Introdução: A viabilização da coleta e destinação correta dos resíduos pós-consumo é prevista pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) - Lei n°12.305 de 2010-importante marco regulatório para a gestão ambiental no Brasil. Dentre diversos aspectos enunciados, destacam-se o princípio da responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos e o instrumento logística reversa. O art. 33 desta lei considera prioritária a implantação de sistemas de logística reversa (SLR) para seis classes de resíduos, dentre eles os resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Objetivos: analisar e caracterizar o discurso de gestores do comércio, da indústria, do poder público e das cooperativas, relacionados com o setor de eletroeletrônicos sobre a implantação de SLR. Métodos: Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com nove gestores envolvidos no processo de implantação de SLR de eletroeletrônicos. Os dados foram transcritos, categorizados e posteriormente analisados pelo software Classification Hiérarchique Classificatoire et Cohésitive - CHIC®. O modelo dos múltiplos fluxos foi utilizado para auxiliar no entendimento do processo de formação da PNRS. Resultados: foram obtidas sete árvores hierárquicas de similaridade e quatro grupos com diferentes forças de implicação. Conclusão: Os pontos relevantes identificados mostram que: 1) o Acordo Setorial foi o instrumento escolhido para implantação de SLR de REEE, mas existem entraves entre os setores privado e público, que geraram atrasos para assinatura do Acordo; 2) os custos dos produtos órfãos é um assunto conflitante, onde indústria e comércio não concordam em arcar com os custos; 3) cabe ao governo o papel de educador e fiscalizador dos órfãos; 4) a inclusão das cooperativas de catadores é um tema complexo, que envolve a resolução de questões estruturais e de capacitação de recursos humanos; 5) a participação do consumidor é fundamental para efetividade da logística reversa. / Introduction: The feasibility of collection and proper disposal of post-consumer waste is provided by the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) - Law n° 12.305 2010-important regulatory framework for environmental management in Brazil. Among several aspects listed, highlight the principle of shared responsibility for the lifecycle of products and reverse logistics tool. The art. 33 of this law considers a priority the implementation of reverse logistics systems (SLR) for six classes of waste, including waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Objectives: To analyze and characterize the speech of managers of trade, industry, public authorities and cooperatives, related to consumer electronics over the implementation of SLR. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine managers involved in the implementation of electronic SLR process. Data were transcribed, categorized and analyzed using the software Classification Hierarchique Classificatoire et Cohésitive - CHIC®. The model of \"multiple streams\" was used to assist in understanding the process of formation of PNRS. Results: seven hierarchical trees of similarity and four groups with different forces of implication were obtained. Conclusion: The relevant points identified show that: 1) the \'Sectoral Agreement\' was the instrument chosen for the implementation of the WEEEs SLR, but there are barriers between the private and public sectors, generating delays in signing the agreement; 2) the cost of products \"orphans\" is a conflicting issue where industry and commerce not agree to bear the costs; 3) the government\'s role as an educator and inspector of the \"orphans\"; 4) the inclusion of recycling cooperatives is a complex issue that involves the resolution of structural issues and training of human resources; 5) consumer participation is critical to the effectiveness of the reverse logistics.

O crescimento econômico e o avanço da tecnologia tem gerado maior produção de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, cuja vida útil está cada vez menor. A troca constante de equipamentos tem levado a um aumento no descarte dos mesmos. Além da maior produção de resíduos, um agravante é o potencial poluidor deste tipo de resíduo devido aos metais pesados contidos neles, como o chumbo, mercúrio e cádmio. Contudo, apesar disso, há também metais nobres como ouro e prata, o que tem se tornado uma grande oportunidade de negócio para a indústria de reciclagem e os interessados nesta cadeia de resíduos de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Entretanto, apesar do mercado bilionário que gira em torno da produção e troca destes equipamentos, o descarte incorreto dos REEE tem consequências socioambientais muito sérias, como a poluição do solo e da água, o que causa implicações à saúde como doenças neurológicas, câncer e até a morte. Neste contexto, foi estabelecida a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) (Lei 12.305/2010), cujo objetivo é dar a destinação ambientalmente adequada para os resíduos. Com novas obrigatoriedades legais, os envolvidos na cadeia de produção, consumo e descarte dos eletroeletrônicos estão tendo que se reorganizar para manter-se neste mercado. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi entender e mapear o campo no qual os REEE estão inseridos. Ou seja, conhecer quais atores fazem parte deste campo; como se relacionam; quais são os interesses e disputas; como tudo isso está relacionado; como se organiza e quais os campos próximos que interferem nele. A pesquisa se baseou na teoria de campos de Fligstein e McAdam (2012) para entender a existência do campo de ação estratégica estudado, seu estado e características. Foi feito o levantamento de dados através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Utilizou-se da observação participante e a entrevista semiestruturada com os principais atores do campo de ação estratégico dos REEE identificados, com apoio de um roteiro. Pôde-se perceber a existência do campo de REEE, como se estabeleceu a crise no mesmo e como isso tem transformado o campo. Foram identificados uma série de atores que participam do fenômeno de transformação do campo de ação estratégica dos REEE: Universidade, empresas, sociedade civil e governo, além de dois campos próximos que exercem influência no campo estudado, o Mercado de EEE e a Indústria internacional de reciclagem de REEE. O Estado se mostrou muito influente no campo de REEE. Os atores e campos envolvidos desejam, portanto, a recuperação destes REEE para a reciclagem, devido, principalmente, às vantagens econômicas que a reciclagem proporciona a eles. A forma de fazer a recuperação dos REEE é o que tem sido discutido e está em disputa no campo. Diversos entraves foram observados para a gestão dos REEE no contexto brasileiro, mas a principal questão foi a necessidade de investimentos, incentivos e ações conjuntas, colaborativas e concomitantes para possibilitar a gestão efetiva dos REEE. Assim, a forma como a responsabilidade compartilhada, em especial o acordo setorial, vem sendo empregados não se mostram suficiente para a gestão dos REEE. Observou-se a necessidade de uma mudança de paradigma no que tange as questões de produção, consumo, troca e descarte dos REEE no contexto brasileiro. / Economic growth and the advancement of technology have generated greater production of electrical and electronic equipment, with a shorter service life. The constant exchange of equipment has led to an increase in their disposal. In addition to increased waste production, an aggravating factor is the potential for this type of waste to be polluted due to the heavy metals contained in them, such as lead, mercury and cadmium. However, despite this, there are also noble metals such as gold and silver, which has become a great business opportunity for the recycling industry and those interested in this waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) chain. However, in spite of the billion dollar market that revolves around the production and exchange of these equipments, the incorrect disposal of WEEE has very serious socio-environmental consequences, such as soil and water pollution, which causes health implications such as neurological diseases, cancer and even the death. In this context, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) (Law 12.305/2010) was established, whose objective is to provide the environmentally appropriate destination for the waste. With new legal mandates, those involved in the chain of production, consumption and disposal of consumer electronics are having to reorganize to stay in this market. Therefore, the objective of this study was to understand and map the field in which WEEE are inserted. That is, to know which actors are part of this field; how they relate; what are the interests and disputes; how all this is related; how it is organized, and what nearby fields interfere with it. The research was based on the field theory of Fligstein and McAdam (2012) to understand the existence of the field of strategic action studied, its state and characteristics. Data collection was done through bibliographical and documentary research. Participant observation and the semi-structured interview with the main actors of the strategic action area of the WEEE identified were used, with the support of a script. It was possible to perceive the existence of the field of WEEE, as it was established the crisis in the same one and how this has transformed the field. A number of actors have been identified in the phenomenon of transformation of WEEE\'s strategic field of action: University, companies, civil society and government, as well as two close fields that influence the field studied, the Electrical and Electronic Equipment Market and the International Industry of recycling of WEEE. The state proved to be very influential in the field of WEEE. The actors and fields involved therefore want the recovery of these WEEE for recycling, mainly due to the economic benefits that recycling provides them. The way to do WEEE recovery is what has been discussed and is in dispute in the field. Several barriers were observed for the management of WEEE in the Brazilian context, but the main issue was the need for investments, incentives and joint, collaborative and concomitant actions to enable the effective management of WEEE. Thus, the way shared responsibility has been used does not prove to be sufficient for the management of WEEE. It was observed the need for a paradigm shift in the issues of consumption, exchange and disposal of WEEE in the Brazilian context.

Elektriskt och elektroniskt avfall (WEEE) är den snabbast växande avfallskategorin inom EU, samtidigt som det är en av de mest skadliga formerna av avfall för människors hälsa och miljön om det inte samlas in och tas om hand på rätt sätt. Sverige påbörjade insamlingen av el-avfall 2001 och samlar idag in 16,27 kg el-avfall perperson vilket är av de högsta insamlingsnivåerna inom EU, men trots det slängs fortfarande smått el-avfall så som hushållsprodukter, mobiltelefoner och lågenergilampor i andra avfallsfraktioner. För att lösa detta problem talar man om behovet av ökad tillgänglighet på insamlingsplatser och information, men undersökningar av hushållsavfallets sammansättning visar att innehållet av el-avfall i stort sett är oförändrat, trots ökad tillgänglighet och information. De studier som ligger till grund för dagens förbättringsåtgärder har antingen tittat på insamlingssystemets brister utifrån ett nationellt perspektiv eller på effektiviteten av alternativa lokala insamlingssystem. Utifrån dessa har slutsatser dragits om allmänna brister och potentiella förbättringsåtgärder. Statistik visar samtidigt att insamlingen av el-avfall skiljer sig åt markant mellan olika platser i landet, och att somliga kommuner har förvånansvärt effektiva system jämfört med andra. Med hänsyn till detta så finns en uppenbar risk att dagens förbättringsåtgärder är suboptimala. Istället för att undersöka styrkor och svagheter med specifika insamlingssystem så studeras i denna uppsats skillnaderna mellan två svenska kommuner, en med hög och en med låg insamlingsnivå av diverse elektronik ochgasurladdningslampor, med syftet att skapa en bättre förståelse för vilka faktorer som bidrar till en effektiv insamling. Skillnaderna som studeras är tillgängligheten på insamlingsplatser och informationen i anslutning till dessa, kommunernas arbetsinsatser samt invånarnas kunskap, attityder och preferenser, uppgivna beteenden och subjektiva uppfattning om insamlingssystemens tillgänglighet och funktion. Vidare studeras även om kommuninvånarna informerats i enlighet med den lagstiftning som finns på området och vad invånarna har för attityder till, och preferenser kring, ett eventuellt pantsystem för lågenergilampor och smått el-avfall. Frågeställningarna studeras genom en kombination av intervjuer med nyckelpersoner, inventering av insamlingsplatser samt en enkätundersökning. Resultaten av studien visar att det finns skillnader på samtliga undersökta områden, med undantag för invånarnas kunskap. Av skillnaderna dras slutsatsen att det finns ett antal åtgärder som sannolikt skulle kunna öka insamlingen av el-avfall i Sverige. På lokal nivå kan sannolikt ett ökat kommunalt engagemang och arbete med frågan om el-avfall, i kombination med ökad tillgänglighet på insamlingsplatser samt god och välanpassad information i anslutning till dessa, öka insamlingen av el-avfall. På nationell nivå kan sannolikt en skärpt tillsyn som tvingar kommunerna att följa informationskravet i aktuell lagstiftning leda till en ökad medvetenhet bland svenska medborgare, vilket i sin tur sannolikt kan bidra till minskade mängder felsorterade lågenergilampor och smått el-avfall. Slutligen tycks ett eventuellt pantsystem för lågenergilampor och annat smått el-avfall vara ytterligare ett sätt att öka insamlingen. Studien tyder på att ett pantsystem skulle kunna öka människors benägenhet att lämna in dessa produkter till återvinning, minska mängden upplagrad elektronik i hemmen, erbjuda nya möjligheter vad gäller märkning och uppföljning av produkter samt potentiellt kunna minska insamlingskostnaderna. / Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is the fastest growing waste stream within the EU, and at the same time of the most hazardous forms of waste, threatening both human health and the environment if not properly collected and treated. Sweden started a separate collection of WEEE in 2001, and with 16,27 kg of WEEE collected per person in 2011 it has one of the highest collection rates within the EU. Despite this, small WEEE is still ending up in all types of household waste. To solve this issue, the need for increased availability of collections points and information is frequently discussed, but despite improvements in these areas the content of WEEE in household waste remains relatively stable. The studies that make up the basis of today’s improvement work, have either been looking at shortcomings of the collection system from a national point of view, or on the effectiveness of alternative local collection systems. Based on these studies, conclusions about the general shortcomings of the system and potential ways of improvement have been drawn. At the same time, statistics show that the collection of WEEE differs substantially between different parts of Sweden, and that some municipalities have surprisingly efficient collection systems compared to others. With regard to his, current improvement strategies may not be optimal. Instead of looking at the strengths and weaknesses of specific collection systems, this study looks at the differences between two Swedish municipalities, one with a high and one with a low collection rate of small WEEE and compact fluorescent lamps, with the aim of creating a better understanding of factors that may contribute to high collection rates. The differences that are studied are the availability of collection points and the information in connection to these, the municipalities’ work and the resident’s knowledge, attitudes, preferences, subjective behavior and subjective perception of the collection system’s availability and functionality. Furthermore, the thesis examines whether the residents have been informed in accordance with European and national WEEE-legislation and what their attitudes and preferences are regarding a potential deposit system for small WEEE and compact fluorescent lamps. The results show that differences can be seen in all areas but the residents’ knowledge. From the observed differences, conclusions about possible ways of improving the collection of WEEE in Sweden are drawn. On a local level, increased municipal engagement and work efforts, in combination with increased access to collection points along with appropriate and well customized information in connection to these, is likely to increase the collection of WEEE. On a national level, increased supervision that forces municipalities to comply with the information requirements in European and national legislation, may lead to an increased awareness among Swedish citizens, which may in turn lead to a decrease in wrongly sorted small WEEE and compact fluorescent lamps. Finally, a potential deposit system for small WEEE and compact fluorescent lamps may be yet another way of increasing collection rates. The results suggest that a deposit system may in fact increase the motivation of citizens to recycle these products, decrease the amount of old electrical and electronic equipment currently stockpiled in private households, offer new possibilities to mark and track products and potentially lower the costs of collection. / <p>Granskare:</p><p>Lisa Dahlén, Universitetslektor vid Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, avdelningen för Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, Luleå tekniska universitet*Lisa.Dahlen@ltu.se</p><p></p><p>Thesis evaluator:</p><p>Dahlén, Lisa, University Lector (Luleå University of Technology, Division of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering)*Lisa.Dahlen@ltu.se</p>

Les filières de valorisation de déchets ont été mises en place au cours des dernières années pour répondre à des pressions économiques, sociétales, environnementales et réglementaires. Pour que les produits en fin de vie soient valorisés au mieux, il faut que leur conception soit adaptée aux spécificités des différents acteurs de la filière. L’étape de prétraitement consiste en la séparation des différents composants et matières des déchets. C’est une étape essentielle pour la valorisation de produits complexes comme les DEEE (déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques), qui sont l’objet de ces travaux. Nos recherches bibliographiques montrent que les méthodes de conception existantes pour la valorisation ne prennent en compte ni la diversité et la nature des pratiques de prétraitement ni les raisons qui poussent à réaliser chacune d’elles. Afin de comprendre l’expertise liée à ces pratiques, nous avons réalisé deux modèles.En premier lieu, un modèle macroscopique nous a permis d’identifier les grands facteurs qui affectent le fonctionnement des opérateurs de prétraitement. Il a été établi en deux étapes : la première étape consiste en la caractérisation des opérateurs de traitement ; la deuxième étape s’attache à la classification des opérateurs de traitement. Afin de développer ce modèle nous nous sommes appuyés sur deux études descriptives de la filière DEEE française. Une étude descriptive qualitative nous a permis d’identifier les raisons qui poussent les opérateurs à réaliser les différentes stratégies de fin de vie et les processus de prétraitement. Une analyse statistique en composantes principales (ACP), a été réalisée afin de développer une classification des opérateurs de prétraitement.Dans un deuxième temps, dans le but d’identifier quels sont les conséquences de certains choix de conception pour la fin de vie, nous avons développé une méthode d’analyse systématique et détaillée du traitement réalisé par un type spécifique d’opérateur de DEEE. Celle-ci nous a permis d’obtenir un modèle microscopique des activités. Afin de développer et d’appliquer la méthode, nous nous sommes focalisés sur le désassemblage manuel d’écrans plats en vue de leur recyclage. Nous avons obtenu des données quantitatives qui constituent des preuves solides pour soutenir le développement de recommandations d’éco-conception. Avec ce modèle nous pouvons développer des indicateurs et des règles de conception quantitatives utilisables en conception de produit.Les modèles macro et microscopiques sont des instruments d’acquisition des connaissances sur l’expertise de centres de traitement qui peuvent être adaptés pour une utilisation dans d’autres filières de valorisation de déchets. / Compliance schemes have been stablished in recent years to alleviate the burden of economical, societal, environmental and regulatory pressures. To ensure the best recovery of end-of-life products, their design has to meet the requirements of the different waste management operators. The pre-treatment phase consists on the separation of components and materials from waste. It is an essential step when recovering complex product such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is the focus of this research work. The literature research shows that design for recovery methods do not take into account the diversity and nature of pre-treatment practices or the reasons behind them. In order to increase the understating related to these practices we have developed two models.The first one is a macroscopic model whose aim is to identify the main factors that influence the activity of pre-treatment operators. The development of the method involved two main steps: the characterization and the classification of pre-treatment operators. Two descriptive studies of the French WEEE compliance scheme have been carried out in order to develop the method. A qualitative descriptive study allowed us to identify the reasons why operators realize the different recovery strategies and pretreatment process. A descriptive statistical analysis, more specifically, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to develop a classification of the pretreatment operators.The second model that has been developed, a microscopic one, contains detailed information about the treatment operations carried out by one specific type of operator. The aim of this model is to identify what the best and worst design choices are in order to improve product’s pre-treatment. We have proposed a method for manual disassembly analysis to support the ecodesign of flat panel displays. The method enables to obtain quantitative data that provide solid evidence to support the development of eco-design guidelines. It also enables the development of disassembly indicators and recommendations to be used in product design.The macro and microscopic models are instruments of knowledge acquisition on pre-treatment practices that may be applicable to other compliance schemes.

Purpose: To map the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s (reuse, remanufacture and recycle) as well as gain an understanding of  the cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations and companies that work with the 3R’s:      1) What factors play a role in the companies’ use of the specific 3R’s?    2) Which cooperation opportunities do the companies’ see from a sustainability perspective?   Method: The study was based on a multiple case design which consisted interviews. The interviews were based on companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) and companies who are engaged in taking care of the used EEE. The study also contained different literature studies in sustainability, which further lead to the creation of the theoretical framework in cooperation with the purpose of the study. Between the theoretical framework and the study's empiricism an analysis could be carried out, which also contributed to the results of the study.   Result: The study has resulted in the identification of several different factors for the specific 3R’s, together with cooperation opportunities between manufacturing organizations of EEE and companies that take care of the consumed EEE based on the specific 3R’s. Where economic sustainability, i.e. profit maximization has been the factor that has permeated a large part of the results, together with some influence from environmental considerations.   Implications: The study does not establish a new theory but bases itself on existing theories that have been tested in reality through interviews. During this study, it has been clear that the economic factors are one of the most important elements that determine how companies choose to work. Profit maximization is such a big factor that it also affects and outweighs environmental considerations when placed against each other. Environmental considerations are usually less considered than profit maximization but should weigh at least as much as profit maximization during the decision-making process.   Limitations: • The study is based only on companies located in Sweden. • This study does not address/treat social sustainability or social considerations. • The study is based on producer companies that manufacture and develop electronic and electrical products as well as companies that work with reuse, remanufacture and recycling of electronic and electrical products.   Key words: Waste management, End of life, supply chain, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle. / Syfte: Att kartlägga företagens användning av de specifika 3R:en (återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning) samt se över samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverkande organisationer och företag som jobbar med de 3R:en: 1)      Vilka faktorer spelar roll för företagens användning av de specifika 3R: en? 2)      Vilka samarbetsmöjligheter ser företagen ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv? Metod: Studien utgick från en flerfallsdesign som bestod av intervjuer. Intervjuer skedde enbart på företag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska utrustningar (EEE) och företag som sysselsätter sig med att ta hand om de konsumerade EEE. Det utfördes även litteraturstudier inom hållbarhet som kunde bana väg för skapandet av studiens teoretiska ramverk utifrån relevanta teorier inom hållbarhet utifrån studiens syfte. Genom ett samarbete mellan det teoretiska ramverket och studiens empiri kunde en analys ske som även bidrog till studiens resultat. Resultat: Studien har resulterat i att flera olika faktorer har identifierats fram för de specifika 3R:en tillsammans med samarbetsmöjligheter mellan tillverknings organisationer av EEE samt företag som tar hand om de konsumerade EEE utifrån de specifika 3R:en. Där den ekonomiska hållbarheten d.v.s. vinstmaximeringen har varit det som har genomsyrat stora delar av resultat med inflytande av miljömässiga överväganden Implikationer: Studien upprättar ingen ny teori utan tar sin utgångspunkt från redan befintliga teorier som har prövats i verkligheten genom intervjuer. Under denna studiens gång har det varit klart att de ekonomiska faktorerna är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som bestämmer hur företagen väljer att jobba. Vinstmaximeringen är en sådan stor faktor så att det även påverkar och väger tyngre än miljömässiga överväganden när de ställs emot varandra. Miljömässiga överväganden är något som väger mindre när det ställs emot vinstmaximeringen men som bör väga lika mycket som vinstmaximeringen under beslutsfattanden. Avgränsningar: <ul type="disc">Studien baseras endast på företag som är lokaliserade i Sverige. I denna studie behandlas inte den sociala hållbarheten eller sociala överväganden. Studien utgår ifrån producentföretag som tillverkar och utvecklar elektroniska och elektriska produkter samt företag som jobbar med återanvändning, produktuppgradering och återvinning av elektroniska och elektriska produkter.   Nyckelord: Waste management, End of life, försörjningskedja, Life cycle analysis, reverse logistic, Waste electrical and electronic equipment, reuse, remanufacture, recycle.

Submitted by FLÁVIA FLORENTINO DE ALMEIDA null (flavialm_1@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T15:23:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Final rev 09. ...02.10.17_word2010.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T18:53:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ff_me_bauru.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T18:53:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ff_me_bauru.pdf: 3209005 bytes, checksum: c3164cf910a07e38e30d2c81a62eb29f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma das alternativas para a destinação de Resíduos de Equipamentos Eletroeletrônicos (REEE), termo adotado no Brasil e tradução literal do inglês Waste Eletronic and Electrical Equipament (WEEE), é a reciclagem. Em geral os metais presentes nesses resíduos apresentam maior interesse para as recicladoras, porém as carcaças dos equipamentos constituídas por polímeros acabam sendo destinadas a aterros. O presente trabalho apresenta uma forma simples e barata de se agregar valor a esse resíduo, tornando-o mais vantajoso financeiramente. Um estudo do comportamento do concreto com adição de polímeros fracionados provenientes de carcaças de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos descartados em substituição a parte do agregado graúdo é apresentado. Para isso foi feita a caracterização dos polímeros proveniente do REEE e foi estudado o comportamento de corpos de prova produzidos com adição de 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% e 20% em massa desse resíduo, mantendo um traço sem incorporação para comparação. O agregado graúdo obtido a partir dos polímeros advindos do REEE tem predominância da sua granulometria na faixa dos 6,3 mm, são identificados como sendo constituídos por HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene), e apresentam-se como material hidrofílico possibilitando boa interação com argamassa de cimento e água. Os concretos obtidos com até 20% de incorporação desse resíduo apresentam densidade superior a 2,0g/cm3, permitindo classifica-los como um concreto estrutural normal. O aumento da porcentagem de incorporação de REEE ao concreto leva a uma diminuição da resistência a compressão, porém esse valor é sempre superior a 20 MPa, identificando-o como um concreto de resistência média. A incorporação desse resíduo, devido ao seu formato, contribui com uma característica semelhante a de utilização de fibras em concreto impedindo o rompimento completo dos corpos. Esses resultados evidenciam a viabilidade de se incorporar REEE ao concreto, possibilitando uma valorização desse resíduo como agregado graúdo para concreto. / One of the alternatives for the disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), is recycling. In general, the metals present in these wastes are of greater interest to recyclers, but the carcasses of equipment made of polymers end up being destined to landfills. The present paper presents a simple and inexpensive way to add value to this waste, making it more advantageous financially. A study on the behavior of concrete with addition of fractionated polymers from carcasses of discarded electro-electronic equipment replacing part of the large aggregate is presented. For this, was done the characterization of the polymers from WEEE and analyzed the behavior of test specimens produced with addition of 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% and 20% in mass of this residue, maintaining a trace without incorporation for comparison. The large aggregate obtained from the WEEE polymers has a predominance of their granulometry in the range of 6.3 mm. They are identified as HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and are presented as a hydrophilic material allowing a good interaction with cement and water. The concretes obtained with up to 20% of incorporation of this residue present density superior to 2,0 g / cm3, allowing to classify them like a normal structural concrete. The increase in the percentage of incorporation of WEEE into the concrete leads to a decrease in the compressive strength, but this value is always higher than 20 MPa, identifying it as a medium-strength concrete. The incorporation of this residue, due to its shape, contributes with a characteristic similar to the use of fibers in concrete preventing the complete rupture of the bodies. These results demonstrate the feasibility of incorporating WEEE into the concrete, allowing a valorization of this waste as a large aggregate for concrete.

Abstract The production and use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) have significantly increased during the last three decades due to technological innovations and new applications of EEE. Fast technological progress, EEE becoming a part of everyday life and rising incomes have led to the situation where EEE are more replaceable than ever causing the rapid growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). In order to reduce negative environmental and health impacts and to improve the recovery of valuable substances from WEEE, the European Union has implemented Directives related to EEE. In this thesis, the national implementation of the WEEE Directive and the development of the WEEE recovery infrastructure in Finland were studied. Furthermore, consumers’ awareness and perceptions toward the WEEE recovery system were assessed through a survey conducted in the Oulu region. Finally, the role of consumer behaviour in storing electronics at home and its impact on the realisation of the waste hierarchy were considered. Results indicate that the implementation of the WEEE Directive has succeeded in Finland. The legislative basis and functional WEEE recovery system with high collection and recovery rates have been enacted within a few years. The study revealed that consumers’ awareness of the importance and existence of WEEE recovery system is high among the residents in Oulu; however, the high storing rates of mobile phones indicate that the proximity and the convenience of the WEEE recovery system are inadequate to motivate the return of small WEEE. Analysing the lifespan of electronics indicates that stockpiling deprives the re-use potential of mobile phones and thus hinders waste prevention. Storage also delays the return of valuable substances for recycling and risks the realisation of the waste management hierarchy. It is concluded that education and awareness raising will continue to be a crucial element in the progress towards a more environmentally conscious WEEE recovery in Finland. / Tiivistelmä Sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteiden (SE-laitteiden) tuotanto ja käyttö ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana uusien teknologisten ratkaisujen ja sovellusten myötä. Nopea teknologinen kehitys, SE-laitteiden jokapäiväistyminen sekä elintason nousu ovat johtaneet tilanteeseen, jossa ne ovat helpommin vaihdettavissa kuin koskaan aikaisemmin. Tämän seurauksena myös sähkö- ja elektroniikkaromun (SE-romu, SER) määrä on nopeassa kasvussa. Vähentääkseen SE-romun aiheuttamia haitallisia ympäristö- ja terveysvaikutuksia sekä tehostaakseen hyödyllisten materiaalien talteenottoa SE-romusta Euroopan Unioni on ottanut käyttöön sähkö- ja elektroniikkalaitteisiin liittyviä direktiivejä. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu SER-direktiivin kansallista käyttöönottoa ja keräysverkoston kehittymistä Suomessa. Lisäksi kuluttajakäsitystä ja -tietoisuutta arvioitiin Oulun alueella toteutetulla kyselytutkimuksella. Työssä on arvioitu myös kuluttajien roolia käytöstä poistettujen SE-laitteiden kotivarastoinnissa ja sen vaikutuksia jätehierarkian toteutumiseen. Tulokset osoittavat, että kansallinen implementointi on onnistunut Suomessa; kansallinen lainsäädännöllinen perusta ja toimiva keräysjärjestelmä on saavutettu vain muutamassa vuodessa. Tutkimuksesta selviää, että kuluttajatietoisuus keräysjärjestelmän tärkeydestä ja sen olemassaolosta on hyvällä tasolla; matkapuhelinten korkea säilytysaste kotitalouksissa viittaa kuitenkin nykyisen järjestelmän riittämättömyyteen motivoida kuluttajia palauttamaan pientä SE-romua keräysjärjestelmään. SE-laitteiden elinkaaren vaikutusten tarkastelu osoittaa, että varastointi estää matkapuhelinten uudelleenkäyttöä ja estää jätteen synnyn ehkäisyä. Lisäksi se viivästyttää hyödyllisten materiaalien palautumista kierrätykseen vaarantaen myös jätehierarkian toteutumisen. Siksi koulutus ja tietoisuuden lisääminen ovat tärkeässä roolissa ympäristömyötäisemmän keräysjärjestelmän saavuttamiseksi Suomessa.

Polymers are subjected to physical and chemical changes during their processing, service life, and further recovery, and they may also interact with impurities that can alter their composition. These changes substantially modify the stabilisation mechanisms and mechanical properties of recycled polymers. The assessment of the quality properties of recycled polymers is therefore crucial to guarantee the performance of recyclates in further applications. Three key quality properties have been defined for this quality analysis: degree of mixing (composition), degree of degradation, and presence of low molecular weight compounds (degradation products, contaminants, additives). Furthermore, detailed knowledge about how the different stages of their life cycle affect the degree of degradation of polymeric materials is important when discussing their further waste recovery possibilities and the performance of recycled plastics. A dual-pronged experimental approach employing multiple processing and thermo-oxidation has been proposed to model the life cycle of recycled high-impact polystyrene (HIPS used in packaging applications, and electrical and electronic equipment (E&E). Both reprocessing and thermo-oxidative degradation are responsible for coexistent physical and chemical effects (chain scission, crosslinking, apparition of oxidative moieties, polymeric chain rearrangements, and physical ageing) on the microstructure and morphology of polybutadiene (PB) and polystyrene (PS) phases; these effects ultimately influence the long-term stability, and the rheological and mechanical behaviour of HIPS. The PB phase has proved to be the initiation point of HIPS degradation throughout the life cycle. Thermo-oxidation seems to have more severe effects on HIPS properties; therefore, it can be concluded that previous service life may be the part of the life cycle with the greatest influence on the recycling possibilities and performance of HIPS recyclates in second-market applicat / Vilaplana Domingo, FJ. (2008). Analytical strategies for the quality assessment of recycled high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2186

Le modèle de production et de consommation linéaire, qui se résume à: extraire, produire, utiliser puis jeter, menace la préservation de nos ressources naturelles, alors même que les Déchets d’Équipements Électriques et Électroniques (DEEE) constituent des « mines urbaines » riches en métaux de valeur. Les politiques publiques classiques des années 70, fondées sur une approche régalienne, se sont révélées inefficaces pour stimuler des démarches innovantes et collectives.Dans cette thèse, nous étudions une approche alternative fondée sur un principe de responsabilisation des producteurs, encadrés par une forme de co-régulation entre acteurs publics et privés. Alors que la responsabilité est souvent associée à une logique individuelle, qu’est-ce qu’une responsabilité collective? Plus encore, pour faire de la responsabilisation une technique politique de gouvernement, quels processus et instruments s’agit-il de mobiliser pour rendre des acteurs collectivement responsables?À travers le cas de la filière des DEEE, cette thèse propose des principes de la co-régulation. Nous nous appuyons sur la littérature sur les communs, où ont été discutées les conditions d’une gestion et d’une gouvernance collectives. La thèse repose sur une approche exploratoire, qualitative et longitudinale. Une analyse comparative au niveau européen permet une mise en perspective des propositions théoriques. / The Linear Economy is structured on: extraction, production, product use and landfill. This model prevails although it is a threat to the preservation of natural resources. Whereas, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitute “Urban Mines” that are rich in valuable metals. Public policies from the 70s, based on regulatory constraints, have proved to be inefficient in instigating innovative and collective processes.In this thesis, we study an alternative approach based on the responsabilization of producers through co-regulated action between public and private actors. While responsibility is often linked to individualism, this work scrutinizes the substance of collective responsibility. Furthermore, in consideration of responsabilization as a mode of political governance, we examine the processes and the instruments which could be engaged to bestow collective responsibility on private actors.Through an exploratory, qualitative and longitudinal approach in the context of the WEEE sector, we propose new co-regulation principles. The research is based on the literature of the commons in which the conditions of a collective governance are discussed. The theoretical propositions are considered in the perspective of a comparative analysis at the European level.

O crescimento na geração de rejeitos de equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (REEE), legislações mais rigorosas e o valor agregado destes materiais incentivam o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de reciclagem. Contudo, a reciclagem dos componentes poliméricos dos REEE (CP-REEE) precisa superar desafios como a degradação durante o uso e reprocessamento, a presença de diferentes aditivos nos rejeitos e a depreciação de propriedades causada pela mistura não controlada de polímeros. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo sobre a reciclagem mecânica na forma de blendas poliméricas de rejeitos do copolímero acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e do poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS), empregando agentes compatibilizantes. No desenvolvimento do trabalho foram realizadas a caracterização dos CP-REEE, análise das propriedades mecânicas, químicas, térmicas e morfológicas dos polímeros e das blendas de ABS/HIPS nas proporções de 1:3, 1:1 e 3:1 com variações na composição dos polímeros reciclados e virgens e por fim, realizado um estudo do envelhecimento foto-oxidativo acelerado de uma blenda ABS/HIPS. Os resultados mostraram que os polímeros ABS e HIPS reciclados ainda apresentam boas propriedades mecânicas e que a presença de agentes compatibilizantes provoca o aumento da tenacidade nas blendas ABS/HIPS. A incorporação de polímeros virgens nos materiais reciclados não promove ganho significativo nas propriedades mecânicas das blendas. Blendas com até 50% de ABS demonstraram ter propriedades próximas às do HIPS, enquanto as blendas com altos teores de ABS não alcançaram valores de propriedades mecânicas similares aos do ABS virgem. O comportamento das propriedades das blendas virgens e recicladas frente ao envelhecimento fotoquímico foi similar, indicando que o material reciclado apresenta grande potencial para aplicações. O estudo de blendas ABS/HIPS de CP-REEE demonstra que o controle da composição das blendas definem a sua aplicação. / The growth in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generation, directives more stringent and the aggregate value presents in these waste are encouraging the development of recycling technologies. However, recycling of polymeric components from WEEE (PC-WEEE) must overcome challenges such as degradation during use and reprocessing, the presence of various additives in the waste and the depreciation of properties caused by uncontrolled polymers mixture. The aim of this work was to develop a study of the mechanical recycling in the form blends with of polymeric waste of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer blends (ABS) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) using compatibilizers. During the study was carried out the characterization of the PCWEEE and mechanical, chemical, thermal and morphological analysis of the polymers and the ABS / HIPS blends in proportions of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1 with recycled and virgin polymers, as well as a study of the accelerated photo-oxidative aging of the ABS/HIPS blends. The results showed that ABS and HIPS recycled polymers still have good mechanical properties and the presence of compatibilization agents leads to increased toughness in ABS/HIPS blends. The incorporation of virgin polymers in recycled materials does not promote significant gain in the mechanical properties of the blends. Blends with up to 50% ABS have demonstrated to be closer to the HIPS, while blends with high content of ABS did not reach values of mechanical properties similar to the virgin ABS. The mechanical properties of virgin and recycled blends during the photochemical aging were similar, indicating that the recycled material has great potential for applications. The study of ABS/HIPS blends from PC-WEEE demonstrated that control of the blend composition establish their applications.