Form-based codes are evaluated with criteria often requiring additional clarification. To better identify form-based code evaluation criteria, this thesis identifies the major intentions of form-based codes from the literature and focuses on the first intention, quality of life. The form-based code literature relates quality of life to three principles with underlying parameters: neighborhood with a center and edge, proximity to daily needs, and walkability. Neighborhood refers to the identification of walkable districts of about .25 mile radius with a clear center and edge. Proximity to daily needs requires diversity of uses in proximity to residential uses so that residents travel short distances to address daily needs. Walkability is a more complex principle with numerous impacting parameters effective only when working in tandem with each other. A selection of six case studies from award-wining form-based codes test the presence of the three quality of life principles in form-based code practice and the findings are discussed. All six case studies incorporated the three quality of life principles with some differences in all form-based planning process phases. Neighborhood is used as equivalent to a .25 mile pedestrian shed. The value of the concept of neighborhood edge in from-based codes remains unclear, however, since few case studies included it and needs to be explored further. Neighborhood with a center and edge therefore can be rephrased to a .25 mile pedestrian shed with a center. The .25 mile pedestrian shed alone is a fundamental parameter in all 3 quality of life principles and all case studies incorporated this parameter. Proximity to daily needs parameters as identified are also incorporated in all case studies. Walkability parameters that require building adaptations to walkable environments were present in all case studies. Walkability parameters, however, addressing standards for sidewalks and streets, were uncommon in some studies and, as a result, application of walkability parameters varied across case studies. Therefore, satisfying the quality of life form-based code intention, the 3 principles of pedestrian shed with a center, proximity to daily needs, and walkability can be used as part of the set of criteria to assess form-based codes. All 3 principles point to the direction of sustainability in an effort to create cities that are efficient to manage and highly appropriate for daily human function.

Walkability as a concept that captures the ability to walk from one place to another has multiple dimensions. Between traversability to being a proxy for better urban places, there are also numerous measurements of walkability that attempts to quantify certain or all aspects of walkability. It is, however, unclear, through a review of available literature, how these measurements of walkability relate to each other statistically. This methodology focuses on generating a framework for analysts to evaluate and prioritize pedestrian infrastructure. WalkScore™ (WS), HCM Pedestrian Level of Service (PLOS), Average Nodal Degree (AND), and Intersection Density are the four metrics selected for this analysis that focuses on distinctive aspects of walkability (proximity, amenity, network-connectivity, respectively). A sample of 51 street segments from the County of San Luis Obispo is selected according to their respective Average Daily Traffic (ADT) volumes. Pearson’s Correlations between the six combinations of relationships are measured, and the strongest correlation between the six relationships is between WalkScore™ and Intersection Density with an R2 of 0.44. A regression model that includes external factors such as population and adjacent land use is used to analyze and predict PLOS of the street segment. Although the model is not statistically significant, the goal of this research is to identify gaps in current and potential walkability of street segments in the sample. Therefore, this framework of using established walkability metrics to predict PLOS, and then distinguishing places for improvements is proposed as a result of this research to be used by government agencies to prioritize pedestrian infrastructure.

Vår framtid står inför stora utmaningar som behöver lösas för att vår vidare existens ska kunna fortsätta. Mänsklig påverkning på jorden har uppnått globala mått på grund av vårt sätt att leva och utnyttja naturresurser utan större konsekvenstänkande. Människans strävan efter att leva alltmer bekvämt och rikt har lett till urbanisering och teknisk progress som har skapat resursslukande hjälpmedel som transport. Stadsplaneringen har under den senaste delen av modern historia tagit en ny vändning och städerna har blivit alltmer anpassade efter våra fordon, vilket påverkar den sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska hållbarheten negativt. Detta examensarbete syftar till att med hjälp av tidigare forskning hitta lösningar som skulle kunna omvandla bilanpassade städer till mer promenad- och cykelvänliga städer. Arbetet tillämpas i staden Borlänge som ligger i Dalarna och har präglats starkt av bilismens utveckling. Det viktiga med arbetet är att lyfta fram lösningar som kan användas även i andra städer oavsett geografisk placering eller storlek. Den granskade litteraturen har skapat ett detaljerat och övergripande underlag för att kunna möjliggöra vidare arbete med framtagning av åtgärder som kan lösa studiens syfte. Litteraturen har valts ut efter relevans för ämnet samhällsplanering för att kunna redovisa liknande inriktning på kunskaper vilket har gjort texten mer sammanhängande. Den största delen av litteraturen är vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Arbetet har utfört med hjälp av platsinventering som hjälpte till att upptäcka olika egenskaper i den befintliga miljön och val av två gång- och cykelstråk för framtagning av gestaltningsförslag. Tidigare forskning har skapat grund för de åtgärder som har presenterats i form av gestaltningsförslag. / Our immediate future faces major challenges that need to be solved to continue our existence. Human impact on the Earth has reached global proportions due to our way of living and exploiting natural resources without much consequence. The human quest to live more comfortably and abundantly has led to urbanization and technological progress that has created resource-consuming tools such as transport. In the last part of modern history, urban planning has taken a new turn and cities have become increasingly adapted to our vehicles, negatively affecting social, economic, and ecological sustainability. This thesis aims to use previous research to find solutions that could transform car-adapted cities into more walking and cycling-friendly cities. The work is applied in the city of Borlänge, which is in Dalarna and has been strongly characterized by the development of automobilism. The importance of the work is to highlight solutions that can also be used in other cities regardless of geographical location or size. The reviewed literature has created a detailed and comprehensive basis to enable further work with the development of measures that can solve the purpose of the study. The literature has been selected according to relevance to the subject of urban planning to present a similar focus of knowledge, which has made the text more coherent. Most of the literature is scientific articles and books. The work has been carried out with the help of a place inventory that helped to discover various characteristics of the existing environment and the selection of two pedestrian and bicycle paths for the development of design proposals. Previous research has provided the basis for the measures presented in the form of design proposals.

Walkability is the measure of walking comfortably in the urban environment, based on numerous parameters, including traversability, compactness, attractiveness, and safety. Recently, walkability has become a significant key to well-being quality in the urban environment through enhancement of the walking environment, including filling spaces with life, promoting sustainability, and attracting people for exercise. The walkable environment’s design and planning have been focused of attention because of its numerous benefits in various aspects, such as improvement of social life, sustainability, public health, and economy. Therefore, there is a crucial need to do more research to increase the understanding of walkability in the urban environment. There are different factors that affect the level of walkability in the built environment. Subsequently, using a geographic information system (GIS) together with multi-criteria decision-making and analysis (MCDA) is an efficient method for walkability analysis. Space syntax and its application can also serve as a critical factor in walkability assessment by evaluating the number of connections for each route. The validity of this analysis model was tested in two study cases. These cases covered two municipalities in Sweden that differ in many aspects, including size, number of roads, and public density; these are Gävle and Uppsala. Furthermore, the MCDA model was integrated with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and eight factors were selected based on their relative importance to the walkability assessment. The generated factor maps were set based on the widely implemented criteria of walkability, otherwise known as the 5Cs, which is developed by Transport for London (TFL). The 5Cs consists of connectivity, comfort, convenience, conviviality, and conspicuousness. The density of connections for each route was derived using natural streets based on the space syntax approach. The natural street map was used as the main map that incorporated all factors, after their derivation and normalization of their values. The final produced AHP-based maps were classified into three walkability classes representing routes with low to high levels of walkability. The One Factor At-time sensitivity analysis technique (OAT) was also applied to the GIS-MCDA model to analyse the uncertainty that can occur based on different reasons such as human error and weighting uncertainty.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23864号 / 工博第4951号 / 新制||工||1773(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤井 聡, 教授 宇野 伸宏, 准教授 松中 亮治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Washington, DC, is one of the most stunning and vital cities globally. It is not just because of historical sites, monuments, and political power, but it is a home for a diverse population and an increasingly diverse economy. Almost twenty years ago, the city planning department envisioned the plan of "Living Downtown," which is now significantly applied as a "mixed-use development" in the central Washington district. Looking back to downtown DC's history, central Washington is changing enormously from commercial to residential and Mixed-used sectors. Now it is essential to consider the reflection of those changes on the city's urban fabric and street life. / Master of Science / Downtown, in 2017, was the most important job center and home to a total of 91 million square feet. Almost 78% is occupied with office spaces, and the rest of the area is open for people to visit as a "public space." However, the recent COVID pandemic wave and remote-friendly residential apartments spark the need for living-working architecture in urban cities. I believe this is when urbanized locations like "downtown of Washington DC" need to be updated with vibrant urban life that enhances the accessibility, performance, beauty of sidewalks, and innovative infrastructure in the public spaces to elevate the human experience of the built environment. Thesis Design- "living the downtown, the era of new neighborhood streets" is going to be a new change in the street life of the living city. The research question is focused on- "What is the future of downtown streets for new neighborhoods?" describing and analyzing the concept, pedestrian behavior, and challenges of one of the vital streets in the downtown. Considering the upcoming changes in the downtown's zoning and observing one of the versatile streets in the town, my design interventions will change the point of view of the existing pedestrian life as a reflection of an adjacent building and enhance the urban fabric of the city to make it walkable, Not just to walk but to live there.