Orientador: Luiz Fernando Rolim de Almeida / Resumo: A implantação de sistemas de restauração possibilita o restabelecimento da estrutura e funcionamento de ecossistemas degradados. Além disso, alta diversidade taxonômica e funcional dos sistemas de restauração garante a performance e estabilidade de ecossistemas restaurados. A efetividade e monitoramento dos sistemas de restauração são quantificados por variáveis alométricas, porém, desconsideram-se variáveis relacionadas a aquisição de carbono e atividade fotoquímica. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi o avaliar as respostas ecofisiológicas de plantas em diferentes sistemas de restauração florestal e avaliar se a capacidade de perda de água e reidratação de espécies de crescimento rápido e lento favorece o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de sistemas de restauração com estrutura e diversidade de espécies contratantes. Portanto, avaliamos, durante um ano, variáveis relacionadas à disponibilidade de água no solo e ambiente, estrutura dos sistemas de plantio, relações hídricas, atividade fotoquímica e aquisição e acúmulo de carbono nas folhas, em 7 espécies (divididas em espécies de crescimento rápido e lento) pertencentes a três sistemas de restauração: plantio de alta diversidade, sistema agroflorestal e consórcio madeira e lenha, estes sistemas estão implantados em dois tipos de solo: Nitossolo Vermelho (Área 1 – solo argiloso) e Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (Área 2 – solo arenoso). Os resultados indicaram que sistemas implantados na área 1 apresentaram maior eficiência ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The restoration systems implantation enables the restoration of degraded ecosystems structure and functioning. In addition, restoration systems high taxonomic and functional diversity guarantees restored ecosystems performance and stability. The restoration systems effective-ness and monitoring are quantified by allometric variables, however, variables related to carbon acquisition and photochemical activity are disregarded. Thus, the aim study was to evaluate the ecophysiological responses of plants in different forest restoration systems and to evaluate if the water loss and rehydration capacity of fast and slow growth species favors the establishment and development of systems with contracting structure and species diversity. Therefore, we evaluated, for one year, variables related to the soil and environment water availability, planting systems structure, water relations, photochemical activity and carbon acquisition in leaves, in 7 species (divided into fast and slow growth species). These systems are implanted in two soils types: fertile loamy Ultisol (Site 1) and sandy Alfisol soil (Site 2). The results indicated that systems implanted in site 1 showed higher photosynthetic efficiency and carbon accumulation during water deficiency periods. The wood and wood consortium presented lower complexity in the structure and higher photosynthetic efficiency in times with low water availability in the soil. The mixed plantation using commercial timber and firewood tree species o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Semi-arid areas are, due to their climatic setting, characterized by small water resources. An increasing water demand as a consequence of population growth and economic development as well as a decreasing water availability in the course of possible climate change may aggravate water scarcity in future, which often exists already for present-day conditions in these areas. Understanding the mechanisms and feedbacks of complex natural and human systems, together with the quantitative assessment of future changes in volume, timing and quality of water resources are a prerequisite for the development of sustainable measures of water management to enhance the adaptive capacity of these regions. For this task, dynamic integrated models, containing a hydrological model as one component, are indispensable tools.<br /> The main objective of this study is to develop a hydrological model for the quantification of water availability in view of environmental change over a large geographic domain of semi-arid environments.<br /> The study area is the Federal State of Ceará (150 000 km2) in the semi-arid north-east of Brazil. Mean annual precipitation in this area is 850 mm, falling in a rainy season with duration of about five months. Being mainly characterized by crystalline bedrock and shallow soils, surface water provides the largest part of the water supply. The area has recurrently been affected by droughts which caused serious economic losses and social impacts like migration from the rural regions. <br /> The hydrological model Wasa (Model of Water Availability in Semi-Arid Environments) developed in this study is a deterministic, spatially distributed model being composed of conceptual, process-based approaches. Water availability (river discharge, storage volumes in reservoirs, soil moisture) is determined with daily resolution. Sub-basins, grid cells or administrative units (municipalities) can be chosen as spatial target units. The administrative units enable the coupling of Wasa in the framework of an integrated model which contains modules that do not work on the basis of natural spatial units.<br /> The target units mentioned above are disaggregated in Wasa into smaller modelling units within a new multi-scale, hierarchical approach. The landscape units defined in this scheme capture in particular the effect of structured variability of terrain, soil and vegetation characteristics along toposequences on soil moisture and runoff generation. Lateral hydrological processes at the hillslope scale, as reinfiltration of surface runoff, being of particular importance in semi-arid environments, can thus be represented also within the large-scale model in a simplified form. Depending on the resolution of available data, small-scale variability is not represented explicitly with geographic reference in Wasa, but by the distribution of sub-scale units and by statistical transition frequencies for lateral fluxes between these units.<br /> Further model components of Wasa which respect specific features of semi-arid hydrology are: <br /> (1) A two-layer model for evapotranspiration comprises energy transfer at the soil surface (including soil evaporation), which is of importance in view of the mainly sparse vegetation cover. Additionally, vegetation parameters are differentiated in space and time in dependence on the occurrence of the rainy season. <br /> (2) The infiltration module represents in particular infiltration-excess surface runoff as the dominant runoff component. <br /> (3) For the aggregate description of the water balance of reservoirs that cannot be represented explicitly in the model, a storage approach respecting different reservoirs size classes and their interaction via the river network is applied. <br /> (4) A model for the quantification of water withdrawal by water use in different sectors is coupled to Wasa. <br /> (5) A cascade model for the temporal disaggregation of precipitation time series, adapted to the specific characteristics of tropical convective rainfall, is applied for the generating rainfall time series of higher temporal resolution.<br /> All model parameters of Wasa can be derived from physiographic information of the study area. Thus, model calibration is primarily not required.<br /> Model applications of Wasa for historical time series generally results in a good model performance when comparing the simulation results of river discharge and reservoir storage volumes with observed data for river basins of various sizes. The mean water balance as well as the high interannual and intra-annual variability is reasonably represented by the model. Limitations of the modelling concept are most markedly seen for sub-basins with a runoff component from deep groundwater bodies of which the dynamics cannot be satisfactorily represented without calibration.<br /> Further results of model applications are:<br /> (1) Lateral processes of redistribution of runoff and soil moisture at the hillslope scale, in particular reinfiltration of surface runoff, lead to markedly smaller discharge volumes at the basin scale than the simple sum of runoff of the individual sub-areas. Thus, these processes are to be captured also in large-scale models. The different relevance of these processes for different conditions is demonstrated by a larger percentage decrease of discharge volumes in dry as compared to wet years.<br /> (2) Precipitation characteristics have a major impact on the hydrological response of semi-arid environments. In particular, underestimated rainfall intensities in the rainfall input due to the rough temporal resolution of the model and due to interpolation effects and, consequently, underestimated runoff volumes have to be compensated in the model. A scaling factor in the infiltration module or the use of disaggregated hourly rainfall data show good results in this respect.<br /> The simulation results of Wasa are characterized by large uncertainties. These are, on the one hand, due to uncertainties of the model structure to adequately represent the relevant hydrological processes. On the other hand, they are due to uncertainties of input data and parameters particularly in view of the low data availability. Of major importance is:<br /> (1) The uncertainty of rainfall data with regard to their spatial and temporal pattern has, due to the strong non-linear hydrological response, a large impact on the simulation results.<br /> (2) The uncertainty of soil parameters is in general of larger importance on model uncertainty than uncertainty of vegetation or topographic parameters.<br /> (3) The effect of uncertainty of individual model components or parameters is usually different for years with rainfall volumes being above or below the average, because individual hydrological processes are of different relevance in both cases. Thus, the uncertainty of individual model components or parameters is of different importance for the uncertainty of scenario simulations with increasing or decreasing precipitation trends.<br /> (4) The most important factor of uncertainty for scenarios of water availability in the study area is the uncertainty in the results of global climate models on which the regional climate scenarios are based. Both a marked increase or a decrease in precipitation can be assumed for the given data.<br /> Results of model simulations for climate scenarios until the year 2050 show that a possible future change in precipitation volumes causes a larger percentage change in runoff volumes by a factor of two to three. In the case of a decreasing precipitation trend, the efficiency of new reservoirs for securing water availability tends to decrease in the study area because of the interaction of the large number of reservoirs in retaining the overall decreasing runoff volumes. / Semiaride Gebiete sind auf Grund der klimatischen Bedingungen durch geringe Wasserressourcen gekennzeichnet. Ein zukünftig steigender Wasserbedarf in Folge von Bevölkerungswachstum und ökonomischer Entwicklung sowie eine geringere Wasserverfügbarkeit durch mögliche Klimaänderungen können dort zu einer Verschärfung der vielfach schon heute auftretenden Wasserknappheit führen. Das Verständnis der Mechanismen und Wechselwirkungen des komplexen Systems von Mensch und Umwelt sowie die quantitative Bestimmung zukünftiger Veränderungen in der Menge, der zeitlichen Verteilung und der Qualität von Wasserressourcen sind eine grundlegende Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung von nachhaltigen Maßnahmen des Wassermanagements mit dem Ziel einer höheren Anpassungsfähigkeit dieser Regionen gegenüber künftigen Änderungen. Hierzu sind dynamische integrierte Modelle unerlässlich, die als eine Komponente ein hydrologisches Modell beinhalten. <br /> Vorrangiges Ziel dieser Arbeit ist daher die Erstellung eines hydrologischen Modells zur großräumigen Bestimmung der Wasserverfügbarkeit unter sich ändernden Umweltbedingungen in semiariden Gebieten.<br /> Als Untersuchungsraum dient der im semiariden tropischen Nordosten Brasiliens gelegene Bundestaat Ceará (150 000 km2). Die mittleren Jahresniederschläge in diesem Gebiet liegen bei 850 mm innerhalb einer etwa fünfmonatigen Regenzeit. Mit vorwiegend kristallinem Grundgebirge und geringmächtigen Böden stellt Oberflächenwasser den größten Teil der Wasserversorgung bereit. Die Region war wiederholt von Dürren betroffen, die zu schweren ökonomischen Schäden und sozialen Folgen wie Migration aus den ländlichen Gebieten geführt haben. <br /> Das hier entwickelte hydrologische Modell Wasa (Model of Water Availability in Semi-Arid Environments) ist ein deterministisches, flächendifferenziertes Modell, das aus konzeptionellen, prozess-basierten Ansätzen aufgebaut ist. Die Wasserverfügbarkeit (Abfluss im Gewässernetz, Speicherung in Stauseen, Bodenfeuchte) wird mit täglicher Auflösung bestimmt. Als räumliche Zieleinheiten können Teileinzugsgebiete, Rasterzellen oder administrative Einheiten (Gemeinden) gewählt werden. Letztere ermöglichen die Kopplung des Modells im Rahmen der integrierten Modellierung mit Modulen, die nicht auf der Basis natürlicher Raumeinheiten arbeiten.<br /> Im Rahmen eines neuen skalenübergreifenden, hierarchischen Ansatzes werden in Wasa die genannten Zieleinheiten in kleinere räumliche Modellierungseinheiten unterteilt. Die ausgewiesenen Landschaftseinheiten erfassen insbesondere die strukturierte Variabilität von Gelände-, Boden- und Vegetationseigenschaften entlang von Toposequenzen in ihrem Einfluss auf Bodenfeuchte und Abflussbildung. Laterale hydrologische Prozesse auf kleiner Skala, wie die für semiaride Bedingungen bedeutsame Wiederversickerung von Oberflächenabfluss, können somit auch in der erforderlichen großskaligen Modellanwendung vereinfacht wiedergegeben werden. In Abhängigkeit von der Auflösung der verfügbaren Daten wird in Wasa die kleinskalige Variabilität nicht räumlich explizit sondern über die Verteilung von Flächenanteilen subskaliger Einheiten und über statistische Übergangshäufigkeiten für laterale Flüsse zwischen den Einheiten berücksichtigt.<br /> Weitere Modellkomponenten von Wasa, die spezifische Bedingungen semiarider Gebiete berücksichtigen, sind: <br /> (1) Ein Zwei-Schichten-Modell zur Bestimmung der Evapotranspiration berücksichtigt auch den Energieumsatz an der Bodenoberfläche (inklusive Bodenverdunstung), der in Anbetracht der meist lichten Vegetationsbedeckung von Bedeutung ist. Die Vegetationsparameter werden zudem flächen- und zeitdifferenziert in Abhängigkeit vom Auftreten der Regenzeit modifiziert. <br /> (2) Das Infiltrationsmodul bildet insbesondere Oberflächenabfluss durch Infiltrationsüberschuss als dominierender Abflusskomponente ab. <br /> (3) Zur aggregierten Beschreibung der Wasserbilanz von im Modell nicht einzeln erfassbaren Stauseen wird ein Speichermodell unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Größenklassen und ihrer Interaktion über das Gewässernetz eingesetzt. <br /> (4) Ein Modell zur Bestimmung der Entnahme durch Wassernutzung in verschiedenen Sektoren ist an Wasa gekoppelt. <br /> (5) Ein Kaskadenmodell zur zeitlichen Disaggregierung von Niederschlagszeitreihen, das in dieser Arbeit speziell für tropische konvektive Niederschlagseigenschaften angepasst wird, wird zur Erzeugung höher aufgelöster Niederschlagsdaten verwendet.<br /> Alle Modellparameter von Wasa können von physiographischen Gebietsinformationen abgeleitet werden, sodass eine Modellkalibrierung primär nicht erforderlich ist. <br /> Die Modellanwendung von Wasa für historische Zeitreihen ergibt im Allgemeinen eine gute Übereinstimmung der Simulationsergebnisse für Abfluss und Stauseespeichervolumen mit Beobachtungsdaten in unterschiedlich großen Einzugsgebieten. Die mittlere Wasserbilanz sowie die hohe monatliche und jährliche Variabilität wird vom Modell angemessen wiedergegeben. Die Grenzen der Anwendbarkeit des Modell-konzepts zeigen sich am deutlichsten in Teilgebieten mit Abflusskomponenten aus tieferen Grundwasserleitern, deren Dynamik ohne Kalibrierung nicht zufriedenstellend abgebildet werden kann.<br /> Die Modellanwendungen zeigen weiterhin:<br /> (1) Laterale Prozesse der Umverteilung von Bodenfeuchte und Abfluss auf der Hangskala, vor allem die Wiederversickerung von Oberflächenabfluss, führen auf der Skala von Einzugsgebieten zu deutlich kleineren Abflussvolumen als die einfache Summe der Abflüsse der Teilflächen. Diese Prozesse sollten daher auch in großskaligen Modellen abgebildet werden. Die unterschiedliche Ausprägung dieser Prozesse für unterschiedliche Bedingungen zeigt sich an Hand einer prozentual größeren Verringerung der Abflussvolumen in trockenen im Vergleich zu feuchten Jahren.<br /> (2) Die Niederschlagseigenschaften haben einen sehr großen Einfluss auf die hydrologische Reaktion in semiariden Gebieten. Insbesondere die durch die grobe zeitliche Auflösung des Modells und durch Interpolationseffekte unterschätzten Niederschlagsintensitäten in den Eingangsdaten und die daraus folgende Unterschätzung von Abflussvolumen müssen im Modell kompensiert werden. Ein Skalierungsfaktor in der Infiltrationsroutine oder die Verwendung disaggregierter stündlicher Niederschlagsdaten zeigen hier gute Ergebnisse.<br /> Die Simulationsergebnisse mit Wasa sind insgesamt durch große Unsicherheiten gekennzeichnet. Diese sind einerseits in Unsicherheiten der Modellstruktur zur adäquaten Beschreibung der relevanten hydrologischen Prozesse begründet, andererseits in Daten- und Parametersunsicherheiten in Anbetracht der geringen Datenverfügbarkeit. Von besonderer Bedeutung ist: <br /> (1) Die Unsicherheit der Niederschlagsdaten in ihrem räumlichen Muster und ihrer zeitlichen Struktur hat wegen der stark nicht-linearen hydrologischen Reaktion einen großen Einfluss auf die Simulationsergebnisse.<br /> (2) Die Unsicherheit von Bodenparametern hat im Vergleich zu Vegetationsparametern und topographischen Parametern im Allgemeinen einen größeren Einfluss auf die Modellunsicherheit.<br /> (3) Der Effekt der Unsicherheit einzelner Modellkomponenten und -parameter ist für Jahre mit unter- oder überdurchschnittlichen Niederschlagsvolumen zumeist unterschiedlich, da einzelne hydrologische Prozesse dann jeweils unterschiedlich relevant sind. Die Unsicherheit einzelner Modellkomponenten- und parameter hat somit eine unterschiedliche Bedeutung für die Unsicherheit von Szenarienrechnungen mit steigenden oder fallenden Niederschlagstrends.<br /> (4) Der bedeutendste Unsicherheitsfaktor für Szenarien der Wasserverfügbarkeit für die Untersuchungsregion ist die Unsicherheit der den regionalen Klimaszenarien zu Grunde liegenden Ergebnisse globaler Klimamodelle. Eine deutliche Zunahme oder Abnahme der Niederschläge bis 2050 kann gemäß den hier vorliegenden Daten für das Untersuchungsgebiet gleichermaßen angenommen werden.<br /> Modellsimulationen für Klimaszenarien bis zum Jahr 2050 ergeben, dass eine mögliche zukünftige Veränderung der Niederschlagsmengen zu einer prozentual zwei- bis dreifach größeren Veränderung der Abflussvolumen führt. Im Falle eines Trends von abnehmenden Niederschlagsmengen besteht in der Untersuchungsregion die Tendenz, dass auf Grund der gegenseitigen Beeinflussung der großen Zahl von Stauseen beim Rückhalt der tendenziell abnehmenden Abflussvolumen die Effizienz von neugebauten Stauseen zur Sicherung der Wasserverfügbarkeit zunehmend geringer wird.

The economic growth and the increase in population has led to an increased demand for water for various purposes such as domestic consumption, irrigation, industrial use, power generation, navigation, recreation, and ecological requirements. With the increase in population, the per-capita water availability is continuously decreasing. Due to increase in demand and accompanying scarcity of water the conflict among the potential users of the resource is on raise. Hence, the allocation of the available water resource is a big challenge as the intersect oral and inter-regional water allocation is often competing and conflicting in nature. In the above context a good model to manage the available water resources would require reliable inputs on the available water resources. In the first part of this thesis we compare different techniques that are typically used for modeling the river water flow. Time series analysis (ARIMA) is compared with machine learning techniques such as support-vector regression (SVR) and neural network models. The performance of these techniques is compared by applying them to a long-term time-series data of the inflows of three tributaries of the river Cauvery into the Krishnaraja Sagar reservoir (KRS). Flow data over a period of 30 years from three different observation points established in upper Cauvery river sub-basin is analyzed. Specifically, a multi-layer feed forward network trained with a back-propagation algorithm and support vector regression with epsilon-insensitive loss function is compared with the ARIMA models. It is found that the performance of support vector regression model is superior to those of the other techniques considered. The second part of our thesis is to develop a model for optimal water allocation to the different sectors with the aim of maximizing the total utility of available water resource in a river basin. A hydro-economic modeling framework is developed that incorporates the economic assessment of the value of water. This inter-sectoral allocation problem is studied in the context of enforcing certain minimum water rights to every person for domestic use and a certain minimum irrigation need set out by the contingency plans of the state agriculture department in Cauvery river basin. A non-linear optimization model is built to obtain an optimal inter-sectoral water allocation policy. The study evaluates the economic impact of different parameters of competing demands such as water availability, population, basic water right (quantity), ground water contribution, and crop benefit. The optimal policies that implements the water allocation priorities as set out by the National Water Policy (2012) are compared. Further, results show that the basic water right can be secured for essential needs with optimal management of available surface and ground water resources. In the third part of thesis, we study the conflict of water sharing that arises between sectors/regions. We consider the river water-sharing problem between two agents along a river. Each agent has a stated claim to the river water. The Absolute Territorial Sovereignty (ATS) and Absolute Territorial Integrity (ATI) principles are promoted by different agents along the river as a means to maximize their individual benefit. However, these principles are invariably considered to be unjust by one or more of the other agents. Hence, it is preferred to have a negotiated water treaty that is perceived to be equitable and just by all. A one way downstream stream bilateral bargaining model can be used to guide the negotiated water treaty between the agents. In this bargaining framework we introduce the issue of negative externalities imposed by the upstream agent on the downstream agent/s in the form of pollution and/or flooding. This imposes a cost on the downstream agent to mitigate losses due to the negative externalities. A bargaining model that incorporates the impact of negative externalities is developed to guide the negotiated treaties. We identify individually rational bargaining strategies for a two agents transferable utility one way downstream river water sharing problem. The results characterize the agreement and disagreement points for bilateral trading

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-03T20:33:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HALANA OLIVEIRA TRIGUEIRO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 1423480 bytes, checksum: be7a5b14a874af2282c06c17c34ecc6e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T20:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HALANA OLIVEIRA TRIGUEIRO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 1423480 bytes, checksum: be7a5b14a874af2282c06c17c34ecc6e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Capes / Nesse estudo foi realizado o desenvolvimento de cenários de adaptação, com base no gerenciamento de demandas e tendências políticas e socioeconômicas, a fim de verificar a possibilidade no atendimento de usos múltiplos do reservatório Epitácio Pessoa, localizado na região semiárida do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, por meio do Modelo Água, Avaliação e Planejamento (WEAP). A geração de cenários resultou em onze diferentes opções de operação do reservatório para a série 2005-2015, que foram divididos em Atual/Referência, Otimistas e Pessimistas. Os c enários simulados no WEAP demonstram a aplicabilidade do modelo para montar um sistema de recursos hídricos em SIG e analisar esse tipo de problema através de diversas formas de apresentação. Estas características o definem como um bom auxiliador na tomada de decisões para o planejamento e gestão dos recursos hídricos. Sua aplicação mostrou ainda que, é possível a prática de irrigação suprida pelo açude Epitácio Pessoa, desde que seja realizada uma gestão eficiente das águas do reservatório, por meio de ações que objetivem a redução das perdas no sistema de abastecimento pelo menos a 20%, o uso de tecnologias para reaproveitamento de águas de chuva e o atendimento das demandas ser reduzido aos limites disponíveis ou, no máximo e por exigência legal, ao limite da outorga. / In this study was the development of adaptation scenarios, based on management demands and political and socio-economic trends in order to verify the possibility to service multiple uses of Epitacio Pessoa reservoir, located in the semiarid region of the state of Paraiba, Brazil, by Water Model, Evaluation and Planning (WEAP). The generation scenarios resulted in eleven different operating options from the reservoir to the 2005-2015 series, which were divided into Current / Reference, Optimists and Pessimists. The scenarios simulated in WEAP demonstrate the applicability of the model to build a system of water resources in GIS and analyze this problem through various forms of presentation. These characteristics define it as a good assist in decision making for planning and management of water resources. Its application also showed that it is possible to practice irrigation supplied by Pessoa dam, since efficient management of the reservoir water is carried out through actions that aim to reduce losses in the supply system at least 20% the use of technologies for rainwater reuse and meet the demands be reduced to the limits available, or at most and legal requirement, the grant limit.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The human being has always been and always will be dependent on water, like all forms of life on the planet earth. Considering this, hydrology becomes fundamental to all plans, either on urban or rural areas. Therefore it is necessary several studies on the various factors related to the hydrological cycle and its positions on time and space in order to plan for the various situations. Knowing the relationship between soil and environment is important to manage and preserve this natural resource and the various aspects related to it. This work aims to migrate the scale from 1:750.000 of the Soil Map to the Cachoeira Cinco Veados Watershed, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, through field observations as toposequence, landscape and soil cuts exposed on the road sides of the basin, creating a soil map for the basin, regionalizing and discriminating the different soils mapped to the level of Order (first Category Level). The work also aims to analyze this basin s soil map and classify it according to the different land uses in order to represent the Soil Available Water Capacity (CAD) and calculate the climatic water balance of the watershed. To do it so, the average temperatures throughout the year were analyzed to estimate the potential evapotranspiration by the Thornthwaite method as well as the rainfall of the basin throughout the year. The spreadsheet BHídrico V.3.2 was used to calculate the basin s water balance through the climatological balance method of Thornthwaite & Mather. All the months showed to have water availability for the Cachoeira Cinco Veados watershed, with the exception of December. The conclusion is that throughout the whole hydrological year, the potential evapotranspiration does not exceed the minimum rainfall of the watershed and there are the necessary conditions for the development of plants, with the exception of December only. For this reason, a more specific analysis was directed to the climatic water balance of this month. The resulting map of the climatic water balance for the month of December was analyzed within each one of the four Thiessen polygons created for this purpose. The use of the climatological water balance is efficient on the orientation for making decisions on watershed managing. / O ser humano sempre foi e sempre será dependente da água, como toda e qualquer forma de vida do planeta terra. Considerando isso, a hidrologia torna-se fundamental para todos os planejamentos, sendo estes em meio urbano ou em meio rural. Portanto se faz necessário diversos estudos sobre os vários fatores inerentes ao ciclo hidrológico e suas posições no tempo e no espaço, visando o planejamento para as mais adversas situações. Ter conhecimento sobre as relações entre o solo com o meio é muito importante para se manejar e preservar adequadamente este recurso natural, bem como os diversos elementos a ele relacionados. Este trabalho objetiva migrar a escala de 1:750.000 do mapa de solos para a bacia Cachoeira Cinco Veados, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, através de observações de campo como a toposequência, a paisagem e a visualização de perfis de solos expostos em cortes de estrada na bacia, gerando um mapa dos solos da bacia, regionalizando e discriminando os diferentes solos mapeados ao nível de Ordem (1º Nível Categórico). Objetiva-se também analisar este mapa dos solos da bacia e classificá-lo de acordo com os diferentes usos da terra com o propósito de representar a capacidade de água disponível (CAD) do solo e fazer o balanço hídrico climatológico da bacia. Para tal foram analisadas as temperaturas médias do ar ao longo do ano para se estimar a evapotranspiração potencial pelo método de Thornthwaite e analisado o regime de chuvas da bacia ao longo do ano. Utilizou-se a planilha eletrônica BHídrico V.3.2 para calcular o balanço hídrico da bacia pelo método do balanço climatológico de Thornthwaite & Mather. Todos os meses apresentaram disponibilidade hídrica para a bacia Cachoeira Cinco Veados, com exceção do mês de dezembro. Conclui-se que durante todo o ano hidrológico, a evapotranspiração potencial não supera a precipitação mínima da bacia e ocorrendo as condições hídricas necessárias ao desenvolvimento das plantas, com apenas a exceção do mês de dezembro. Devido a isso, direcionou-se uma análise mais específica do balanço hídrico climatológico deste mês. O mapa resultante do balanço hídrico climatológico para o mês de dezembro foi analisado dentro de cada um dos quatro polígonos de Thiessen criados para este fim. O uso do balanço hídrico climatológico demonstra-se eficaz no auxílio a tomadas de decisão para o manejo de bacias hidrográficas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnneKFR_DISSERT.pdf: 446021 bytes, checksum: 247b6b8e1c94c43a75ed6fa260d6757a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-11 / A regi?o semi?rida sofre escassez h?drica. A fim de regularizar a disponibilidade h?drica nos per?odos de estiagem, s?o constru?das barragens. No entanto, a qualidade da ?gua armazenada tem sofrido os efeitos do descarte irregular de res?duos no meio ambiente e das atividades antr?picas exercidas nas bacias hidrogr?ficas. A degrada??o h?drica pode ser constatada a partir do monitoramento dos par?metros de qualidade da ?gua. Estes dados podem ser analisados atrav?s de m?todos estat?sticos tais como a An?lise de Componentes Principais e a an?lise de agrupamento, que seleciona indiv?duos com caracter?sticas semelhantes. O objetivo deste trabalho ? realizar oagrupamento dos reservat?rios do Rio Grande do Norte, com base nos par?metros de qualidade da ?gua, para a identifica??o de grupos homog?neos de reservat?rios em termos de fontes de polui??o. Ser?o objeto desse estudo as bacias Piranhas-A?u, Apodi-Mossor?, Trair?, Potengi e Cear?-Mirim. Os par?metros merc?rio, chumbo, cromo, f?sforo total, nitrog?nio total e zinco contribu?ram para a forma??o da primeira componente principal, que pode indicar polui??o por metais pesados; s?lidos totais, DBO, OD e cobre, para a segunda componente, que pode ser indicativo de polui??o por mat?ria org?nica e atividades antr?picas; e clorofila a , c?dmio e n?quel, para a terceira componente, que pode indicar eutrofiza??o e polui??o por metais pesados. De posse das componentes principais se procedeu o agrupamento dos reservat?rios, formando-se quatro grupos distintos. Os grupos 1 e 2 s?o constitu?dos por reservat?rios da Bacia Piranhas-A?u, que apresentou maiores valores de metais pesados. O grupo 3, constitu?do por reservat?rios das bacias Cear?-Mirim, Potengi e Trair?, apresentou maiores valores de DBO e s?lidostotais e o grupo 4 ? formado por reservat?rios da Bacia Apodi-Mossor?. Nas Bacias do Trar? e Piranhas-A?u deve ser coibido o lan?amento desordenado de efluentes e fontes de polui??o difusas, e implantado um sistema de coleta de esgoto para minimizar a polui??o por mat?ria org?nica

L'importance des forêts tropicales dans le cycle du carbone à l'échelle planétaire est majeure, tant en terme de stock qu’en terme de flux de CO2. Plusieurs études mettent en évidence des changements au sein des forêts tropicales au cours des 20 dernières années, notamment des changements de la dynamique forestière et une augmentation de la biomasse aérienne. Les déterminants de ces variations sont aujourd’hui discutés et nous proposons ici d’apporter une contribution à ce débat. Les données utilisées dans ce travail proviennent du dispositif de suivi forestier à long terme de Paracou, Guyane Française, mis en place en 1984 et qui recouvre plus de 120 ha de forêt tropicale humide. Les données météorologiques proviennent de la tour à flux du dispositif, Guyaflux. Les mesures de diamètre proviennent de la base Guyafor pour les données annuelles et bisannuelles, et des mesures de 260 arbres à proximité de la tour à flux pour les mesures diamétriques intra-annuelles.Cette thèse se divise en deux grandes parties. La première concerne l’analyse de la biomasse du dispositif de suivi forestier de Paracou en Guyane et l’implication des changements de structure de cette forêt sur le bilan de carbone. Cette partie est constituée de deux points. (i) Quelles échelles temporelles et spatiales sont pertinentes pour analyser les composantes de structure (biomasse, aire basale et nombre de tiges) et de dynamique (croissance, recrutement et mortalité) des forêts tropicales afin de minimiser les effets d’échantillonnage ? Nous avons établi une méthodologie permettant de relier les intervalles de temps et la surface de mesure aux coefficients de variation de chacune des variables de structure et de dynamique de la forêt. (ii) Quels processus démographiques sont prépondérants dans l’explication des variations de biomasse et comment se redistribue la biomasse accumulée dans le système ? L’augmentation de la biomasse observée sur le dispositif de Paracou serait liée à la rareté des évènements de mortalité des gros arbres qui portent une part très importante de la biomasse.La deuxième partie de la thèse concerne l’analyse de l’effet du climat à moyen terme, inter et intra-annuel, et les effets directs du climat dans les changements de dynamique de la forêt. Cette partie se divise en 3 points. (i) Comment quantifier le stress hydrique en forêt tropicale humide ? Nous avons réalisé un modèle journalier de réserve en eau du sol pour les arbres en forêt tropicale. (ii) Quelles variables sont explicatives de la croissance des arbres en forêt guyanaise ? Nous avons montré que l’eau dans le sol est le facteur le plus explicatif du déterminisme climatique parmi un panel de variables climatiques. (iii) Quels traits fonctionnels sont prédicteurs de la réponse des arbres aux variations climatique ? Nous avons déterminé que des traits spécifiques, densité du bois et la hauteur maximale, ainsi que le diamètre de l'arbre au moment de la mesure, modulent la croissance des arbres en réponse au climat. / At a global scale tropical forest play a major role in term of carbon stock as well as in term of CO2 fluxes. Several studies have highlighted changes in tropical forest functioning during the last 20 years including a faster turnover and an increase of above ground biomass. The drivers of these changes are discussed and throughout this thesis we propose to contribute to this debate. We use the data from the Paracou experimental site in French Guiana established in 1984 on 120 hectares of moist tropical forest. Meteorological data come from the flux tower of the site, Guyaflux. We use annual and bisannual diameter measurements from the Guyafor database, and intra-annual diameter increments from the measurements of 260 trees near the flux tower.This thesis has two main parts. In the first part we present the biomass analysis of the Paracou permanent plots and the impact of structural changes in this forest on the carbon budget. The first part is constituted by two points. (i) Which temporal and spatial scale used to analyze the structure (biomass, basal area and stem density) and dynamics (tree growth, recruitment and mortality)components of tropical forest in order to minimized sample bias ? We establish a simple method to rely measurement interval between census and surface of measurement to the coefficient of variation of forests structure and dynamic components (ii) Which demographic process are involved in the explanation of biomass variation and how the biomass is distributed in the system ? The observed increase of biomass at Paracou could be link to the rarity of big trees mortality events. These big trees represent the larger part of the biomass. In the second part, we present the analysis of intra and inter-annual climate variation effects on forest dynamic changes. This part is divided in two points. (i) How to model drought stress in moist tropical forest ? We built a daily water balance model for tropical trees. (ii) Which climate variables explain the tree growth in guianian forests? We shown that soil water availability is the determinant factor of tree growth among a panel of climate variables. (iii) Which functional traits are involved in the tropical tree growth responses to climate? In this analysis, we determined that wood specific gravity, maximum tree height and tree diameter modulate the tree growth response to climate variations.

Current mass consumption and production patterns have led to an unsustainable use of natural resources, including freshwater, which is one the most crucial natural resources for people and the planet. Agricultural production systems are alone responsible for 72 percent of all global water withdrawals. Therefore, companies with an agricultural supply chain, such as IKEA, play an important role in minimising the negative impacts on water due to agricultural production. In order to do so, companies need to conduct assessments to become aware of their contribution and thereafter develop water targets and strategies on how to mitigate and minimise the company’s water impacts. Several different guidances, methodologies, and tools aiding companies in how to do this have recently been developed, however there is not yet one common established methodology. Therefore, this research project aimed to test and evaluate a new assessment methodology and tool for IKEA, by conducting a water risk assessment on water availability of the sourcing locations of two of IKEA’s key agricultural raw materials: soy and palm oil, and identifying mitigation possibilities, in order to aid in the company’s further work with achieving a sustainable water management and material sourcing, and developing water targets and strategies. Soy is a prioritised raw material to work with in terms of environmental and social risk, and through the conducted water risk assessment, a high risk for water depletion was identified in many of the company’s most likely sourcing locations. The water risk assessment results for palm oil indicated no significant risk for water depletion in any of the sourcing locations. The high water depletion risk scores of the hotspots were found to most likely be due to several different causes, both climatic conditions and anthropogenic activities, including agriculture. Therefore, it was identified that there are possibilities for a company, such as IKEA, to aid in mitigating the water availability challenge of the hotspots through the company’s agricultural supply chain. For example, a few agricultural management practices for increasing the water use efficiency suitable for the different hotspots could be recommended and incentivised by the company to the local farmers of the hotspot sourcing locations. The WRA methodology used in this research project, following the guidance for setting enterprise water targets by Reig et al. (2021), was assumed suitable for IKEA to use and incorporate into a more comprehensive environmental assessment methodology for agricultural raw materials in order to develop water targets and strategies. The Aqueduct Food tool was assumed to be a robust tool for water risk assessment, and can be a suitable tool for IKEA to use to quickly gain a high-level picture of a material, location or water risk of specific interest. The water risk assessment results will mainly be useful in the future, when more comprehensive environmental assessments of agricultural raw materials have been conducted, and the water use has been assessed to a greater extent. Future research is needed to be conducted in order to confirm the results and recommendations of this research project, as well as to further complement the results for the needs of IKEA. This future research includes conducting field studies of the identified hotspots and the operations of the local farms, and conducting an equivalent water risk assessment of the two materials and sourcing locations on the water quality. / Nuvarande masskonsumtion och produktionsmönster har lett till en ohållbar användning av naturresurser, inklusive sötvatten, som är en av de mest avgörande naturresurserna för människor och planeten. Jordbruk står ensam för 72 procent av alla globala vattenuttag. Därför har företag med en jordbruksförsörjningskedja, som IKEA, en viktig roll i att hjälpa till att minska de negativa effekterna på vatten från jordbruk. För att kunna göra det behöver företag utföra bedömningar för att bli medvetna om sin vattenpåverkan och därefter utveckla vattenmål och strategier för hur de kan minimera den påverkan. Det har nyligen utvecklats flera olika vägledningar, metodiker och verktyg som hjälper företag att göra detta, men det finns ännu inte en gemensam etablerad metodik. Därför hade detta forskningsprojekt som syfte att testa och utvärdera en ny bedömningsmetodik och ett nytt verktyg för IKEA, genom att genomföra en riskbedömning av vattentillgången för produktionsplatserna för två av IKEAs viktigaste jordbruksråmaterial: soja och palmolja, och genom en litteraturstudie identifiera möjligheter att minska vattenpåverkan, för att bidra till företagets fortsatta arbete med att uppnå en hållbar vattenanvändning och materialförsörjning i jordbruksförsörjningskedjan och att utveckla vattenmål och strategier. Soja är ett prioriterat råmaterial att arbeta med gällande miljömässiga och sociala risker, och genom den genomförda bedömningen av vattenrisker identifierades en hög risk för vattenbrist på många av de produktionsplatser som företaget mest troligen köper in ifrån. Riskbedömningsresultaten för palmolja indikerade ingen signifikant risk för vattenbrist på någon av de produktionsplatser som företaget troligen köper in ifrån. Den höga risken för vattenbrist i de identifierade hotspotsen visade sig troligen bero på flera olika orsaker, både klimatförhållanden och antropogena aktiviteter, inklusive jordbruk. Därför identifierades det att det finns möjligheter för ett företag, som IKEA, att kunna hjälpa till att mildra vattentillgänglighetsutmaningen i hotspotsen genom företagets jordbruksförsörjningskedja. Till exempel kan ett par olika jordbruksförvaltningsmetoder för att öka vattenanvändningseffektiviteten som är lämpliga för de olika hotspotsen rekommenderas och uppmuntras av företaget till de lokala bönderna. Den WRA-metodik som används i detta forskningsprojekt, som följde vägledningen för att sätta upp vattenmål för företag av Reig et al. (2021), antogs lämplig för IKEA att använda och integrera i en mer omfattande miljöbedömningsmetodik för jordbruksråmaterial för att utveckla vattenmål och strategier. Aqueduct Food-verktyget antogs vara ett robust verktyg för riskbedömning för vatten och kan vara ett lämpligt verktyg för IKEA att använda för att snabbt få en översikt av ett material, en plats eller en vattenrisk av specifikt intresse. Riskbedömningsresultaten kommer främst att vara användbara i framtiden, när mer omfattande miljöbedömningar av jordbruksråvaror har gjorts och vattenanvändningen har bedömts i större utsträckning. Framtida forskning behövs för att bekräfta resultaten och rekommendationerna i detta forskningsprojekt, samt för att ytterligare komplettera resultaten för IKEAs behov. Denna framtida forskning inkluderar att genomföra fältstudier av de identifierade hotspotsen och de lokala sojafarmernas verksamhet, och att genomföra en likvärdig riskbedömning för vatten av de två materialen och produktionsplatserna som utförts i detta forskningsprojekt för vattenkvaliteten.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / With the objective of determining if sufficient water would be salvaged by a typical desert, urban-household from normally wasted sources associated with the lot and household to adequately irrigate a garden and orchard, a 2000 sq ft house on a typical one fifth acre lot in three cities having climates similar to Phoenix, Tucson, or Prescott, Arizona was hypothesized and the amount of water available for yard watering calculated, provided that (1) only rainfall was available, (2) rainfall-runoff from covered areas associated with or adjacent to the lot was salvaged (roof, street, alley etc.), (3) gray-water from the household was utilized, (4) a portion of the lot was waterproofed to concentrate the runoff on the untreated portion, and (5) various combinations of the above were utilized to increase the amount of available water. It is demonstrated that these sources could be used singly or in combination to obtain the required amount of water with the actual amount available depending upon the precipitation, runoff and runon areas, runoff efficiency of the contributing area, and the number of people in the household. A number of horticultural plants are suggested that should best fit such an irregular irrigation scheme.

Un des principaux challenges pour prédire la composition, la structure et la dynamique des communautés végétales est de déterminer comment l’environnement biotique et abiotique va modifier la direction et l’amplitude des interactions entre plantes. L’objectif de ma thèse est de mettre en évidence le rôle prépondérant des interactions complexes (impliquant plus de deux compartiments biotiques) dans la dynamique forestière et plus particulièrement dans la dynamique de régénération des ligneux d’intérêt sylvicole tel que le chêne sessile. Les résultats soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte : (i) l’effet des cervidés sur les patrons de réponses des interactions entre plantes le long des gradients de ressources, (ii) les interactions indirectes et notamment la facilitation indirecte, (iii) des paramètres démographiques différents en relation avec la phénologie des espèces en présence, (iv) la séparation des mécanismes sous-jacents à une interaction écologique multiple via un suivi des conditions environnementales. Ainsi, ma thèse appuie l’idée que les gestions se focalisant sur une unique pression et ignorant les autres pressions ne sont pas capables de maintenir des populations d’espèces cibles car elles ne tiennent pas compte des interactions multiples. Ceci souligne l’importance d’utiliser des stratégies complémentaires pour permettre la pérennité des écosystèmes forestiers et notamment une régénération suffisante dans le cadre des changements globaux que sont le changement climatique et la surabondance de cervidés. / One of the main challenges to predict vegetation dynamics and plant community composition is to identify how biotic and abiotic factors modify the nature and magnitude of plant-plant interactions. The objective of my thesis is to highlight the leading role of multiple interactions (involving more than two biotic compartments) in forest understory dynamics and more specifically regeneration dynamics of target species such as sessile oak. The results emphasize the importance of: (i) effects of deer on response patterns of plant-plant interactions along resource gradients, (ii) indirect interactions, in particular indirect facilitation, (iii) demographic parameters in relation to species phenology, (iv) distinguishing among underlying mechanisms of multiple interactions thanks to environmental monitoring. Thus, my thesis supports the idea that management practices focusing on a single pressure, while ignoring others, are unable to conserve populations of target species because they don’t consider multiple interactions. This highlights the importance to use complementary management strategies to achieve sustainability in the context of global changes (climatic change and deer overabundance).