Residentes de um mesmo contexto urbano podem apresentar padrões distintos de deslocamento. A distinção desses padrões pode estar relacionada às diferenças na percepção acerca da caminhabilidade do entorno. Para estimular mudanças no padrão de deslocamento dos usuários de transporte motorizado é importante compreender como os fatores do ambiente urbano, percebidos por esses usuários, se diferenciam em relação aos usuários de transporte ativo, e a partir disso montar estratégias eficientes para cada público alvo. A partir de uma pesquisa realizada com moradores de bairros da zona leste do município de São Paulo, este trabalho compara os usuários de transporte ativo, coletivo e individual em relação a três questões: (i) os fatores que influenciam a percepção da caminhabilidade (dentre eles a segurança pública), (ii) o impacto da caminhabilidade na satisfação com o bairro e (iii) a relação entre percepção de caminhabilidade, satisfação com o bairro e o impacto nos hábitos de deslocamento ativos (frequência e tempos de viagem semanais) reportados para os três grupos. Para analisar tais relações, foram desenvolvidos modelos de equações estruturais, que permitem testar uma hipótese entre múltiplas variáveis e que diversas variáveis observadas representem conceitos que não podem ser diretamente medidos (variáveis latentes), como a percepção de caminhabilidade e a sensação de segurança pública Os resultados obtidos mostraram a existência de diferenças na percepção do ambiente construído entre usuários de transporte ativo, transporte coletivo e transporte individual motorizado. As diferenças principais foram encontradas entre os usuários de transporte ativo e os usuários de transporte motorizado (coletivo e individual), tanto em relação à percepção do ambiente, quanto em relação à sua influência no comportamento do usuário relativo à viagem. A preocupação com a segurança pública parece ser superestimada por aqueles que não realizam deslocamentos ativos regularmente. Investimentos em segurança pública e na qualidade do ambiente mostram ter um efeito positivo em todos os usuários, tanto no que se refere à satisfação com o bairro quanto à utilização de modos ativos de deslocamento. O impacto da percepção do ambiente na satisfação com o bairro foi maior para os usuários de transporte coletivo e individual. / Residents of a same urban context may present different travel patterns. The distinction of these travel patterns may be related to differences in the perception of the environment walkability. To stimulate changes in the travel pattern of motorized transport users, it is important to understand how the environmental factors perceived by these users differ in relation to the users of active transport, and from that, create efficient strategies for each target public. Based on a survey with residents of neighborhoods in the eastern part of the city of São Paulo, this study compares users of active, public and private transport in relation to three issues: (i) the factors that influence perceived walkability (among them public security) (ii) the impact of walkability on neighborhood satisfaction, and (iii) the relationship between perceived walkability, neighborhood satisfaction, and the impact on active commuting patterns (weekly frequency and travel times) reported for all three groups. To analyze such relationships, structural equation models have been developed, which allow testing a hypothesis among multiple variables and that several observed variables represent concepts that cannot be directly measured (latent variables), such as perceived walkability and sense of public security The results showed the existence of differences in the perception of the built environment between users of active, public and private transport. The main differences were found between users of active and users of motorized transport (public and private), both in relation to the perception of the environment and its influence on travel user behavior. Concern about public safety seems to be overestimated by those who do not regularly commute by active means. Investments in public security and environmental quality have a positive effect on all users, both regarding neighborhood satisfaction and the use of active modes of travel. The impact of perceived environment on neighborhood satisfaction was greater for users of public and individual transport.

O estímulo aos modos ativos de viagem através de modificações na forma urbana - infraestrutura, edificações e atividades - é objeto do planejamento das cidades contemporâneas desde que os problemas do transporte motorizado se revelaram críticos e contrários à ideia de sustentabilidade urbana. Congestionamentos, poluição, custos monetários e sociais elevados estão associados ao modelo de urbanização e mobilidade da maioria das cidades, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde a explosão da frota motorizada é concomitante à aceleração dos processos de urbanização e espalhamento urbano. Mais recentemente, a revelação de relações de causalidade entre o excesso de utilização dos veículos particulares e problemas de saúde crônica das populações urbanas levou a um crescimento das pesquisas e iniciativas de estímulo às caminhadas como modo de transporte. Também o interesse pela qualidade da experiência da vida na cidade veio somar-se a este corpo de conhecimento, trazendo as ideias de vitalidade urbana e urbanidade para junto dos estudos de caminhabilidade. O interesse extrapolou a análise de demanda agregada que visa o incremento do modo a pé e passou a dar atenção aos caminhos pelos quais as pessoas se movimentam, conectando origens e destinos nos interior das cidades. Este trabalho procura avançar neste aspecto ao propor um método de avaliação dos atributos da forma urbana baseado no monitoramento de caminhantes com dispositivos de posicionamento global (GPS) e modelos de escolha discreta. Um estudo na cidade de Porto Alegre acompanhou indivíduos durante os anos de 2011 a 2014 e, através da representação de diversos atributos urbanos em ambiente SIG, associou as trajetórias realizadas com as características da forma da cidade, concluindo que elas influenciam a utilidade percebida das alternativas de caminho e, portanto, atuam sobre o processo decisório dos pedestres. Para além da simples distância ou declividade, outras características como o tamanho dos trechos, a hierarquia das vias, a presença de prédios marcantes e espaços abertos e a densidade de edificações ao longo dos eixos revelaram-se influentes neste processo. Poucas intersecções e cruzamentos, predomínio de vias amigáveis ao pedestre e edificações arranjadas de forma menos densa são alguns dos atributos que apresentaram maior relevância para a decisão de “por onde ir” no âmbito deste estudo. A amostra relativamente pequena e a concentração das viagens no entorno do Parque Farroupilha e do campus da UFRGS não permitem generalizar os resultados. Porém, o estudo pode ser considerado válido enquanto exploração, pois constrói uma metodologia que pode ser ampliada e aplicada em outros contextos. Além disso, os resultados revelam particularidades da realidade local que parecem indicar a existência de diferenças comportamentais significativas em relação às cidades do primeiro mundo, tornando-o promissor como instrumento de suporte a políticas e projetos de mobilidade urbana sustentável no Brasil. / Since motorized transport problems have proved to be critical and contrary to the concept of urban sustainability, the idea of increasing the active travel modes through changes in urban form is a key subject of today´s mobility agenda. Traffic congestion, air pollution and severe monetary and social costs are associated with the current patterns of urbanization and mobility, especially in developing countries, where an explosive motorized fleet growth occurs simultaneously to an acceleration of urbanization and sprawl processes. Most recently evidences of a causal relationship between massive use of private vehicles and chronic health disorders have led to an increase in research about walking as an effective and clean mode of transportation. Also, the interest about the quality of life experience in the city came to add up to this body of knowledge, bringing in ideas of livability to walkability studies. Beyond the aggregate demand studies that aim to increase the walking mode share, there is now a growing interest on more localized aspects of the walking phenomenon - the routes - trying to understand the ways in which people travel on foot when connecting origins and destinations. This work proposes a method based on assessing data from actually taken walking trips using GPS devices and on modeling pedestrian´s choice behavior using discrete choice models. A study in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, followed 82 individuals for three consecutive days and, through the representation of several layers of urban data in a GIS environment, associated their trajectories with the main urban form attributes to allow the modeling experiment. The results show that the built environment features play an important role as a decision attribute, producing perceived utility/disutility on the decision-makers´ minds. They indicated that, in addition to the basic travel effort attributes such as trip distance or street slope, other factors such as the straightness of the trip, the road hierarchy, the presence of busy intersections, landmark buildings, noticeable public spaces and the density of buildings along the walking stretches indeed influence the route choice. The relatively small sample size and the spatial clustering of trips around the city´s central area doesn´t allow to the generalization of results. However, the study can be taken as a valid exploratory analysis, since it builds up a methodology that can be expanded and applied in other urban contexts. Furthermore, the results reveal some particular local features that indicate the existence of significant behavioral differences from the developed cities where previous similar studies were performed. These qualities make the proposed framework a promising decision support tool for sustainable urban mobility projects in Brazil.

O estímulo aos modos ativos de viagem através de modificações na forma urbana - infraestrutura, edificações e atividades - é objeto do planejamento das cidades contemporâneas desde que os problemas do transporte motorizado se revelaram críticos e contrários à ideia de sustentabilidade urbana. Congestionamentos, poluição, custos monetários e sociais elevados estão associados ao modelo de urbanização e mobilidade da maioria das cidades, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde a explosão da frota motorizada é concomitante à aceleração dos processos de urbanização e espalhamento urbano. Mais recentemente, a revelação de relações de causalidade entre o excesso de utilização dos veículos particulares e problemas de saúde crônica das populações urbanas levou a um crescimento das pesquisas e iniciativas de estímulo às caminhadas como modo de transporte. Também o interesse pela qualidade da experiência da vida na cidade veio somar-se a este corpo de conhecimento, trazendo as ideias de vitalidade urbana e urbanidade para junto dos estudos de caminhabilidade. O interesse extrapolou a análise de demanda agregada que visa o incremento do modo a pé e passou a dar atenção aos caminhos pelos quais as pessoas se movimentam, conectando origens e destinos nos interior das cidades. Este trabalho procura avançar neste aspecto ao propor um método de avaliação dos atributos da forma urbana baseado no monitoramento de caminhantes com dispositivos de posicionamento global (GPS) e modelos de escolha discreta. Um estudo na cidade de Porto Alegre acompanhou indivíduos durante os anos de 2011 a 2014 e, através da representação de diversos atributos urbanos em ambiente SIG, associou as trajetórias realizadas com as características da forma da cidade, concluindo que elas influenciam a utilidade percebida das alternativas de caminho e, portanto, atuam sobre o processo decisório dos pedestres. Para além da simples distância ou declividade, outras características como o tamanho dos trechos, a hierarquia das vias, a presença de prédios marcantes e espaços abertos e a densidade de edificações ao longo dos eixos revelaram-se influentes neste processo. Poucas intersecções e cruzamentos, predomínio de vias amigáveis ao pedestre e edificações arranjadas de forma menos densa são alguns dos atributos que apresentaram maior relevância para a decisão de “por onde ir” no âmbito deste estudo. A amostra relativamente pequena e a concentração das viagens no entorno do Parque Farroupilha e do campus da UFRGS não permitem generalizar os resultados. Porém, o estudo pode ser considerado válido enquanto exploração, pois constrói uma metodologia que pode ser ampliada e aplicada em outros contextos. Além disso, os resultados revelam particularidades da realidade local que parecem indicar a existência de diferenças comportamentais significativas em relação às cidades do primeiro mundo, tornando-o promissor como instrumento de suporte a políticas e projetos de mobilidade urbana sustentável no Brasil. / Since motorized transport problems have proved to be critical and contrary to the concept of urban sustainability, the idea of increasing the active travel modes through changes in urban form is a key subject of today´s mobility agenda. Traffic congestion, air pollution and severe monetary and social costs are associated with the current patterns of urbanization and mobility, especially in developing countries, where an explosive motorized fleet growth occurs simultaneously to an acceleration of urbanization and sprawl processes. Most recently evidences of a causal relationship between massive use of private vehicles and chronic health disorders have led to an increase in research about walking as an effective and clean mode of transportation. Also, the interest about the quality of life experience in the city came to add up to this body of knowledge, bringing in ideas of livability to walkability studies. Beyond the aggregate demand studies that aim to increase the walking mode share, there is now a growing interest on more localized aspects of the walking phenomenon - the routes - trying to understand the ways in which people travel on foot when connecting origins and destinations. This work proposes a method based on assessing data from actually taken walking trips using GPS devices and on modeling pedestrian´s choice behavior using discrete choice models. A study in the city of Porto Alegre, south of Brazil, followed 82 individuals for three consecutive days and, through the representation of several layers of urban data in a GIS environment, associated their trajectories with the main urban form attributes to allow the modeling experiment. The results show that the built environment features play an important role as a decision attribute, producing perceived utility/disutility on the decision-makers´ minds. They indicated that, in addition to the basic travel effort attributes such as trip distance or street slope, other factors such as the straightness of the trip, the road hierarchy, the presence of busy intersections, landmark buildings, noticeable public spaces and the density of buildings along the walking stretches indeed influence the route choice. The relatively small sample size and the spatial clustering of trips around the city´s central area doesn´t allow to the generalization of results. However, the study can be taken as a valid exploratory analysis, since it builds up a methodology that can be expanded and applied in other urban contexts. Furthermore, the results reveal some particular local features that indicate the existence of significant behavioral differences from the developed cities where previous similar studies were performed. These qualities make the proposed framework a promising decision support tool for sustainable urban mobility projects in Brazil.

abstract: Moderate physical activity, such as walking and biking, positively affects physical and mental health. Outdoor thermal comfort is an important prerequisite for incentivizing an active lifestyle. Thus, extreme heat poses significant challenges for people who are outdoors by choice or necessity. The type and qualities of built infrastructure determine the intensity and duration of individual exposure to heat. As cities globally are shifting priorities towards non-motorized and public transit travel, more residents are expected to experience the city on their feet. Thus, physical conditions as well as psychological perception of the environment that affect thermal comfort will become paramount. Phoenix, Arizona, is used as a case study to examine the effectiveness of current public transit and street infrastructure to reduce heat exposure and affect the thermal comfort of walkers and public transit users. The City of Phoenix has committed to public transit improvements in the Transportation 2050 plan and has recently adopted a Complete Streets Policy. Proposed changes include mobility improvements and creating a safe and comfortable environment for non-motorized road participants. To understand what kind of improvements would benefit thermal comfort the most, it is necessary to understand heat exposure at finer spatial scales, explore whether current bus shelter designs are adequate in mitigating heat-health effects, and comprehensively assess the impact of design on physical, psychological and behavioral aspects of thermal comfort. A study conducted at bus stops in one Phoenix neighborhood examined grey and green infrastructure types preferred for cooling and found relationships between perception of pleasantness and thermal sensation votes. Walking interviews conducted in another neighborhood event examined the applicability of a framework for walking behavior under the stress of heat, and how differences between the streets affected perceptions of the walkers. The interviews revealed that many of the structural themes from the framework of walking behavior were applicable, however, participants assessed the majority of the elements in their walk from a heat mitigation perspective. Finally, guiding questions for walkability in hot and arid climates were developed based on the literature review and results from the empirical studies. This dissertation contributes to filling the gap between walkability and outdoor thermal comfort, and presents methodology and findings that can be useful to address walkability and outdoor thermal comfort in the world’s hot cities as well as those in temperate climates that may face similar climate challenges in the future as the planet warms. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2019

Denna studie utforskar fotgängares möjligheter att orientera sig och ta sig fram i stadsmiljöer. Orienterbarhet kan förväntas få en allt större betydelse i samband med att gångtrafiken får en viktigare roll i städers transportsystem. Samtidigt vistas allt fler människor i omgivningar de är sämre förtrogna med, till följd av den ökade mobiliteten som globaliseringen har medfört. Uppgiften för denna studie är därför att utforska orienterbarhetens betydelse för staden och dess invånare, att kartlägga orienteringssituationen i Stockholm och att undersöka hur den kan förbättras. Studien inleds med en genomgång av teorier och resonemang gällande orienterbarhet, vil- ken fungerar som en teoretisk bakgrund till de efterföljande delarna. Orienterbarhet definieras här som en egenskap som beskriver svårighetsgraden att bestämma sin position och planera sin rörelse i en stadsmiljö. Hur själva orienteringen går till beskrivs som en process där hjärnan strukturerar sinnesintrycken i en kognitiv representation av verkligheten; en mental karta eller bild. Om denna process underlättas av god orienterbarhet kan staden gynnas inom fyra identifierade huvudområden; stadens gångvänlighet, individens välbefinnande, tillgänglighet till stadens funktioner samt besökarvänlighet. Förbättrad orienterbarhet kan inom dessa områden väntas ge ekonomiska, sociala och ekologiska vinster. Stockholms orienteringssituation kartläggs sedan med ett brett tillvägagångssätt. Orienterbarhetens betydelse i planeringen undersöks, liksom viktiga aktörers arbetssätt och synsätt. Grundförutsättningarna för orientering bedöms med hjälp av rumsliga analyser, och en undersökning av hur fotgängare upplever stadens orienterbarhet görs. Av undersökningarna framgår det att grundförutsättningarna för orientering är relativt goda i Stockholm som helhet, men att Cityområdet innehåller ett flertal brister. Det finns med andra ord ett behov av åtgärder för förbättrad orienterbarhet. Det tredje kapitlet presenterar tre informationssystem för fotgängare, hämtade från tre andra europeiska städer av varierande storlek och karaktär. De tre projekten illustrerar hur orienterbarheten kan förbättras med hjälp av orienteringsinformation. Även om grundförutsättningarna för orientering är förhållandevis goda, visar projekten att det kan finnas starka incitament för att stödja fotgängares orientering. Informationssystem för fotgängare krävs när stadsmiljön i sig inte räcker till, men är också av nytta när grundförutsättningarna är tillräckliga. Studien avslutas med en diskussion kring de slutsatser som gjorts, och vilken innebörd de kan tänkas ha för Stockholm som ”promenadstad”. Det konstateras att de utländska projektens tillvägagångssätt i viss mån även skulle kunna tillämpas i Stockholm. Slutligen ges ett antal rekommendationer av åtgärder som kan förbättra orienteringssituationen. Dessa innefattar utveckling och planering av ett informationssystem för fotgängare, som till en början omfattar Cityområdet. / This master thesis explores the conditions under which pedestrians navigate in urban environments. The importance of urban navigability is likely to increase, as walking becomes a more prioritised transport mode. There is also a tendency of more pedestrians moving beyond their accustomed bounds, as a result of the increased mobility of a more globalised world. The task of this thesis is to explore the effects of urban navigability on the city and its inhabitants, as well as to examine the wayfinding situation in Stockholm and possible ways to improve it. The thesis begins with a review of theories and reasonings concerning urban navigability, which forms the theoretical framework for the following parts. Urban navigability is defined as a property determining the ease, at which orientation and movement is possible in an urban environment. The pedestrian capability of reading the environment is described as a process where sensory impressions form a cognitive representation; a mental map or image. If this process is facilitated by the urban navigability, gains can be made in four main fields; urban walkability, individual wellbeing, accessibility and visitor friendliness. This is expected to bring economical, social and environmental benefits. The wayfinding situation is subsequently examined with a wide approach. The presence of wayfinding issues is examined in planning documents and among organisations engaged with city development. The physical conditions for pedestrian wayfinding are assessed with different methods of spatial analysis. In addition, a pedestrian survey is carried out to examine how people in general experience wayfinding in Stockholm. The studies reveal that the physical conditions for wayfinding are fairly good in Stockholm as a whole, while some weaknesses still can be found in the ‘City’ district. This implies a need of improvement; at least in the innermost part of the city. The third chapter presents three pedestrian wayfinding systems, selected from three other european cities. The three projects show how urban navigability can be improved by means of spatial information. Even in cases where physical conditions for wayfinding are acceptable, there may be strong incentives to facilitate pedestrian wayfinding. Wayfinding systems are needed when the environment lacks legibility in itself, but they are also profitable in cases where the physical conditions are ‘sufficient’. The thesis ends with a discussion about the findings and their possible meanings for Stockholm as a walkable city. It is suggested that some of the previously presented approaches are applicable in Stockholm as well. Finally some recommendations are given regarding improvements of the current wayfinding situation. These include the development of a pedestrian wayfinding system, which initially would cover the ‘City’ district of Stockholm.

It is predicted that over the coming years the human population will increase and as a result of that, so will the world’s cities increase in size and population. The city has always been a melting pot for human advance and improvements, but that is not to say that cities always have been good places to live in, nor that they today are good to live. The lesson from this is not to abandon the city, rather it is time to face the challenge equipped with modern technology and the knowledge of past mistakes and make good a city. This paper proposes, through the form of a manifesto some design-based solutions to make the city better. The basis for these solutions which come in the form of DO´s and DON´Ts are a number of books and articles that have discussed the future of the city, transportation in the city and the transformations of the city. The work is a theoretical starting point for a discussion about the future of the city. Key take a way’s from the text is how to make people use their bodies in the city through walking and biking, and how to designing cities that are dense and mixed enough so that people can walk in them. The manifesto is working alongside the design proposal of my thesis. The manifesto is being applied to the north part of Ön in the Umeå river to inform decisions for the design proposal. The thesis aims to propose an alternative plan for Ön together with one in-depth development. The proposal takes the aim expressed by the municipality for Ön, to “build city” and develops on that notion. I concluded that the politician has realized young people like the city, and thusly they think that a new city should be built on Ön when developing Umeå. It does not signal to me that the municipality knows what makes a city, nor what makes a good city, something that the thesis sets out to answer.

The steady raise in childhood obesity is a major public health problem nationally and globally. Childhood obesity is primarily caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and caloric expenditure. The increase in childhood obesity rates over the past 3 decades suggested involvement of environmental and behavioral factors in the obesity epidemic. While childhood obesity is considered a public health crisis in the United States, only limited research is available about the potential impact of neighborhood-level factors such as access to healthy food, neighborhood safety, and risk-free outdoor playgrounds. The purpose of this study was to examine if any relationships existed between childhood obesity and type of diet, level of physical activity, and neighborhood-level risk factors and childhood obesity. This study accessed the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) 2009-2014 data sets. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the associations between independent and dependent variables. The Wald test was used to assess the effects of each individual predictor, while adjusting for other predictors. The findings of this study showed no significant associations between childhood obesity and neighborhood safety; parental educational level; presence of parks, playgrounds, or open spaces; neighborhood walkability; neighborhood safety and support; and gender. Low physical activity levels, however were a significant risk factor for increase obesity. This study may lead to positive social change, enhancing individual lives and whole communities, by drawing the awareness of public health officials and policy makers to the importance of neighborhood factors associated with high body mass index.

This thesis presents an investigation of a new three-dimensional urban form where walking distances are less than a half-mile and congestion is minimal. The car-free urban form investigated herein is a city composed of skyscrapers massively interconnected with skybridges at multiple levels. The investigation consists of optimizing space use arrangement, skybridge presence or absence, and elevator number to simultaneously minimize total travel time, skybridge light blockage, and elevator energy usage in the city. These objectives are evaluated using three objective functions, the most significant of which involves a three-dimensional, pedestrian-only, three-step version of the traditional four-step planning model. Optimal and diverse designs are discovered with a genetic algorithm that generates always-feasible designs and uses the maximum fitness function. The space use arrangements and travel times of four extreme designs are analyzed and discussed, and the overall results of the investigation are presented. Conclusions suggest that skybridges are beneficial in reducing travel time and that travel times are shorter in cities wherein space use is mixed vertically as well as horizontally.

As inhabitants on the earth and as designers in societies, we always think and try to make the world better, to be sustainable. Regarding everyday life in city, to enhance social sustainability, it is revealed that walkability and diversity mean a lot to livability and lovability. Building façades affect peoples’ walking behavior (Choi, 2012), and an area has better be with a good mix of residence and commerce etc. So in this study, focusing on shops which everyone has access to, I tried to seek a hint how to encourage shop owners to make the façades lively by themselves. Why by themselves is related to the idea of bottom-up urbanism that came up from a people- first point of view. The main theory used is affordance theory, originally defined as “what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes” (Gibson, 1979, p.127). With this, the study considered three affording-afforded relationships, that is, architects-shop owners, shop owners-shop owners, and the whole environment around façades- pedestrians, only the former two were investigated this time though. Using pixel analysis with photos, arrangement of elements around façades, its tendency, and whether cluster by elements exists or not were studied. After the investigation done, the study was concluded suggesting to reflect the result of observation on peoples’ behavior with affordance, and perhaps to make a design guide as a feedback from the world of everyday tactics to that of strategy, that are supposed to be closer, to make them in a loop to go on.

I omställningen till ett hållbart transportsystem är en vanlig ambition att underlätta resande med transportmedel såsom gång, cykel och kollektivtrafik. Att stärka tillgängligheten till kollektivtrafik och utveckla framkomligheten för gång och cykel är ofta prioriterade frågor i den kommunala samhällsplaneringen. Generellt är en tillgänglig kollektivtrafik svårare att uppnå i mindre orter jämfört med i städer, på grund av att befolkningsunderlaget är mindre. Samtidigt möjliggör snabbare resmöjligheter att även mindre orter kan få tillgång till en större arbetsmarknad inom pendlingsavstånd. Därav blir tillgängligheten för att kunna nå kollektivtrafik en viktig fråga även för mindre orter. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som är viktiga för att skapa tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik, med utgångspunkt från de utmaningar som kan kopplas till mindre orter. I studien undersöktes de specifika förutsättningarna för gåendes tillgänglighet i Vagnhärads tätort, i Trosa kommun. I studien undersöktes förutsättningarna för gåendes tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik idag och utifrån den planerade utvecklingen för Vagnhärad. I studiens litteraturöversikt beskrevs definitioner av tillgänglighet och olika aspekter som bidrar till gåendes tillgänglighet. Litteraturöversikten gav underlag till metoder för att analysera tillgänglighet. Tillgänglighetsanalyser utfördes med geografiska informationssystem (GIS) där beräkningar av närmast avstånd jämfördes med nätverksgenererade avstånd. Avståndsanalyserna jämfördes i sin tur med en modell av den upplevda tillgängligheten, som baserades på en kostnadsyta över gåendes framkomlighet. En intervju utfördes, vilket gav några exempel på planeringsåtgärder för att hantera fysiska avstånd. Resultaten från de GIS-baserade analyserna visade distributionen av tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik, där framför allt tätortens yttre bostadsområden visade lägre nivå av tillgänglighet. Resultaten visade också att beskrivningen av tillgänglighet är beroende av vilka tillgänglighetsaspekter som studeras och vilken analysmetod som används. Användningen av flera metoder kan bidra till att olika aspekter av tillgänglighet kan belysas. Slutsatser från studien var att det fysiska avståndet, bland andra faktorer, försvårar tillgängligheten till kollektivtrafik för gående i mindre orter. Dock finns flera planeringsåtgärder som kan användas för att kompensera för avståndet så att kollektivtrafikens upplevda tillgänglighet kan utvecklas även i de områden där grundförutsättningarna är sämre. / Within the transition towards a sustainable transport system, a common aim is to promote travel by means of transport such as walking, cycling and public transportation. Strengthening accessibility to public transport and developing accessibility for walking and cycling are often prioritized issues within municipal spatial planning. In general, accessible public transport is more difficult to achieve for small communities compared to cities, due to a smaller population base. However, faster transport options make it possible for residents of smaller communities to get access to larger labor markets within commuting distance. As a result, access to public transport becomes an important issue also for smaller communities. The aim of the study was to investigate which factors are important for creating accessibility to public transport, based on the challenges linked to smaller towns. The study examined the specific conditions for pedestrian accessibility in the town of Vagnhärad, in Trosa municipality. Within the study, conditions for pedestrian access to public transport today and based on the planned development for Vagnhärad were examined. The study's literature review described definitions of accessibility and various aspects that contribute to pedestrian accessibility. The literature review provided a basis for methods of analyzing accessibility. Accessibility analyses were performed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) where calculations of the nearest distance were compared with network-generated distance. The distance analyses were in turn compared with a model of the perceived accessibility, which was based on a cost surface of pedestrian accessibility. An interview was conducted, which resulted in some examples of planning measures for managing physical distances. The results from the GIS-based analyses showed the distribution of accessibility to public transport, where especially the outer residential areas had a lower level of accessibility. The results also showed that the description of accessibility depends on which factors are studied and the method being used. The use of several methods can contribute to different perspectives of accessibility being illustrated. Conclusions from the study were that the physical distance, among other factors, makes access to public transport more difficult for pedestrians in smaller communities. However, there are several planning measures that can be used to compensate for the distance so that the perceived accessibility of public transport can be developed also for areas where the preconditions are more difficult.