This thesis are investigating production companies in Sweden and how they are working with new technology, such as web TV, mobile TV but also how they handle their business models and if they are working with other financial forms to reach revenue. All the interviewed companies said that they worked with their business models but not to the extent that they should, and this is a side effect to the risk that it might involve. They do work with the new opportunities that are given to them but are afraid to take too big of a risk. The market seems to be on the upswing and they are getting a larger marginal to the distributors and are able to take bigger risk and develop new ways to reach out with their productions.

A la lumière de la revue de la littérature et des différentes opportunités empiriques qui se sont présentées, nous étions devant une problématique de recherche qui reflète l’actualité de l’usage de la web TV à des fins contributives, et plus précisément l’influence de certains éléments d’atmosphère du site de la web tv sur l’attitude des étudiants les conduisant à adopter un comportement d’approche spécifique à ce dispositif. Notre recherche nous a permis de proposer un modèle conceptuel qui s’est hissé en un cadre global d’appréhension du comportement des étudiants quant à la fréquentation des web tv universitaires étudiantes. A partir d’une approche qualitative et sur la base d’une expérimentation menée auprès d’un échantillon de 200 étudiants de l’USTV, nous avons pu détecter non seulement les éléments d’atmosphère les plus influents sur le comportement d’approche des étudiants mais également certaines caractéristiques individuelles dont l’impact est bien modérateur. Cette thèse contribue finalement à une meilleure compréhension du rôle et du fonctionnement de l’influence des stimuli environnementaux de la web tv sur le comportement de l’étudiant et présente en outre un ensemble de réflexion à adopter et d’action à entreprendre en vue de drainer les réponses comportementales souhaitées par les concepteurs. / In light of the literature review and the various empirical opportunities which appeared, we were facing a problem of research reflecting the current use of the web TV for contributory, and more precisely the influence of some atmospheric elements of the web TV site on student attitudes leading them to adopt a specific behavioral approach to this device. Our research allowed us to propose an abstract model of the search that has risen himself in a global frame of behavior apprehension of students on attendance web tv university. From a qualitative approach and based on an experiment led with a sample of 200 students from USTV, we were able not only to detect the most influential atmospheric elements on the behavioral approach of students, but also some individual characteristics whose impact is moderating. This thesis contributes finally to a better understanding of the role and functioning of the influence of environmental stimuli of the web tv on student behavior and also has a set of reflections that should be adopted and actions to be taken to drain behavioral responses desired by designers.

New technology has created new opportunities for journalists working with web TV. Changes in the work processes have led to new professional roles. According to the theory of media logic such events become news that suits media organizations and working conditions. How does the media logic affect the editorial workflow and how does it affect professional roles? In light of my own experience in various roles in television journalism, I examine how the web TV format shapes the work of journalists. Based on previous research in this area, this thesis also examines the professional role video reporters play and what this new role means in relation to other professional roles in journalism. Previous research shows that the video reporter role offers both opportunities and threats to journalism. (Brännström 2008, Wallace 2009, Nygren & Zuiderveld, 2011, and others). This study, based on participant observation at a web TV editorial desk, shows that the media logic of the format of web TV affects the work process in several ways. First, in terms of how news is produced in the field, and how news is created and re-created from existing material at the production desk. Inasmuch that consumers are increasingly becoming potential producers with cellphone cameras, there is a potential video journalist in every cellphone owner. The pace of work drives journalists to publish at a faster pace, which in turn means less time for reflection. Often the job of the video reporter is to select an in-point and out-point in an interview quickly and publish! This survey also highlights the video reporter’s role in relation to other journalists that work at a web editorial desk. The result shows that there is a difference between video reporters and writing reporters and also that there are differences within the group of video reporters. The study also provides an insight into the journalistic challenges at hand with new differentiations and combinations of roles in journalism within the field of web TV.In light of the observations derived from the material, one can say that the work of the video reporter at a web TV editorial desk is very much molded into a shape, the shape of practice governing the work, or in other words, the media logic controls what kind of video journalism reporters exercise in the production of online web TV.

Ce travail de recherche doctoral en sciences de l'information et de la communication se propose de construire une problématique autour de la web télévision et d'y répondre en tenant compte des spécificités de cette innovation technologique. Notre recherche se base sur une approche diachronique qui consiste à saisir la façon dont, en moins d'un siècle et demi, la télévision a identifié le bon message devant les médias et le public, pour nous arrêter sur les caractéristiques d'une réalité émergente, la web TV. Nous cherchons à explorer en quoi ce nouveau média révolutionne les moyens de communication audiovisuelle. Depuis les années 1950 l'information et par extension les médias représentent un objet d'étude toujours en émergence. La télévision a été l'objet de nombreuses recherches qui visaient à connaître son impact sur la société, la manière dont elle pouvait être utilisée pour influencer, pour informer, pour divertir, pour consommer. Elle a vite fasciné le public tout d'abord avec cette possibilité d'assister à un certain nombre d'évènements, d'avoir un potentiel d'ubiquité, procurant la sensation de voir l'histoire se dérouler sous ses yeux. Actuellement suite au développement de la technologie numérique, la télévision, les médias de masse par excellence sont en train de subir un changement de nature qui n'est pas sans incidence sur ce que l'on a l'habitude d'appeler la «culture télévisuelle». La convergence en cours des médias, facilitée par l'universalité du langage binaire, provoque une évolution technique du média qui devient progressivement un nouvel objet high-tech. Cette évolution de la nature technique de l'objet présente nécessairement des conséquences dans plusieurs secteurs d'activités et de domaines de recherche: la production, la publicité, la législation, la recherche et le développement, l'industrie, la sociologie, la psychologie, l'analyse de contenu, l'éducation, etc. Historiquement, en sciences sociales, la recherche sur les médias aux Etats-Unis et en Europe s'est orientée dès les années 1930 vers des études sur le contenu dans la perspective d'une analyse des effets.Dans ce contexte, dans un premier temps, nous traitons les éléments spécifiques de la communication audiovisuelle sur le support numérique, visant à déterminer la quantité de fonctionnalités qu'un produit médiatique sur ce support doit combiner afin de pouvoir se déclarer web tv. Ensuite, en raison de la rapidité de l'évolution accélérée et du caractère expérimental des médias numériques, nous allons traiter l'identification de la substance commune qui a un degré de résilience en termes de pratiques journalistiques en ligne et moins de l'apparence éphémère de la diversité, qui, peut conduire à l'impression que nous assistons à un schéma de soufflage final. Certains traits des web tv sont communs à ceux de la télévision traditionnelle à l'ère du web 2.0, parce que la télévision classique n'est pas restée figée concernant sa capacité de réinvention. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à surprendre quelles sont les différences pas rapport à la télévision classiques et à déterminer si la prétention des promoteurs de la web tv d'avoir inventé une modalité complètement nouvelle est soutenable.Nôtre approche est praxéologique. Nous avons utilisé des instruments de travail adéquats : suivi des médias, observation, entretien, analyse de documents, questionnaire (discours sur la TV elle-même). / This doctoral research paper in Information and Communication Sciences intends to build a research issue around Web-television and to respond to it by taking into account the specificities of this technological innovation. Our research is based on a diachronic approach understanding how, in less than one century and half, television identified the right message to deliver to the media and the public, ending up with the characteristics of an emergent reality, that is Web-television. We are interested to explore how this new media is revolutionising audio-visual communication media. Since the 1950s, information, and by extension, media has represented a study object always emerging. Television was the object to many research aiming at knowing its impact on society, how it could be used in order to influence, to inform, to entertain, to consume. It rapidly fascinated the public firstly due to this possibility to attend a certain number of events, to have a potential of ubiquity, getting the feeling that one could see the history unfold before them. Nowadays, based on digital technology development, television, mass media par excellence, are about to undergo a change having an impact on the nature of what we commonly call “television culture”. The on-going media convergence, helped by the universal binary language, generates a technical evolution of the media thus gradually becoming a new high-tech object. This technical evolution of the object has necessarily consequences in numerous activity areas and research fields: manufacturing, advertisement, legislation, research and development, industry, sociology, psychology, content analysis, education etc. Historically, in social sciences, research on the media in the U.S. and in Europe has been oriented since the 1930s towards studies based on content from the point of view of an analysis of the effects.In the light of this, at first, we analyse the elements specific to audio-visual communication on digital support, aiming at defining the amount of features that a media product of this type of support should combine in order to be able to call itself Web TV. Moreover, due to the rapid progression and to the experimental nature of digital media, we shall discuss about identifying the common substance having a degree of resilience in terms of online daily habits and less about the apparently short life of diversity that may lead to the impression that we are witnessing a one final breath. Some characteristics of the Web television are the same with those of the traditional television from Web 2.0, because the classical television didn't remain motionless in terms of its capacity to reinvent itself. Finally, we were interested in tracing the differences between Web television and classical television, and in determining whether Web television promoters are right when they claim having invented a completely new method.We used a practise-based approach. We used adequate research tools: media monitoring, observation, interview, document analysis, questionnaire (speech on television itself).

[pt] A evolução digital vem alterando o cenário contemporâneo do campo da comunicação, onde a Internet exerce um papel central de difusão das informações. Nesse contexto, novos paradigmas de convergência de áudio, vídeo e dados per-mitem a correlação dos tradicionais meios com as tecnologias e plataformas do espaço virtual. A WebTV, totalmente ambientada na cultura digital, apresenta possibilidades diferenciadas e múltiplas de interação social. A Igreja Católica acompanha esse processo com atenção, interesse e ações concretas. Documentos oficiais, como encíclicas, exortações e cartas apostólicas têm orientados os católi-cos a se moverem nesse novo espaço de comunicação. Tem incentivado também a utilização desse ambiente para atingir os seus objetivos evangelizadores. Esta pesquisa pretende estudar o processo de implantação, os resultados e as propostas da WebTV Redentor, o mais recente veículo de comunicação da Arquidiocese do Rio de Janeiro. / [en] The digital evolution has altered the contemporary setting of the communications field, where the Internet plays a central role in disseminating information. In this context, new audio, video and data convergence paradigms, enable the correlation between traditional media with the technologies and platforms of the virtual space. WebTV, fully set in digital culture, has distinct possibilities of multiple social interaction. The Catholic Church has been following this process with close attention, interest and concrete actions. Official documents such as encyclicals, apostolic letters and exhortations have been guiding Catholics to explore this new space of communication. It has also encouraged the use of this setting to achieve its evangelizers goals. This research intends to study the deployment process, the results and proposals of the WebTV Redentor, the latest communication vehicle of the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro.

Esta tese traz reflexões sobre a construção do campo público da televisão brasileira tomando por base os sistemas adotados em países como Inglaterra, Japão, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Colômbia, Venezuela e Brasil; localizando em cada experiência informações sobre a estrutura, os modelos de gestão e de financiamento, os instrumentos de participação popular e o perfil da programação. Especificamente no Brasil, apresentamos o percurso histórico das TVs públicas, pontuando dois momentos fundamentais: o primeiro, em 1995, quando as operadoras de TV a Cabo, em cumprimento da Lei da Cabodifusão, passaram a disponibilizar os canais básicos de utilização gratuita, garantindo a oferta de sinal para as TVs legislativas, comunitárias e universitárias e do Poder Judiciário, a partir de 2002. Estas, juntamente com as emissoras educativo-culturais que já exibem em sinal aberto, passaram a integrar o que se convencionou chamar de campo público da televisão. O segundo momento, em 2006, é marcado pelo Decreto que dispõe sobre a implantação do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital Terrestre. O documento prevê a destinação de canais para a exploração direta da União Federal e uma faixa entre os canais 60 e 69 para as emissoras públicas espaço esse ainda cobrado pelo segmento, que exibe majoritariamente no cabo. Nesse contexto, são apresentadas as especificidades da TV universitária enquanto mídia especializada do ensino superior, com foco nos objetivos de comunicação o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão. Essas informações servem de base para cumprir nosso objetivo: compreender como o segmento vem construindo sua identidade, a partir do levantamento do perfil dessas TVs quanto à sua institucionalização, formas de gestão e financiamento, participação acadêmica na produção de conteúdo, programação e alternativas de veiculação. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo e, em um universo de 1.662 instituições de ensino superior das cinco regiões brasileiras, localizamos 151 TVs. Embora, à primeira vista, essa presença pareça tímida, os resultados revelam um crescimento de 755%, tomando como referência o ano de 1995, quando as experiências de produção televisiva em ambiente universitário não passavam de 20 em todo o país. Os resultados desse levantamento apontam para uma realidade sobre a qual o segmento universitário ainda não vem dando a devida atenção: cresce o número de TVs operando no cabo, é intensa a luta por um espaço no espectro da TV digital aberta, mas as poucas experiências na web se limitam a postar os programas nos portais das instituições ou das próprias TVs. Ou seja, a web está relegada a um suporte secundário para a distribuição de conteúdo, na contramão da crescente migração dos telespectadores para a rede mundial de computadores. Assim, apresentamos uma proposta de WebTV universitária que vá além do processo de produção, mensagem e recepção, privilegiando o fluxo dialógico proporcionado por canais reais de interatividade, no qual o receptor pode também ser um produtor de informação. / This dissertation ponders about the construction of the Brazilian public TV field taking into account the systems adopted by countries such as Japan, the United States, Canada, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil; picking up in each experience information on the structure, management and financing models, the means of popular participation, and programming profile. As far as Brazil is concerned, we present the historical development of public TV by bringing into relief two fundamental moments: the first one, in 1995, when cable TV operators, in order to observe the Law of Cable TV Broadcasting, began to make free basic channels available, by supplying TV broadcasting to the Legislative and Judiciary Powers, communities, universities, from 2002 on. Those TV operators, along with the educational and cultural ones which are already broadcasting open TV signals, became what is being conventionally called the television public field. The second one, in 2006, is outstanding due to the Decree which deals with the implementation of the Brazilian Terrestrial Digital TV System. The decree at issue reserves channels for direct exploitation by the Union and about 60 and 69 channels meant for public TV systems, a number demanded by that sector, which are mostly broadcast by cable. Within such a context, we point out the peculiarities of the university TV system as a specialized medium for higher education, focusing on the aims of communication learning, research, and provision of community services. Such a piece of information serves as a basis for achieving our aim: to understand how that sector is developing its identity by constructing the profile of those TV systems concerning their organization, management and financing strategies, academic participation in order to provide content development, program schedules and broadcast alternatives. With that purpose in mind, we carried out a field research and, among 1,662 higher education institutions spread over the five Brazilian geographical areas, we managed to find out 151 TV stations. Although, at first glance, such a figure seems to be rather small, the outcomes achieve a 755% growth, from 1995 on, when experiences in making TV programs within the university environment were confined to only 20 throughout Brazil. The outcomes of that survey show a reality which has not been duly taken into consideration by universities: the number of cable TV stations increases, the fight for space in the open digital TV system is fierce, but scarce experiences in the Web are confined to setting up programs in the web sites of such institutions or of the very TV stations. In other words, the Web is confined to a subordinate supporting role in the distribution of content broadcasting, contradicting the increasing TV viewers migration to the world computer network. Therefore, we proposed a university web TV which goes beyond the processes of production, message, and reception, by furthering the dialogical flow provided by real interactive channels, in which the receptor may also become an information provider.

Since a few years back television has been on a verge of an enormous digital change. Web-TV is now growing at an incredible rate and is said to completely change the way we consume TV. The purpose of this essay is to determine and gain an understanding of how representatives of the broadcast industry looks at the phenomenon of web-TV and especially the different kinds of online video services and how they believe this will affect the television. Methods used are qualitative interviews which we compared with previous studies on the subject and acknowledged communication theories. The respondents were people with good insight and understanding of the media and TV industry. Some of the conclusions made are that the representatives believe television needs to be redefined and that there has been a shift in power in favor for the viewers. We have also seen that the representatives believe TV consumption now is more flexible where it’s no longer bound to a specific time and place.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vilken grupp människor som till största del fick komma till tals i webb-programmet Eftersnack. Deltagarna i programmet valde vi att dela in i fyra grupper, män, kvinnor, elitpersoner och personer från allmänheten. Vi undersökte också vilka typer av frågor som reportern ställde till respektive grupp. Vi analyserade om det fanns likheter eller olikheter bland frågorna till de olika grupperna. Av de 15 avsnitt som vi tog med i vår analys fick vi ett resultat som visade att männen fick mer utrymme än kvinnorna i webb-programmet. Av statusgrupperna fick elitpersonerna mest plats i programmet jämfört med personer från allmänheten. Sammanfattningsvis fick manliga elitpersoner mest utrymme i programmet. Frågorna som vi analyserade skilde sig mellan könen och statusgrupperna. Männen och elitpersonerna fick korta och mer kritiska frågor medan kvinnorna och personer från allmänheten fick öppnare och mer vaga frågor. / The purpose of this study was to see which type of persons that got to be heard in the web broadcast of the debate show Eftersnack. We divided the participants into four different groups; women, men, elite persons and members of the public. We also wanted to analyse if there were any differences in the questions asked to the different groups. In the 15 episodes we chose to analyse we found that 60 percent of the participants in the show were men. The elite persons were given more space and time than members of the public. Thus, elite men got most time to say what they wanted to say. We also found that the questions differed depending on who was asked. Men and elite persons had to answer shorter and more critical questions while the women and members of the public were given vague and open questions that were easier to answer.

The technological development contributes to an increase in advertising when it comes to media. Those who are working to develop advertising are constantly looking for new ways to reach consumers in unexplored contexts. Web TV is a relatively new technique that involves the distribution of television across the Internet. This study intend to investigate how users perceive advertising appearing on web TV, and contribute to the knowledge about how advertising adapt to new media. To reach the results of this study, we used quantitative data, collected in the form of web-surveys and qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews. The results of the study showed that the user has a negative attitude towards advertisements on web TV. Despite the negativity, the user still understand and recognize the importance of advertising concerning the survival of tv-channels online. It is also clear that the choice of web TV service mainly is based on the supply of programs, and not on how the service contain advertising or not. / Den teknologiska utvecklingen bidrar till att reklam i media ökar. Reklamutvecklare söker ständigt nya sätt att nå konsumenten genom reklam i outforskade sammanhang. Webb-TV är en relativt ny teknik som innebär distribution av television via internet. Denna studie avser att undersöka hur användare upplever reklaminslag som förekommer på webb-TV samt bidra med kunskap om hur reklam anpassas till nya medier. För att komma fram till studiens resultat användes kvantitativ datainsamling i form av webb-enkäter samt kvalitativ datainsamling genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet av studien visade att användaren har en mycket negativ inställning till reklaminslag på webb-TV. Trots den negativa inställningen har användaren ändå förståelse och inser vikten av reklam för webb-TV-kanalernas överlevnad. Det framgår även att valet av webb-TV-tjänst främst grundar sig på programutbudet och inte på om tjänsten konsumerar reklam eller inte.

Esta tese traz reflexões sobre a construção do campo público da televisão brasileira tomando por base os sistemas adotados em países como Inglaterra, Japão, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Colômbia, Venezuela e Brasil; localizando em cada experiência informações sobre a estrutura, os modelos de gestão e de financiamento, os instrumentos de participação popular e o perfil da programação. Especificamente no Brasil, apresentamos o percurso histórico das TVs públicas, pontuando dois momentos fundamentais: o primeiro, em 1995, quando as operadoras de TV a Cabo, em cumprimento da Lei da Cabodifusão, passaram a disponibilizar os canais básicos de utilização gratuita, garantindo a oferta de sinal para as TVs legislativas, comunitárias e universitárias e do Poder Judiciário, a partir de 2002. Estas, juntamente com as emissoras educativo-culturais que já exibem em sinal aberto, passaram a integrar o que se convencionou chamar de campo público da televisão. O segundo momento, em 2006, é marcado pelo Decreto que dispõe sobre a implantação do Sistema Brasileiro de TV Digital Terrestre. O documento prevê a destinação de canais para a exploração direta da União Federal e uma faixa entre os canais 60 e 69 para as emissoras públicas espaço esse ainda cobrado pelo segmento, que exibe majoritariamente no cabo. Nesse contexto, são apresentadas as especificidades da TV universitária enquanto mídia especializada do ensino superior, com foco nos objetivos de comunicação o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão. Essas informações servem de base para cumprir nosso objetivo: compreender como o segmento vem construindo sua identidade, a partir do levantamento do perfil dessas TVs quanto à sua institucionalização, formas de gestão e financiamento, participação acadêmica na produção de conteúdo, programação e alternativas de veiculação. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa de campo e, em um universo de 1.662 instituições de ensino superior das cinco regiões brasileiras, localizamos 151 TVs. Embora, à primeira vista, essa presença pareça tímida, os resultados revelam um crescimento de 755%, tomando como referência o ano de 1995, quando as experiências de produção televisiva em ambiente universitário não passavam de 20 em todo o país. Os resultados desse levantamento apontam para uma realidade sobre a qual o segmento universitário ainda não vem dando a devida atenção: cresce o número de TVs operando no cabo, é intensa a luta por um espaço no espectro da TV digital aberta, mas as poucas experiências na web se limitam a postar os programas nos portais das instituições ou das próprias TVs. Ou seja, a web está relegada a um suporte secundário para a distribuição de conteúdo, na contramão da crescente migração dos telespectadores para a rede mundial de computadores. Assim, apresentamos uma proposta de WebTV universitária que vá além do processo de produção, mensagem e recepção, privilegiando o fluxo dialógico proporcionado por canais reais de interatividade, no qual o receptor pode também ser um produtor de informação. / This dissertation ponders about the construction of the Brazilian public TV field taking into account the systems adopted by countries such as Japan, the United States, Canada, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil; picking up in each experience information on the structure, management and financing models, the means of popular participation, and programming profile. As far as Brazil is concerned, we present the historical development of public TV by bringing into relief two fundamental moments: the first one, in 1995, when cable TV operators, in order to observe the Law of Cable TV Broadcasting, began to make free basic channels available, by supplying TV broadcasting to the Legislative and Judiciary Powers, communities, universities, from 2002 on. Those TV operators, along with the educational and cultural ones which are already broadcasting open TV signals, became what is being conventionally called the television public field. The second one, in 2006, is outstanding due to the Decree which deals with the implementation of the Brazilian Terrestrial Digital TV System. The decree at issue reserves channels for direct exploitation by the Union and about 60 and 69 channels meant for public TV systems, a number demanded by that sector, which are mostly broadcast by cable. Within such a context, we point out the peculiarities of the university TV system as a specialized medium for higher education, focusing on the aims of communication learning, research, and provision of community services. Such a piece of information serves as a basis for achieving our aim: to understand how that sector is developing its identity by constructing the profile of those TV systems concerning their organization, management and financing strategies, academic participation in order to provide content development, program schedules and broadcast alternatives. With that purpose in mind, we carried out a field research and, among 1,662 higher education institutions spread over the five Brazilian geographical areas, we managed to find out 151 TV stations. Although, at first glance, such a figure seems to be rather small, the outcomes achieve a 755% growth, from 1995 on, when experiences in making TV programs within the university environment were confined to only 20 throughout Brazil. The outcomes of that survey show a reality which has not been duly taken into consideration by universities: the number of cable TV stations increases, the fight for space in the open digital TV system is fierce, but scarce experiences in the Web are confined to setting up programs in the web sites of such institutions or of the very TV stations. In other words, the Web is confined to a subordinate supporting role in the distribution of content broadcasting, contradicting the increasing TV viewers migration to the world computer network. Therefore, we proposed a university web TV which goes beyond the processes of production, message, and reception, by furthering the dialogical flow provided by real interactive channels, in which the receptor may also become an information provider.