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1	Relevance and rationalisation in the Wason selection task Lucas, Erica Jane January 2007 (has links) Evans' (e.g., 2006) heuristic-analytic theory of the selection task proposes that card selections are triggered by relevance-determining heuristics, with analytic processing serving merely to rationalise heuristically-cued decisions. Evans (1996) provided evidence for the theory by setting up an inspection-time paradigm. He used computerpresented selection tasks and instructions for participants to indicate (with a mousepointer) cards under consideration. The theory predicts that longer inspection times should be associated with selected cards (which are subjected to rationalisation) than with rejected cards. Evans found support for this idea. Roberts (1998b) however, argued that mouse-pointing gives rise to artefactual support for Evans' predictions because of biases associated with the task format and the use of mouse pointing. In the present thesis all sources of artefact were eradicated by combining careful task constructions with eye-movement tracking to measure directly on-line attentional processing. Across a series of experiments good evidence was produced for the robustness of the inspection-time effect, supporting the predictions of the heuristicanalytic account. It was notable, however, that the magnitude of the inspection-time effect was always small. A further experiment separated the presentation of rules from associated cards to avoid possible dilution of the inspection-time effect arising from parallel rule and card presentation. However, the observed inspection time effect remained small. A series of experiments utilising think-aloud methods were then employed to test further the predictions concerning relevance effects and rationalisation processes in the selection task. Predictions in relation to these experiments were that selected cards should be associated with more references to both their facing and their hidden sides than rejected cards, which are not subjected to analytic rationalisation. Support was found for all heuristic-analytic predictions, even .,' . where 'select/don't select' decisions were enforced for all cards. These experiments also clarify the role played by secondary heuristics in cueing the consideration of hidden card values during rationalisation. It is suggested that whilst Oaksford and Chater's (e.g., 2003) information gain theory can provide a compelling account of our protocol findings, Evans' heuristic-analytic theory provides the best account of the full findings of the thesis. The mental models theory (e.g., Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 2002) fares less well as an explanation of the full dataset. 153.433
2	「規範性理性」在「Wason選擇作業」上所扮演的角色 / 從選擇歷程邏輯性與「雙思考系統理論」的角度探究陳宏道, Chen, Hung-Dao Unknown Date (has links) 「Wason選擇作業」是推理心理學領域中相當經典的作業，由於原版的「Wason 選擇作業」正確率相當低，引發許多學者相繼投入研究，並形成了各種理論。例如「實用推理基模理論」、「社會契約理論」、「相配偏誤理論」、「訊息獲得量理論」、「關聯性理論」等等。歷經約四十年的研究，「Wason選擇作業」從經典的推理作業至今則被許多研究者質疑其成為研究推理歷程作業的適當性，有些研究者則認為「Wason選擇作業」應被視為決策作業而非推理作業，並認為參與者在這個作業上不會表現出合於邏輯的推理能力。本研究重新以「規範性理性」的角度探究參與者在這個作業上的表現。研究一以「命題解讀作業」做為輔助，發現至少三成的參與者在傳統抽象型式的「Wason選擇作業」中的選擇行為是符合邏輯對應的，這樣的比例並不低於「命題解讀作業」本身的「正確」率。由於在傳統「Wason選擇作業」上要有「正確」表現須正確解讀命題且無其他形式誤解題意再加上符合邏輯的選擇歷程，低正確率可能僅是各歷程「正確」率相乘的效果，而非「選擇歷程」不具邏輯性所致。研究二則以「雙思考系統理論」的觀點設計有利於「系統二」(即分析性系統)歷程表現的評估型「Wason選擇作業」，實驗一與實驗二分別有約四成及五成七的參與者表現符合「規範性理性」的預期。本研究認為過去多數「Wason選擇作業」的研究著重在研究「系統一」(即聯結性系統)的歷程，故未能觀察到參與者高程度的邏輯表現。本研究結果顯示「規範性理性」在「Wason選擇作業」仍扮演重要角色。本研究最後提出新的研究取向並討論「理性爭議」的課題。適應性理性理性爭議演繹推理邏輯雙思考歷程理論 adaptive rationality rationality debate deductive reasoning logic dual process theories of reasoning Wason selection task normative rationality
3	Modularité massive ou construction sociale? : une analyse de l'approche psychoévolutionniste de Cosmides et Tooby. Loignon, Guillaume 08 1900 (has links) Ce mémoire se veut un examen épistémologique de la thèse psychoévolutionniste de Leda Cosmides et John Tooby, principalement en ce qui concerne la modularité massive. Nous avons tâché de voir si la modularité massive permet de rendre compte des processus mentaux complexes en nous penchant plus particulièrement sur le cas des émotions. Nous explorons d'abord la thèse de Cosmides et Tooby en la distinguant d'avec d'autres conceptions comme l'écologie béhaviorale et en expliquant le rôle particulier que jouent les émotions au sein de la théorie. Nous analysons ensuite la thèse de la modularité massive et les différents arguments théoriques ou empiriques qui l'appuient, et évaluons finalement des critiques de la modularité émises par certains philosophes, dont David Buller. / In this thesis, we enquired about the philosophical and empirical foundations of the psycho-evolutionary model of Cosmides and Tooby, especially with regards their Massive Modularity Thesis (MMT). We wanted to determine whether the MMT can account for complex mental processes such as emotions. The thesis first gives a general explanation of evolutionary psychology (as opposed to behavioral ecology or sociobiology) then evaluates different lines of argument for MMT. We then turn to the philosophical criticism of MMT by David Buller. Modularité Psychologie évolutionniste Épistémologie Émotions Sociobiologie Tâche de Wason Modularity of mind Evolutionary psychology Philosophy of science Wason Selection Task Emotions Sociobiology Massive Modularity Thesis Standard Social Science Model Philosophy / Philosophie (UMI : 0422)
4	Modularité massive ou construction sociale? : une analyse de l'approche psychoévolutionniste de Cosmides et Tooby Loignon, Guillaume 08 1900 (has links) No description available. Modularité Psychologie évolutionniste Épistémologie Émotions Sociobiologie Tâche de Wason Modularity of mind Evolutionary psychology Philosophy of science Wason Selection Task Emotions Sociobiology Massive Modularity Thesis Standard Social Science Model Philosophy / Philosophie (UMI : 0422)
5	Towards a Flexible Bayesian and Deontic Logic of Testing Descriptive and Prescriptive Rules / Explaining Content Effects in the Wason Selection Task / Zur flexiblen bayesschen und deontischen Logik des Testens deskripitiver und präskriptiver Regeln / Eine Erklärung von Inhaltseffekten in der Wasonschen Wahlaufgabe von Sydow, Momme 04 May 2006 (has links) No description available. 150 Psychologie Mathematics and Computer Science Hypothesentesten Wasonsche Wahlaufgabe deontische Logik Bayessche Logik Bayesianische Modelle wissensbasiertes Lernen kausale Modelle Konditionale Implikation Inhaltseffekte Denken Domänenspezifität Rationalität Induktionsproblem Rabenparadox Synduktion Soziale Verträge Betrüger Erkennung Kooperations Erkennung Kooperation Hypothesis testing Wason selection task deontic logic Bayesian logic conditionals Bayesian models implication knowledge-based learning causal models content effects reasoning domain specificity rationality problem of induction ravens paradox knowledge-based induction synduction social contracts cheater detection social contracts cooperator detection pragmatic reasoning schema theory mental model theory 77.31

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