Com o objetivo de propor melhorias ao sistema corporativo de produção da Volkswagen do Brasil à luz dos conceitos da produção enxuta, esse trabalho mostra como a concorrência proporcionada pela globalização no setor industrial obrigou as empresas desse setor a deixarem para trás o tradicional sistema de produção em massa para buscarem novas alternativas estratégicas de administração. Com base nos excelentes resultados apresentados pela Toyota, uma das ações encontradas por essas organizações tem sido a implantação de sistemas corporativos de produção que procuram seguir os mesmos princípios do sistema de produção enxuta, que tem entre seus objetivos a busca contínua pela redução e eliminação dos desperdícios dentro do processo produtivo. Partindo desse cenário, esse trabalho procura apresentar alguns desses sistemas corporativos de produção e que foram criados conforme a necessidade de cada uma das empresas, sendo detalhado através de um estudo de caso realizado na Volkswagen do Brasil um desses sistemas e confrontado com as principais técnicas e ferramentas da produção enxuta pesquisadas, apresentando ainda algumas sugestões de melhorias ao sistema corporativo de produção dessa empresa e uma aplicação piloto destas melhorias. / With the objective of suggestions of improvements to the corporate of production system of Volkswagen of Brazil to the light of the concepts of the lean production, this work presents as the competition provided by the globalization in the industrial section has obliged enterprises from this sector to leave behind the traditional in mass production system to look for new strategic alternatives of administration. Taking as reference the excellent results presented by Toyota, one of the action found by these organizations was the implementation of a corporative of production systems that try to follow the same principles of the lean production, that has among its aim the continuum search by the reduction and elimination of waste inside the productive process. Starting from this scenery, this work looks for to present some of these corporative of production systems and were developed in agreement with the necessities of some enterprises. It has been detailed through a case study carried out at Volkswagen of Brazil where one of these systems is confronted with the main techniques and tools of lean production studied. Also, presenting improvement suggestions to the corporative of production systems of this enterprise as well as pilot application of these improvements.

Une grande variabilité de déchets contenants des nanomatériaux sont largement produits partout dans le monde. En fin de vie, la lixiviation de ces déchets entreposés en décharge, conduit à l’émission de contaminants (organiques et métalliques) dont les modes de transport diffèrent largement selon leurs interactions avec les ligands du milieu traversé. L’union européenne souhaite promouvoir à long terme la réduction progressive des rejets de contaminants dans l'environnement et le Ministère de l’Ecologie projette de mettre en place des normes spécifiques limitant les émissions de nanoparticules. Or, à ce jour, peu de données sont disponibles sur les quantités de contaminants potentiellement émis par les déchets et sur leur capacité de transport. En particulier, les contaminants présents sous forme nanoparticulaires, facilement bioassimilables, ont un comportement dynamique mal identifié et donc peu prévisible.La complexité et la variabilité dans la composition des déchets et des nanomatériaux impliquent l'étude d'un large panel d'entre eux ; ainsi, notre travail a porté sur la quantification de l'émission des nanoparticules au cours de leur vieillissement à partir de différents déchets (résidus de boues rouges, boues de station d’épuration, sédiments marins et Mâchefers d'Incinérations d’Ordures Ménagères MIOMs) ainsi que leur transport à travers un milieu poreux.Nous avons identifié les éléments métalliques fortement présents sous forme colloïdale et leur devenir après 1 an et demi de vieillissement. Les tests de transport des nanoparticules, menés par des expériences de percolation en colonne, ont montré que le transport de nanoparticules métalliques a été facilité dans certains cas, dans d’autres, plus classiquement ralenti. Par microscopie Electronique à Balayage, nous avons montré que de nombreux métaux étaient couplés avec des oxydes d'aluminium et de fer ainsi que des substances organiques naturelles de type humiques. / Great variability of nanomaterials wastes are widely produced throughout the world. At the end of their life, the leaching of the wastes stored in landfills, leads to the emission of contaminants (organic and metallic) which modes of transport differ widely according to the interactions they have with ligands present in the medium. The European Union wants to promote long-term gradual reduction of contaminant releases to the environment and the Ministry of Ecology plans to establish specific standards limiting emissions of nanoparticles. But to date, limited data are available on the quantities of contaminants potentially emitted by wastes and their transport capacity. In particular, the contaminants present in nanoparticulate form, easily bioavailable, have a dynamic behavior misidentified and therefore unpredictable.The complexity and variability in the composition of waste and nanomaterials involve the study of a wide range of them; so, our work has focused on quantifying the emission of nanoparticles during their aging from various wastes (red mud residues, sewage sludge, marine sediments and domestic wastes incineration bottom ash MIOMs) and their transport through a porous medium.We identified metallic elements largely present in colloidal form and their fate after 1½ years of aging. Transport tests of nanoparticles led by column percolation experiments have shown that the transport of the metal nanoparticles is facilitated in some cases, in others, more typically slowed down. Scanning Electron Microscopy have shown that many metals were associated with aluminum and iron oxides and natural organic humic-like substances.

The most cost effective treatment scheme for effluent from Midfield Meats, an abattoir in Warrnambool, Australia, was evaluated via a series of laboratory and commercial scale experiments. Effectiveness was measured in terms of suspended solids (SS) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction. Economic assessment was based on predicted reduction in trade waste charges versus infrastructure and running costs. From the range of potential treatment technologies, those deemed most appropriate for trialling included pre-screening, sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and dissolved air floatation (DAF). Prior to evaluation of treatment types, flow, loads and contaminant characterisation of the waste streams was conducted to aid in selection of treatment type and capacity. Prescreening was found to be the most cost effective, followed by sedimentation, coagulation and flocculation treatment and finally DAF. The most economical treatment scheme that satisfied the requirements of Midfield Meats included a combination of prescreening and sedimentation. DAF and coagulation and flocculation treatment satisfactorily treated the wastewater, however were not cost effective under the current trade waste agreement.

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 33-36).

Graduation date: 1995

Introduction: To improvement the target company’s manufacturing process by applyinglean principles, including using and analyzing the internal value stream mapping. Asmore and more companies have paid attention to implement lean thinking in theirmanufacturing process, the value stream mapping played an important role for manycompanies to make a transition from their traditional production systems to lean systems.The content and resources of this master thesis come from an American furniturecompany named KAMA which mainly produces office furniture with different components.Although there are various types of products, the authors merely focus on the officechair products. This research is an attempt to understand and analyze the problemsin the production flow on the example of KAMA’s office chair products that includesPH product family as the target research part.Purpose: The purpose of this research study is to investigate, analyze and find out solutionsfor waste-related problems in the office chair manufacturing flow of KAMA.Method: A single case study will be applied in this study paper. Data should be collectedfrom telephone interviews with company’s managements, the studying ofKAMA’s internal documentation and the secondary data from lean project report collectedby Consultant EIMI. In order to improve the production process, the valuestream mapping method will be applied to build the current value state map of CompanyKAMA and identify the potential wastes during the manufacturing process, andthen analyze and give the solutions for future improvement. Additional, other methodsincluding the order penetration point analysis, make-to-stock theory, and the CONWIPanalysis have been subsequently applied in designing a draft of the future state map.Conclusion: From the constructed current value stream mapping of KAMA officechair manufacturing process, it can be found that the most essential wastes are overproduction,waiting, unnecessary inventory and unnecessary movement. In addition, theimproper workstation arrangement and unnecessary waiting time have been identified asthe critical wasting reasons. Thus, any solutions to reduce or eliminate the identifiedwastes have been considered and would be given in the future state. In order to improvethe efficiency and reduce the unnecessary movements, adopting the appropriate cellularlayout in the mechanical workshop is quite beneficial. The mentioned methods to reducewastes have been summarized in the draft of the future state map of the company.The main benefits of the proposed future state value stream mapping are faster and accurateorder fulfillment process, reduction of unnecessary movements in workshop, lowinventory, high productivity and reduced costs in the flow of KAMA’s manufacturingprocess.

Introduction. Improvement of the product flow by means of applying the lean principles, including the value stream mapping tool has become an important component in the at-tempt of many companies to make transition from traditional production to the lean manu-facturing system. It often implies modernization of organizational structure, relationships with sub-contractors, suppliers and transportation companies. The topic of this master the-sis originates from company HAGS Aneby AB that produces playing systems comprising different components. This report is an attempt to understand and analyze the problems in the product flow on the example of playing system Agito that includes Origo product fam-ily components as the main constructive part. Purpose. The purpose of this case study has been to identify, analyze and propose solu-tions for waste-related problems in the Origo product flow, by applying the lean thinking principles and the data collection methods. Method. The proposed case study methodology combines both theoretical and empirical approach. Data collected in interviews with sub-contractors and suppliers, and observa-tions at the mechanical workshop and warehouse, have constituted the input for the value stream mapping method. The value stream mapping method has been applied to construct the current state map of the Origo value stream and identify the wastes. Furthermore, other methods including the decision point analysis, the postponement theory, and the supplier/buyer dependence grid have been subsequently applied to analyze the company relationships with key business partners and assist in designing a draft of the future state map. Conclusion. It has been concluded from the constructed current state map of Origo value stream that the most critical wastes are waiting, transportation, unnecessary inventory, un-necessary motion and defects. Furthermore, the requirement of minimum quantity of raw material to be purchased from the supplier and the improper workshop layout has been recognized as the main reasons for the wastes. The measures to reduce the identified wastes have been pointed out. It has been proposed to better integrate the key actors into the HAGS supply chain. Adopting the cellular layout in the mechanical workshop has been found beneficial as well as orientation of production on customer orders rather than on forecasting. The mentioned measures to reduce wastes have been summarized in the draft of the future state map. The main advantages of the proposed future state are faster order fulfillment process, gained visibility and control of raw material and reduced costs in the flow of Origo components.

Vietnam has about 2,000 trade villages locating mainly in the north. Duong Lieu village in Hoai Duc, Hanoi, is one of the key areas of agricultural production and food processing. However, this area is affected by serious environmental pollution, particularly caused by solid waste and wastewater. Solid wastes of the starch production process from arrowroot are disposed in large amounts and represent the main reason for environmental pollution in Duong Lieu village. These wastes are present anywhere in this village, for example on the main road, in gardens, event fill in ponds and ditches. The components of the dried arrowroot waste are mainly carbon-rich substances such as starch (5%), cellulose (90%) and N, P, K (0.5%; 0.11%; 0.16%, respectively). The fresh arrowroot waste has humidity of up to 80%. This substrate is suitable for culture of straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The mushrooms use cellulose as carbon source for their growth. Therefore, waste from arrowroot that can be recycled efficiently by the biological method for culturing mushrooms. This treatment method is suitable to the conditions of Vietnam because it does not only reduce waste residues but also is environmentally friendly. / Việt nam có khoảng 2000 làng nghề và tập trung chủ yếu ở miền Bắc. Dương Liễu là một trong những vùng trọng điểm chế biến nông sản thực phẩm. Song hiện tại khu vực này đang bị ô nhiễm môi trường nghiêm trọng,đặc biệt ô nhiễm rác thải và nước thải. Chất thải rắn của quá trình chế biến tinh bột từ củ dong là rất lớn. Nó có mặt khắp nơi từ trong nhà ra ngoài ngõ thậm chí lấp đầy cống rãnh, ao hồ. Đây chính là nguyên nhân gây nên ô nhiễm môi trường vùng làng nghề. Thành phần của bã dong rất giàu cellulose (90%), tinh bột (5%) và có cả nitơ, photpho, kali tương với 0,5%, 0,11% và 0,16%; độ ẩm của bã dong tươi lên tới 80%. Cơ chất này thích hợp để trồng nấm rơm và nấm sò. Bởi các loại nấm này sử dụng cellulose là nguồn cung cấp cacbon chính để sinh trưởng. Do vậy, bã thải từ củ dong có thể được tái sử dụng hiệu quả bằng phương pháp sinh học như là dùng trồng nấm. Đây là một sự lựa chọn phù hợp với điều kiện Việt Nam, vừa giảm thiểu chất thải dư thừa vừa thân thiện với môi trường.

Nowadays business atmosphere is to constantly come up with new improvements, in order to become more competitive, or simply stay competitive.Lean manufacturing rose up few decades ago and is now famous for its radical improvements but also for its difficulty to implement. The aim of this study is to get a better understanding of how can Lean bring such important changes, but also what must be done in order to implement it.In order to solve the problem of this report, it was decided to conduct a quantitative research relying on a case study. The company chosen wants to implement Lean but does not really know how to achieve it, so it is a very good opportunity for this project to collaborate with it and see what can be done to implement Lean manufacturing.The results of this thesis demonstrate the need of implementing a philosophy, a way of thinking, rather than different production tools. People must also be prepared for long implementation, which can take between 5 to 10 years. One of the key factors for this implementation is the involvement and empowerment of workers, who will massively contribute to the change process by removing different kind of waste which slow down the processes.

Lake Malawi is a great lake not only because of its size (30,800 km2) but also because of its unique fish diversity. The lake contains the highest number of freshwater fish species in the world. The fish species are hypothesized to have radiated within the lake, which is 1-2 million years old. The collapse of the capture fishery in Lake Malawi between the 1970s and 1990s led to the launch of cage culture of indigenous fish species in 2004 in the south east arm of the lake. While cage culture has been practiced for many years in temperate lakes and seas, the fish farm in Lake Malawi is the first in the African Great Lakes and, therefore, not much information currently exists that is relevant to the impact of cage culture on such a large, species-rich tropical lake. Consequently, a study was done between January and December, 2007, at the fish farm in Lake Malawi to determine potential impacts of cage wastes on the environment. The study found that, just like in temperate systems where 70-87% of C, N and P added through feed get dispersed into the environment, discharges from fish cages in Lake Malawi were between 71-88% of the nutrients added through feed. The discharges were proportional to the amount of feed added so that as production and feed supply increase over time, more cage wastes would be generated and released into the environment. The discharges were exacerbated by poor stocking and feeding regimes. Production periods were longer (mean of 376±42 days) than if recommended stocking and feeding rates were followed. Feed quality may also have affected production performance and waste generation in the cages, but was not studied. The cage wastes were incorporated into the food web and support the wild fishes in the vicinity of the fish farm. Impacts of the cage wastes on the water column and sediments in the vicinity of the cages were minimal during the study period, probably because of rapid and efficient dispersion of the wastes by strong water currents, that averaged 9.3 cm s-1, through the cages and high consumption of the cage wastes by large numbers of wild fishes which aggregated around the cages. The wild fishes also helped to disperse the cage wastes over a larger area through consumption, translocation and defecation. However, as production increases, the amount of cage wastes generated may overwhelm mitigation by dispersion by water currents and consumption by wild fishes, particularly if many cages are deployed close together and interfere with current flows. Based on my observations, a fish farm that produces 15,000 tonnes fish/yr in Lake Malawi would generate 1249, 113 and 21 megamoles/yr of C, N and P, respectively, that are comparable or higher than DOC, TDN and TDP loadings observed in the most disturbed large river systems draining into Lake Malawi. The impacts of these river systems in Lake Malawi have been well documented, particularly around river mouths and in the more densely populated and shallower southern portion of the lake, where algal communities and their sedimentation rates have begun to change. Cage culture discharges may accelerate these changes.