artículo hace una revisión teórica del método de valoración contingente y de las experiencias de su aplicación en la valoración de áreas protegidas en América Latina.En los años sesenta y setenta la valoración contingente comenzó a adquirir más importancia para la estimaciones de valores de no uso; posteriormente hubo una integración de elementos transdisciplinares para fortalecer la elaboración de encuestas y en los años noventa surgieron críticas sobre su validez. Asimismo, los estudios de valoración contingente en países latinoamericanos han tenido resultados positivos en la determinación de la disposición a pagar por aspectos como valor recreativo, valor de servicios ambientales, beneficios sociales y gestión pública de espacios protegidos.