The feasibility of wood based energy plants in the off-grid Brochet community in Manitoba were analyzed by survey, interviews and document review in this research. Four areas were explored to assess the suitability of biomass energy generation, namely: the community’s perspective, resource assessment, technology availability, and cost attractiveness. Harvesting sufficient woody biomass from local wild fire burnt areas, in particular, as well as local green forests could be an appropriate and feasible option. A heat only plant is considered to be the best choice for biomass plant establishment in Brochet, followed by combined heat and power plants. A cost analysis showed that a biomass plant at Brochet is more economical than the current planned investment in the diesel power facility. The lack of resolve about who wants to run and pay for the operation and the uncertainty of the reliability of biomass technologies are two large barriers to biomass energy generation in the community. Overall, biomass energy generation options are promising to eliminate or reduce the use of fossil fuel in Brochet.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第21386号 / エネ博第374号 / 新制||エネ||73(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 片平 正人, 教授 森井 孝, 准教授 小瀧 努 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The work deals with design of steam grate boiler with a output of 25 t/h, parameters of steam output p = 5.5 MPa, t = 475 °C and a temperature of feed water 105 °C. It is a boiler with natural water circulation by evaporation surfaces. Wood biomass is boiler fuel. The proposal consists of stoichiometric calculations, determination of boiler efficiency, thermal calculations and determinion geometric parameters of the boiler and its heat transfer surfaces. The boiler drawing is a part of the work.

The KDV-process uses catalytic depolymerisation to convert biomass into diesel oil. The environmental performance of KDV-diesel in a proposed KDV-plant located in the County of Jämtland, Sweden, was assessed using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit of the study was one litre of KDV-diesel and the environmental impact categories that were considered were Global Warming Potential (GWP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Acidification Potential (AP). The acquisition of wood biomass significantly affected the life cycle performance of KDV-diesel production in all three impact categories. When benchmarked against conventional diesel oil, KDV-diesel contributed significantly less to GWP, since there are no fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the use phase, but it contributed more to EP and AP due to slightly higher emissions in the production phases. This conclusion holds true for five investigated electricity-supply scenarios for the production of KDV-diesel. Each scenario utilised a different source for electricity production: wind power; hydro power; nuclear power; coal power; and using part of the produced KDV-diesel for on-site electricity production. Another scenario analysis compared an alternative use of the wood biomass and assumed that the same amount of wood biomass was used to generate bio-electricity, instead of being converted into KDV-diesel. The scenario analysis indicated that whether wood biomass should be used for KDV-diesel production or for bio-electricity production depends on the type of electricity that is used throughout the life cycle of KDV-diesel. / KDV-processen använder katalytisk depolymerisering för att omvandla biomassa till dieselolja. Miljöprestanda för KDV-diesel från en föreslagen KDV-anläggning i Jämtland län, Sverige, har studerats med livscykelanalys (LCA) metodik. Studiens funktionella enhet var en liter av KDV-diesel och de studerade miljöpåverkanskategorierna var Klimatpåverkan (GWP), Övergödning (EP) och Försurning (AP). Skogsbruket påverkade signifikant livscykelprestanda för KDV-dieselproduktion från trädbiomassa i de tre studerade miljöpåverkanskategorierna. Kontrasterad mot konventionell dieselolja bidrog KDV-diesel betydligt mindre till GWP eftersom det inte finns några utsläpp av fossil koldioxid (CO2) under användningsfasen, men bidrog samtidigt mer till EP och AP på grund av något högre utsläpp i produktionsfasen. Denna slutsats gäller för fem olika elförsörjning scenarier för produktion av KDV-diesel som studerats. Varje scenario använde olika typ av elproduktion: vindkraft; vattenkraft; kärnkraft; kolkraft; samt att använda en del av den producerade KDV-diesel för egen elproduktion. En annan scenarioanalys studerade alternativ användning av trädbiomassan och antog att samma mängd träbiomassa användes för att generera bio-elektricitet istället för KDV-diesel. Scenarioanalysen visade att utfallet för ifall träbiomassan borde användas för produktion av KDV-diesel eller bio-electricitet beror på typen av elproduktion som används för KDV-diesels livscykel. / Η διαδικασία KDV χρησιμοποιεί καταλυτικό αποπολυμερισμό για τη μετατροπή βιομάζας σε καύσιμο ντίζελ. Οι περιβαλλοντικές επιδόσεις του KDV-ντίζελ σε μια προτεινόμενη μονάδα KDV που βρίσκεται στην περιφέρεια Γιέμτλαντ της Σουηδίας, αξιολογήθηκαν με τη μέθοδο Αξιολόγησης του Κύκλου Ζωής (LCA). Η λειτουργική μονάδα της μελέτης ήταν ένα λίτρο KDV-ντίζελ και οι κατηγορίες περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων που εξετάστηκαν ήταν το Δυναμικό Θέρμανσης του Πλανήτη (GWP), το Δυναμικό Ευτροφισμού (EP) και το Δυναμικό Οξίνισης (AP). Η απόκτηση της βιομάζας ξύλου επηρέασε σημαντικά την απόδοση του κύκλου ζωής της παραγωγής KDV-ντίζελ και στις τρεις κατηγορίες περιβαλλοντικών επιπτώσεων. Σε σύγκριση με το συμβατικό πετρέλαιο ντίζελ, το KDV-ντίζελ συνέβαλε σημαντικά λιγότερο στο GWP, δεδομένου ότι δεν υπάρχουν εκπομπές διοξειδίου του άνθρακα (CO2) ορυκτής προέλευσης κατά τη φάση της χρήσης, αλλά συνέβαλε περισσότερο στο EP και στο AP λόγω ελαφρώς υψηλότερων εκπομπών στις φάσεις της παραγωγής. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό ισχύει για πέντε σενάρια παροχής ηλεκτρισμού για την παραγωγή του KDV-ντίζελ που μελετήθηκαν. Σε κάθε σενάριο χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια διαφορετική πηγή ενέργειας για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού: αιολική ενέργεια, υδροηλεκτρική ενέργεια, πυρηνική ενέργεια, ηλεκτροπαραγωγή με καύση άνθρακα και χρήση μέρους του παραγόμενου KDV-ντίζελ για επιτόπια παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού. Μια διαφορετική ανάλυση σεναρίου συνέκρινε μια εναλλακτική χρήση της βιομάζας ξύλου, υποθέτοντας ότι η ίδια ποσότητα βιομάζας ξύλου χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την παραγωγή βιο-ηλεκτρισμού, αντί να μετατραπεί σε KDV-ντίζελ. Η ανάλυση σεναρίου κατέδειξε ότι η χρήση της βιομάζας ξύλου για την παραγωγή KDV-ντίζελ ή για την παραγωγή βιο-ηλεκτρισμού εξαρτάται από την πηγή ενέργειας που χρησιμοποιείται για την παραγωγή ηλεκτρισμού καθ’όλη τη διάρκεια του κύκλου ζωής του KDV-ντίζελ.

Susidarantys nuotekų dumblo kiekiai ateityje didės, kadangi šalyje panaudojant ES paramą plėtojamas vandentiekio ir nuotekų surinkimo tinklas. Nuotekų dumblas yra neišvengiamas nuotekų valymo proceso produktas, kuriame yra labai daug kenksmingų medţiagų. Dumblo perdirbimo ir panaudojimo galimybės Europoje pastaruoju metu intensyviau plėtojamos. Naujausios nuotekų dumblo panaudojimo galimybės, turinčios labai didelį mokslininkų susidomėjimą yra šios: deginimas (išgaunant energiją), drėgnas oksidavimas, pirolizė, dujinimas, deginimas kartu su kuru, kuris yra naudojamas energijai išgauti (pvz. biokuras). Darbo metu nagrinėtos dvi dumblo panaudojimo galimybės energetikoje: dumblas, kaip trąša energetinių ţeldinių plantacijose ir dumblo dujinimas maišant su medienos biomase. Pirmoje darbo dalyje atliktas prieš 19 metų pasodintos energetinių ţeldinių plantacijos tyrimas. Tyrimo metu nustatytas medienos masės prieaugis ir sunkiųjų metalų pasisavinimas. Antroje darbo dalyje nustatyti dumblo ir jo mišinių su medienos biomase pagrindiniai kuro parametrai: drėgmė, šilumingumas, CHNS-O kiekiai, peleningumas, sunkieji metalai. Atlikta termogravimetrinė dumblo ir jo mišinių su medienos biomase analizė pagal pasirinktus dujinimo parametrus, kai pastoviai keliama temperatūrą 20 ˚C /min iki 995˚C, o oro padavimas yra 5 %, 10 % ir 17,5 %. / The amount of formed sewage sludge will be on the increase because of development of plumbing and wastewater accumulation network when using EU support in the country. Sewage sludge is inevitable product of the process when cleaning the wasterwater, there are a lot of harmful materials in it. The opportunities to reprocess and use sewage sludge in Europe are increasing more intensively recently. Scientists are interested in those newest opportunities to use sewage sludge: combustion (extracting energy), wet oxidation, pyrolisis, gasification, combustion with fuel, which is used to obtain energy (e. g. biofuels). During the work there were pending two opportunities how to resort sewage sludge in energetics: sewage sludge as a fertiliser in energetic plantations and the gasification of sewage sludge mixing it with biomass of wood. There was done the analysis of the 19 years old plantation of power afforests in the first part of work. During the analysis the increase of wood-pulp and the assimilation of hevy metals were found. During the second part of work there were established the main fuel parameters of sewage sludge and its compounds with wood-pulp: moisture, calorific value, amounts of CHNS-O, ash-content, heavy metals. Thermogravimetric analysis of sewage sludge and its compounds with wood-pulp was done by the selected gasification parameters, when the temperature is constantly raising to 995 ˚C every 20 ˚C /min, and the innings of air is 5 %, 10 % and 17,5 %.

The purpose of this Diploma Thesis is the construction design of the steam boiler with natural circulation for the combustion of wood biomass according to the specified parameters. It is the boiler with the power of 12 tons per hour of superheated vapor output parameters of 3,3 Mpa at a temperature of 400 °C and a temperature of feed water 105 °C. For the specified parameters I first calculated the stoichiometric calculations, boiler efficiency, and followed by using geometrical parameters of the blocks and thermal calculations set design and the number of heat transfer surfaces, depending on the input parameters of the air and water and output parameters of vapor. The work also includes drawings of the boiler.

As árvores de Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) e de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Pinaceae) são utilizadas em estudos dendroecológicos e dendroclimatológicos pela formação de anéis de crescimento anuais duas espécies plantadas na Mata da Pedreira do Campus da ESALQ/USP para estudos ecológicos e climáticos. Foram selecionadas 8 árvores de Tectona grandis (4 com e 4 sem lianas ocupando a copa das árvores) e 10 árvores de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (8 vivas - 4 com e 4 sem lianas ocupando a copa das árvores - e 2 mortas). Com a utilização de sondas de Pressler foram extraídas 2-6 amostras do lenho/árvore das 2 espécies para analisar seus anéis de crecimiento. Foi realizada (i) a caracterização anatômica macro e microscópica dos anéis de crescimento; (ii) estudos de dendrocronologia, pela datação e avaliação do crescimento radial do tronco das árvores; (iii) avaliação da densidade do lenho por densitometria de raios X para a determinação da densidade dos anéis de crescimento, incremento de biomassa e de carbono; (iv) avaliação da influência do clima local e em grande escala no crescimento do tronco das árvores; (v) análise dos vasos das árvores de T. grandis e dos anéis de crescimento falsos nas árvores de P. caribaea. Os resultados principais mostraram que as características anatômicas dos anéis de crescimento das árvores as 2 espécies coincidem com os descritos na literatura; a série de anéis de crescimento mostrou correlação significativa em relação à sincronização dos anéis de crescimento das árvores das 2 espécies. O efeito prejudicial das lianas na copa das árvores de T. grandis e de P. caribaea foi comprovado pela redução da largura dos anéis de crescimento no período de 2000-11 e de 1971-2011, respectivamente. A densidade aparente média dos anéis de crescimento (T. grandis: 0,64 g/cm3 e de P. caribaea: 0,60 g/cm3) permitiu calcular o incremento de massa de carbono, resultando que as árvores sem lianas apresentam maior estoque de carbono do que as com lianas. A análise dendroclimatológica mostrou que as árvores de P. caribaea apresentaram correlações positivas com a disponibilidade de água no solo no período de seca; as árvores de T. grandis mostram correlação positiva com o período de maior chuva, temperatura de primavera e a oscilação antártica (AAO) de outono no ano corrente de crescimento, e correlação negativa com o evento de El Niño (TNI) em outono anterior. A ocupação das lianas na copa das árvores de T. grandis provocou o aumento da área dos vasos; os vasos do lenho inicial (e sua frequência) mostraram correlação significativa com a largura dos anéis de crescimento, possibilitando a construção de cronologias desses parâmetros e a avaliação da influência climática nas árvores. A ocupação das lianas na copa das árvores de P. caribaea induziu diminuição da frequência dos anéis de crescimento falsos, formados, principalmente, pelo aumento das pricipatações de Julio anterior y verão (DJF) e corrente. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que a análise dos anéis de crescimento das árvores das 2 espécies tem grande potencial para estudos ecológicos e ambientais no Brasil. / The trees of Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Pinaceae) are used in dendroecological and dendroclimatologal studies by formation the annual growth rings. For these reasons, the study aimed to examine the tree-rings of the two species planted in Mata da Pedreira in Campus ESALQ/USP to climatic and ecological studies. We selected eight T. grandis trees (4 with and 4 without lianas occupying the trees canopy) and 10 P. caribaea trees (8 live - 4 with and 4 without lianas- and 2 dead). With the use Pressler increment borer was extracted 2-6 wood samples/tree of two species to analyze their trees-rings growth. Were applied: i) anatomical characterization macro and microscopic of trees-rings; ii) dendrochronology studies, by dating and evaluation of the trees radial growth; iii) evaluating the density of the wood by X-ray densitometry for determination of tree-rings density, biomass and carbon increment; iv) evaluating of influence of local climate and large-scale on tree-rings; v) Analysis of the vessel in T. grandis trees and false rings in P.caribaea trees. The main results showed that the anatomical characteristics of trees-rings of the both species coincide with those described in the literature; the series of trees-rings showed significant correlation with respect to the synchronization of trees-rings in the two species. The unfavorable effect of lianas in the canopy of trees T. grandis and P. caribaea was confirmed by the reduction of the tree-rings width in period 2000-2011 and 1976-2011, respectively. . The apparent density average of tree-rings (T. grandis: 0,64 g/cm3 e de P. caribaea: 0,60 g/cm3) allowed us to calculate the increase of carbon mass, resulting that trees without lianas had higher carbon stocks than those with lianas. The climatological analysis showed that P. caribaea showed positive correlations with water availability in the soil in the dry season; T. grandis trees showed positive correlations with period of highest rainfall, temperature of spring and AAO of fall in the current growing season, and negative correlation with El Niño event (TNI) in the fall. The ocupation of lianas on T. grandis trees caused the increase of the vessels area; the earlywood vessels (and frequency) had a significant correlation with the tree-rings, allowing build of chronologies of these parameters and evaluate the influences climate in the trees. The ocupation of lianas on P. caribaea trees induced a decrease in false rings, which are formed primarily by the increase of the previous July and current summer (DJF). The results of this study showed that the tree-rings analysis of the two species has great potential to ecological and climatical studies in Brazil.

As árvores de Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) e de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Pinaceae) são utilizadas em estudos dendroecológicos e dendroclimatológicos pela formação de anéis de crescimento anuais duas espécies plantadas na Mata da Pedreira do Campus da ESALQ/USP para estudos ecológicos e climáticos. Foram selecionadas 8 árvores de Tectona grandis (4 com e 4 sem lianas ocupando a copa das árvores) e 10 árvores de Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (8 vivas - 4 com e 4 sem lianas ocupando a copa das árvores - e 2 mortas). Com a utilização de sondas de Pressler foram extraídas 2-6 amostras do lenho/árvore das 2 espécies para analisar seus anéis de crecimiento. Foi realizada (i) a caracterização anatômica macro e microscópica dos anéis de crescimento; (ii) estudos de dendrocronologia, pela datação e avaliação do crescimento radial do tronco das árvores; (iii) avaliação da densidade do lenho por densitometria de raios X para a determinação da densidade dos anéis de crescimento, incremento de biomassa e de carbono; (iv) avaliação da influência do clima local e em grande escala no crescimento do tronco das árvores; (v) análise dos vasos das árvores de T. grandis e dos anéis de crescimento falsos nas árvores de P. caribaea. Os resultados principais mostraram que as características anatômicas dos anéis de crescimento das árvores as 2 espécies coincidem com os descritos na literatura; a série de anéis de crescimento mostrou correlação significativa em relação à sincronização dos anéis de crescimento das árvores das 2 espécies. O efeito prejudicial das lianas na copa das árvores de T. grandis e de P. caribaea foi comprovado pela redução da largura dos anéis de crescimento no período de 2000-11 e de 1971-2011, respectivamente. A densidade aparente média dos anéis de crescimento (T. grandis: 0,64 g/cm3 e de P. caribaea: 0,60 g/cm3) permitiu calcular o incremento de massa de carbono, resultando que as árvores sem lianas apresentam maior estoque de carbono do que as com lianas. A análise dendroclimatológica mostrou que as árvores de P. caribaea apresentaram correlações positivas com a disponibilidade de água no solo no período de seca; as árvores de T. grandis mostram correlação positiva com o período de maior chuva, temperatura de primavera e a oscilação antártica (AAO) de outono no ano corrente de crescimento, e correlação negativa com o evento de El Niño (TNI) em outono anterior. A ocupação das lianas na copa das árvores de T. grandis provocou o aumento da área dos vasos; os vasos do lenho inicial (e sua frequência) mostraram correlação significativa com a largura dos anéis de crescimento, possibilitando a construção de cronologias desses parâmetros e a avaliação da influência climática nas árvores. A ocupação das lianas na copa das árvores de P. caribaea induziu diminuição da frequência dos anéis de crescimento falsos, formados, principalmente, pelo aumento das pricipatações de Julio anterior y verão (DJF) e corrente. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram concluir que a análise dos anéis de crescimento das árvores das 2 espécies tem grande potencial para estudos ecológicos e ambientais no Brasil. / The trees of Tectona grandis (Verbenaceae) and Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis (Pinaceae) are used in dendroecological and dendroclimatologal studies by formation the annual growth rings. For these reasons, the study aimed to examine the tree-rings of the two species planted in Mata da Pedreira in Campus ESALQ/USP to climatic and ecological studies. We selected eight T. grandis trees (4 with and 4 without lianas occupying the trees canopy) and 10 P. caribaea trees (8 live - 4 with and 4 without lianas- and 2 dead). With the use Pressler increment borer was extracted 2-6 wood samples/tree of two species to analyze their trees-rings growth. Were applied: i) anatomical characterization macro and microscopic of trees-rings; ii) dendrochronology studies, by dating and evaluation of the trees radial growth; iii) evaluating the density of the wood by X-ray densitometry for determination of tree-rings density, biomass and carbon increment; iv) evaluating of influence of local climate and large-scale on tree-rings; v) Analysis of the vessel in T. grandis trees and false rings in P.caribaea trees. The main results showed that the anatomical characteristics of trees-rings of the both species coincide with those described in the literature; the series of trees-rings showed significant correlation with respect to the synchronization of trees-rings in the two species. The unfavorable effect of lianas in the canopy of trees T. grandis and P. caribaea was confirmed by the reduction of the tree-rings width in period 2000-2011 and 1976-2011, respectively. . The apparent density average of tree-rings (T. grandis: 0,64 g/cm3 e de P. caribaea: 0,60 g/cm3) allowed us to calculate the increase of carbon mass, resulting that trees without lianas had higher carbon stocks than those with lianas. The climatological analysis showed that P. caribaea showed positive correlations with water availability in the soil in the dry season; T. grandis trees showed positive correlations with period of highest rainfall, temperature of spring and AAO of fall in the current growing season, and negative correlation with El Niño event (TNI) in the fall. The ocupation of lianas on T. grandis trees caused the increase of the vessels area; the earlywood vessels (and frequency) had a significant correlation with the tree-rings, allowing build of chronologies of these parameters and evaluate the influences climate in the trees. The ocupation of lianas on P. caribaea trees induced a decrease in false rings, which are formed primarily by the increase of the previous July and current summer (DJF). The results of this study showed that the tree-rings analysis of the two species has great potential to ecological and climatical studies in Brazil.

No description available.