The main objective of my thesis was to project a design of a concrete chosen section of the cycling trail in the vicinity of the village of Kamenný Újezd, which is located in Southern Bohemia, south-west of České Budějovice. I propose two alternative cycling trails in accordance with the applicable standards, laws and technical conditions. A better alternative in terms of transport, economy, ecology and aesthetics, I elaborated to the phase of documentation for the notification of the construction of road according to Decree 104/1997 Sb.. In the project, I propose a direction solution, vertical solutions, width layout, road construction, earthworks, drainage, equipment and traffic signs. I analyzed property relations in the proposed cycling route and existing bicycle trails in the given locality. I suggested a cycling communication, which is multifunctional, therefore not only used by cyclists but also pedestrians, in-line skaters, and when appropriate, for occasional agricultural transport.

The late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential (ERP) component associated with increased affective processing. Studies have shown that stimuli with high evolutionary significance (e.g. a threatening face) induce increased activity over centro-parietal areas of the brain. In an electrophysiological context, this is hypothesized to be indexed by greater LPP amplitudes. The facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is a facial-masculinity metric which refers to cheekbone width, divided by upper facial height (top of the lip to between the brows). For the first time, LPP amplitudes were examined in subjects upon observing faces with high vs. low facial fWHRs. Prior studies suggest that faces with high fWHRs are perceived as more threatening than faces with low fWHRs. Consequently, fWHR has by some researchers been proposed to serve as a cue of threat. Two separate tasks in the present study were used to investigate this. In the aggression task, males with high fWHRs were judged as more aggressive. Moreover, when put in a threatening context, high fWHR faces also elicited greater LPP amplitudes in subjects compared to faces with low fWHRs. Conversely, in the self-regulation task, differences in LPP amplitudes did not reach significance. In this task, statistical power was low due to few blocks/trials in the ERP experiment and subjects were not primed on threat, which may explain the non-significant results. Taken together, the results provide modest support to the theory that fWHR serve as a cue of threat. Future studies will need to take the present study’s limitations into consideration

Aspen (Populus tremula L.) accounts for about 2% of the total wood stock in Sweden. Sawmills use only a small part (about 5,000 m³fub) of round wood aspen per year. Since there are no Swedish gradings and design values for aspen, no aspen is used for structural purposes. This also applies to other hardwood trees in Sweden. Aspen is mainly used for pulp and paper with a mass consumption of 800,000 m³fub per year of which about 50% is imported. Most imported aspen is from Russia and the Baltics. The other major use of aspen is in match industries. Consumption for matches amounts to approximately 30,000 m³fub per year in Sweden. The aim of the research work was to increase knowledge on the wood quality of aspen used in the production of matches. Aspen (Populus tremula L.) logs were collected from two different sites in Sweden and a non-destructive tools weas used to estimate the modulus of elasticity in logs. To measure the dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOEdyn), Fakopp resonance log grader used. Other properties like density and moisture content were measure and were correlated with the MOEdyn values in order to identify the site that has a better log quality. Besides, horizontal and vertical variation of different wood properties were measured and compared within and between trees from two different sites in order to justify the variation of log quality. A total of 20 trees from Askaremåla and Vimmerby, Sweden were felled and used in this study. From each tree, 3 m long logs were sampled from each base, middle and top. After that, non-destructive evaluations were performed in those logs. Besides, 5 cm thick discs were collected in every tree height (base, middle and top) to measure horizontal and vertical variations. This study shows that there were differences in MOEdyn between and within trees. It was evident that trees collected from Vimmerby had a better log property than that in Askaremåla. Using non-destructive tools, it is possible to sort out quality logs for the production of Swedish matches.

Objetivos: Estabelecer a espessura (EPV) e a extensão (ETV) do véu palatino, a profundidade da nasofaringe (PNF) e a razão PNF/ETV para um grupo de indivíduos sem fissura labiopalatina (FLP) e sem disfunção velofaríngea (DVF). Analisar as diferenças nas medidas entre: a) padrões faciais tipo I, II e III; b) sexos; c) as medidas deste estudo e as normativas de Subtelny (1957), e d) as medidas deste estudo e os achados de Souza (2013). Material e método: A EPV, ETV e PNF, e razão PNF/ETV foram mensuradas para um grupo de 234 telerradiografias. As imagens estudadas foram obtidas de um grupo de brasileiros com idades entre 5 e 14 anos e foram agrupadas de acordo com o padrão facial I (N=105), II (N=69) e III (N=60) e distribuídas de acordo com o sexo feminino (N=130) e o masculino (N=104). Após escaneadas usando-se o software Dolphin Imaging (versão 11.5) as medidas de interesse foram estabelecidas usando-se princípios da cefalometria e a razão PNF/ETV foi calculada. As medidas foram comparadas com as normativas de Subtelny (1957) e com os achados de Souza (2013). Resultados: Entre os padrões faciais I, II e III não houve diferença significativa na EPV e na razão PNF/ETV; a ETV foi significativamente menor no padrão III nas idades de 6 e 8 anos; a PNF foi significativamente menor no padrão III na idade de 6 anos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os sexos. No presente estudo o véu palatino foi mais fino do que as normas de Subtelny em todas as idades; o véu também foi mais curto do que as normas entre 8 e 14 de idade; as medidas da profundidade da nasofaringe foram similares às normas com valores ligeiramente abaixo aos 6, 9 e 14 anos e acima aos 5, 6 e 10 anos; a razão PNF/ETV foi maior que a norma aos 9, 11, 12 e 14 anos de idade. Ao comparar os achados com os de Souza (2013) o véu palatino, no presente estudo, foi mais estreito em todas as idades e a extensão foi maior aos 6 e 7 anos e menor aos 12 e 14 anos; a nasofaringe foi mais profunda e a razão PNF/ETV foi maior, exceto aos 14 anos de idade. Conclusão: Normas preliminares com medidas da EPV, ETV, PNF e PNF/ETV foram estabelecidas para indivíduos representativos da diversidade étnico-racial dos brasileiros. Achados diferentes dos de Subtelny (1957) e de Souza (2013) sugerem que brasileiros apresentam variações nas medidas com importância para a interpretação clínica e uso destas informações no processo diagnóstico e na definição da melhor conduta para correção da DVF. / Objectives: To establish velar width (VW), velar length (VL), depth of nasopharynx (DN) and the ration DN/VL for a group of individuals without cleft lip and palate (CLP) and without velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). To compare measures between: a) facial pattern I, II and III; b) between sexes; c) with Subtelnys norms (1957); d) with Souzas findings (2013). Material and methods: VW, VL, DN and ratio DN/VL was obtained for a group of 234 cephalometric X-ray. The images were obtained from a group of Brazilians with ages between 5 and 14 years which were grouped according to facial pattern I (N=105), II (N=69) and III (N=60) and distributed according to sex, females (N=130) and males (N=104). After scanning the images using the Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.5), the measures were established using cephalometric principles and the ration DN/VL was calculated. The findings were compared to Subtelnys (1957) norms and to Souzas (2013) data. Results: There was no significant difference in VW and ration DN/VL between facial pattern I, II, III; VL was significantly smaller for facial patter III at ages 6 and 8; and DN was significantly smaller for facial patter III at age 6. There was no significant difference for the measures between males and females. VW was narrower in the present study when compared to Subtelnys norms for all ages studied; VL was shorter in the present study when compared to Subtelnys norms between 8 and 14 years; DN was similar to the norms, slightly lower at ages 6, 9 e 14 years and higher at ages 5, 6 e 10 years; ration DN/VL was above the norms at 9, 11, 12 and 14 years. When comparing the findings to Souzas, VW was narrower for all ages; VL was longer at 6 and 7 years and shorter at 12 and 14 years; DN and the ration DN/VL were greater at all ages, except 14 years. Conclusion: Preliminary norms for VW, VL, DN and ration DN/VL were established for a group of individuals representative of the Brazilian Ethnic-racial diversity. Findings were different from Subtelnys and from Souzas suggesting the importance of considering these variations during clinical interpretation and use of this information during the diagnostic process and to identify the most adequate treatment for VPD.

Orientador: José Antenor Pomilio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:46:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alvarenga_MarcosBalduinode_D.pdf: 18917931 bytes, checksum: a0630621c255135a8bf5fd49974daea6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta contribuições para o emprego de inversor multinível em cascata simétrica como filtro ativo de potência. O balanceamento das tensões nos barramentos CC é feito a partir de informação de um único bit obtido em cada módulo do conversor. O balanceamento é realizado através da postergação ou da supressão dos pulsos e, também, pela organização da ordem de acionamento das chaves semicondutoras de potência. A estratégia de modulação desenvolvida permite também a equalização dos pulsos de chaveamento entre os diversos módulos do inversor e suprime um porcentual de comutações redundantes ou irrelevantes, minimizando as perdas do conversor. Toma-se como parâmetro de qualidade a distorção harmônica decorrente de tais procedimentos. A técnica desenvolvida viabiliza a inserção de células em redundância, o que aumenta a confiabilidade da operação, favorecendo sua aplicação em filtros ativos de potência e dispositivos de condicionamento aplicados em redes de energia elétrica. O controle da corrente do filtro ativo e o controle das tensões nos barramentos CC são executados por dois controladores independentes, cujos projetos são detalhados e equacionados. A estratégia foi avaliada em um protótipo experimental de baixa tensão, constituído de um conversor multinível composto por quatro células simétricas, sendo uma em redundância, comandadas por um microcontrolador. Foram realizadas, também, simulações, considerando um alimentador de distribuição com 22,5 MVA e 13,8 kV. Nas análises dos resultados, são considerados os valores estabelecidos por normas relativas ao limite de harmônicas de corrente / Abstract: The present thesis shows contributions to the use of symmetrical cascaded multilevel inverter as active power filter. The balancing of the voltages on the DC bus is made from a single bit of information obtained in each converter module. Balancing is performed by postponement or suppression pulses and also for organizing the order of activation of the power semiconductor switches. The modulation strategy developed also allows the equalization of switching pulses between different inverter modules and removes a percentage of redundant or irrelevant switching, minimizing the losses of the converter. Taken as the quality parameter was the harmonic distortion resulting from such procedures. The technique developed enables the insertion of cells in redundancy, which increases reliability of the operation, in favor of their use in active power filters and conditioning devices used in power grids. The current control of active filter and control voltages in DC buses are performed by two independent controllers, whose projects are detailed and calculated. The strategy was evaluated in an experimental prototype low-voltage, consisting of a multilevel converter composed of four symmetrical cells, one redundancy, controlled by a microcontroller. It was also performed simulations considering a distribution feeder with 22.5 MVA and 13.8 kV. In the analysis of the results it was taken into account established values by standards for harmonic current limit / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientadores: Ernesto Ruppert Filho, Marcelo Gradella Villalva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Espindola_MarcosFernando_M.pdf: 5114547 bytes, checksum: 1601ee84cd6d17c671ba644a288c398d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Apresenta-se a implementação de um inversor trifásico de tensão a três níveis para ser utilizado no controle de velocidade de um motor síncrono trifásico a imãs permanentes usando o método de controle vetorial. Realizou-se o estudo, projeto e construção de um inversor de tensão a três níveis com neutro grampeado ou inversor NPC neutral point clamped. Utilizou-se modulação em largura de pulsos por vetores espaciais no controle vetorial de velocidade do motor. Foram realizadas simulações do sistema proposto usando os aplicativos computacionais Matlab/Simulink e PSIM. Realizou-se em seguida uma montagem experimental constituída de um motor síncrono a imãs permanentes de 0,75 kW acoplado a um freio eletromagnético que lhe serviu de carga mecânica. O sistema motor e carga foi acionado pelo inversor com modulação em largura de pulsos por vetores espaciais e os resultados obtidos do controle de velocidade realizado, incluindo reversão de velocidade e frenação do motor, são apresentados no trabalho. Comparou-se também o desempenho de um inversor a três níveis usando modulação em largura de pulsos por vetores espaciais com o desempenho de um inversor a dois níveis usando modulação em largura de pulsos por vetores espaciais na alimentação de uma carga resistiva. Resultados de simulação e resultados experimentais são apresentados. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma comparação qualitativa entre o uso do inversor a dois níveis e do inversor a três níveis que mostra em que situações é conveniente utilizar o inversor a três níveis / Abstract: It is presented the implementation of a three phase three level voltage inverter to be used in the speed control of a three phase permanent magnet synchronous motor using the vector control method. To achieve this goal, it was carried out the study, design and construction of a three level neutral point clamped voltage inverter or NPC inverter. For the control of the motor it was used a space vector modulation. The proposed system was simulated using Matlab/Simulink and PSIM softwares. It was carried out an experimental assembly consisting of a 0.75 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor coupled to an electromagnetic brake as a mechanical load. The motor and load system were triggered by the inverter with space vector modulation. The results of the speed control, including reversal of speed and motor breaking, are presented in the study. The performance of a three level inverter using space vector modulation is compared to the performance of a two level inverter using space vector modulation feeding a resistive load. The simulation and experimental results are presented. In this work a qualitative comparison between the two level inverter and three level inverter was done showing in wich situations it is better to use the three level inverter / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

El presente trabajo de investigación, tiene un diseño de investigación (cuantitativo-cualitativo) que enfoca el problema de utilizar diferentes técnicas de diseño de pavimentos para un efecto económico e innovador para la conservación vial del tramo V de la carretera Acobamba – Puente Alcomachay en el Departamento de Huancavelica, que nos llevó a formular el objetivo de determinar la técnica de diseño de pavimento más económica: AASHTO 93 y NAASRA (antes AUSTROADS), desarrollando parámetros geotécnicos y de transitabilidad, obteniendo como resultado que: la técnica NAASRA, para las condiciones existentes del tramo, nos proporciona un pavimento económico con un espesor menor que la obtenida por el método AASHTO 93. This investigation study, has an investigation design (quantitative, qualitative) that focus the problem of using different pavement design techniques for an economical and innovative result for the Road Conservation Project of the highway Segment V, located between Acobamba until Alcomachay bridge, in the State of Huancavelica - Peru), that lead us to formulate the objective of finding the most economical pavement design technology AASHTO 93 and NAASRA (before AUSTROADS), developing geotechnical and passability parameters, obtaining as a result that: NAASRA technique, for the current road conditions gives us an economical pavement, with a lower width than the one obtained with the AASHTO 93 method.

A split-phase induction motor (SPIM) is obtained by splitting each of the three-phase stator windings of an induction motor into two equal halves. This results in two sets of three-phase windings with a spatial angle difference of 30◦ (electrical) between them. The two sets of windings are fed from two different voltage-source inverters for speed control of the split-phase motor drive. Low dc bus voltage requirement and improved torque profile are some of the advantages of the split-phase motor, compared to the normal three-phase induction motor. A pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is used to produce the gating signals for the power semiconductor devices in the two inverters. The PWM technique can either be a carrier comparison (CC) based method or a space-vector (SV) based scheme. The carrier based PWM methods employ six modulating waves, which are compared against a common triangular carrier to generate the gating pulses. In space-vector based PWM schemes, the voltage reference is specified in terms of a rotating reference vector. In each subcycle, a set of voltage vectors are applied for appropriate durations of time to produce an average vector equal to the reference vector. Unlike three-phase induction motor drives, where the voltage vectors are two dimensional, the voltage vectors in the case of SPIM drive are four dimensional. This thesis presents a detailed survey on carrier-comparison based and space-vector based PWM techniques for the SPIM drive. In this thesis, sine-triangle PWM (STPWM) is analyzed from a space-vector perspective. The set of voltage vectors applied and the sequence of application of the voltage vectors in each half-carrier cycle are studied. The analysis shows that the set of voltage vectors and the switching sequence employed by STPWM are different from those used by the well known SVPWM tech-niques. Two other CC based PWM techniques, based on common mode injection, are considered for the SPIM drive. In one method, the common-mode signal is derived from all the six modulating signals, and is the same for both the inverters. In the second method, the common-mode signal is different for the two inverters; each common-mode signal is derived from the three-phase sinusoidal signals of the respective inverter. The study shows that the latter method has the highest dc bus utilization and results in the lowest total harmonic distortion (THD) among the CC PWM techniques. An experimental comparison of the three carrier-comparison techniques with three well known space-vector PWM techniques is presented. Total harmonic distortion (THD) of the line current is measured at different modulation indices for all six techniques. The experimental results are obtained from a 6kW, 200V, 50Hz split-phase induction motor drive, with constant V /F ratio. The PWM techniques are implemented using an ALTERA cyclone II field programmable gate array (FPGA) digital controller. One of the SV techniques, termed here as 4-dimensional 24-sector (4D24SEC) PWM is found to be the best in terms of line current THD among all the CC and SV based PWM techniques considered. However, compared to any carrier-based technique, implementation of the 4D24SEC PWM based on the space vector approach is found to be resource intensive. Hence, an equivalent carrier-based implementation of 4D24SEC PWM is proposed in this thesis. The feasibility of the proposed approach is verified experimentally, and is found to be consuming much less logical resources than the space-vector implementation (i.e. 4102 logical elements for the CC approach as against 33,655 logical elements for the SV approach). A new space-vector PWM technique is also proposed in the thesis. This technique utilizes a new set of voltage vectors and a new switching sequence, which are motivated by the analyses of the carrier-based methods, presented earlier. The proposed technique is implemented, and is compared with other space-vector and carrier-based methods at different modulation indices and switching frequencies. The proposed PWM technique is found to have the same dc-bus utilization as the existing 4-dimensional SV based PWM techniques. The performance of the proposed method is found to be not better than existing 4-dimensional SV PWM methods. The possibilities for new switching sequence is being explored here.

L'avancée de la technologie des PRF a suscité l'intérêt de l'introduction de nouvelles fibres, comme la fibre de basalte, qui a un potentiel d'offrir une solution efficace, lorsqu’utilisée dans les structures en béton, soit sur la résistance à la corrosion, la durabilité et la rentabilité. En outre, les codes et les guides disponibles, ne fournissent pas de recommandations pour l'utilisation de barres en PRFB puisque les recherches passées dans ce domaine sont limitées. Donc, des travaux de recherche sont nécessaires pour caractériser et comprendre le comportement des barres de PRFB dans les éléments en béton armé. En conséquence, les objectifs principaux sont d'évaluer les caractéristiques à court et long terme des barres de PRFB nouvellement développées, ainsi que d'évaluer les performances structurales de ces nouvelles barres comme renforcement interne dans les poutres et les dalles de pont et d'introduire ce nouveau renforcement dans les codes et les guides de dimensionnement. Les tests expérimentaux ont été faits en trois parties. La première partie porte sur le développement de trois nouvelles barres et tendons en PRFB pour déterminer leurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques. Les performances à long terme et de durabilité ont été réalisées en conditionnant les barres de PRFB dans une solution alcaline simulant les conditions humides dans le béton pour déterminer la compatibilité comme renforcement interne dans les éléments en béton. Par la suite, les propriétés ont été déterminées et comparées avec des spécimens non conditionnés (référence). La seconde partie a porté sur sept dalles de pont en béton armé grandeur réelle avec les bords restreints, simulant les tabliers de pont les plus utilisés en Amérique du Nord, pour évaluer la performance des dalles renforcées de PRFB et d'acier. Les dalles mesurent 3000 mm de long × 2500 mm de large × 200 mm d'épaisseur. Les dalles ont été testées jusqu'à la rupture sous une charge concentrée au centre de celles-ci simulant l'empreinte d'une roue d'un camion. Les capacités en poinçonnement sont prédites en utilisant les exigences réglementaires disponibles, et sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. La troisième partie de cette étude portait sur les essais de 14 poutres en béton de 3100 mm de long × 200 mm de large × 300 mm de profond pour examiner le comportement en flexion et les performances en service des barres de PRFB avec deux états de surfaces: fini sablé et crénelé. Les poutres ont été testées en flexion en quatre points avec une portée libre de 2700 mm jusqu'à la rupture. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence (kb) des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats de l'étude concluent sur la viables pour la production des barres de PRFB pour respecter les exigences des codes actuelles. Également, les résultats d'essai indiquent que les barres de PRFB ont de bonnes propriétés mécaniques et peuvent être placées dans la même catégorie que les barres de PRFV, soit grade III. De plus, le comportement des poutres et des dalles de pont renforcées de PRFB est similaire que pour un renforcement en PRFV et PRFC et les exigences réglementaires sont applicables pour les barres de PRFB. / Abstract: The advances in fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) technology have spurred interest in introducing new fibers, such as basalt FRP (BFRP), which has the potential to offer an efficient solution when implemented in concrete structure, such as corrosion resistant, durable and cost-effective. Furthermore, the available design codes and guides do not provide any recommendations for the use of BFRP bars since fundamental studies and relevant applications are still limited. Therefore, investigations are needed to characterize and understand the behavior of BFRP bars in concrete members. Consequently, the main objectives of this experimental investigation are to evaluate the short- and long-term characteristics of newly developed BFRP bars, as well as evaluate the structural performance of these new bars as internal reinforcement for concrete beams and bridge-deck slabs to introduce these new reinforcing bars to the design codes and guides. The experimental tests were completed through three parts. The first part was conducted on three newly developed BFRP bars and tendons to investigate their physical and mechanical properties. Durability and long-term performance were assessed by conditioning the BFRP bars in an alkaline solution simulating the moist concrete environment to determine their suitability as internal reinforcement for concrete elements. Thereafter, the properties were assessed and compared with the unconditioned (reference) values. The second part of this study was conducted on seven full-scale edge-restrained concrete bridge-deck slabs simulating actual slab-on-girder bridge-deck that is commonly used in North America to evaluate the performance of concrete bridge-deck slabs reinforced with BFRP and steel bars. The deck slabs measured 3000 mm long × 2500 mm wide × 200 mm deep. The slabs were tested up to failure under single concentrated load acting on the center of each slab simulating the footprint of sustained truck wheel load. The punching shear capacities were predicted using the available provisions, and compared with the experimental results. The third part of this study included testing of fourteen concrete beams of 3100 mm long × 200 mm wide × 300 mm deep to investigate the flexural behavior and serviceability performance of sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars in concrete beams. The beams were tested under four-point bending over a clear span of 2700 mm until failure. The results are introduced and discussed in terms of cracking behavior, deflection, flexure capacity, and failure modes. In addition, the bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of the BFRP bars was determined and compared with the recommendations of the current FRP design codes and guides. The findings of this study concluded the feasibility of producing BFRP bars meet the requirements of the current FRP standards. Also, the test results revealed that the BFRP bars had good mechanical behavior and could be placed in the same category as grade II and grade III GFRP bars. Moreover, the behavior of the concrete bridge-deck slabs and beams reinforced with BFRP bars was quite similar to the counterparts reinforced with glass- and carbon-FRP bars and the available FRP provisions are applicable for BFRP bars. The beam test results yielded an average bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of 0.76±0.03 and 0.83±0.03 for the sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars, respectively.

No description available.