A diversificada e importante aplicação do lenho das plantações de eucalipto de rápido crescimento, com a aplicação de fertilização mineral, exigem a análise do seu efeito na qualidade do lenho. Com esse objetivo avaliou-se a dinâmica do incremento em diâmetro do tronco, as características anatômicas, físico-mecânicas e a concentração de nutrientes do lenho de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, plantadas no espaçamento de 3x2 m e fertilizadas com potássio e sódio (no plantio, 6º, 12° mês). Foram selecionadas 60 árvores de eucalipto, no 22º mês, em 5 classes de área basal e avaliado o incremento em diâmetro do tronco, a cada 14 dias, de fevereiro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2010, através de dendrômetros. Para a amostragem do lenho em diferentes porcentagens da altura total do tronco foram selecionadas e cortadas árvores de eucalipto com a idade de 12, 24, 36 e 48 meses, em 5 classes de área basal. As amostras do lenho das árvores de eucalipto com 12, 24 e 36 meses foram utilizadas na avaliação das suas características anatômicas e determinação da densidade básica ponderada. Para as amostras do lenho das árvores de eucalipto com 48 meses foram analisadas as características anatômicas (fibras e vasos), físicas (densidade aparente e básica), mecânicas (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática e resistência a compressão paralela as fibras) nos tratamentos de fertilização, nas classes de área basal, nas posições radial e longitudinal do tronco e realizadas regressões múltiplas. Os resultados mostraram que as árvores de eucalipto dos tratamentos potássio e sódio e as de maior classe de área basal, apresentaram taxas de incremento do tronco superiores em relação às do tratamento controle e demais classes de área basal. Para o diâmetro do tronco das árvores foi detectado um efeito da sazonalidade climática, com períodos de máximo e mínimo crescimento. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos de fertilização e classes de área basal das árvores para algumas características anatômicas e propriedades mecânicas; não foi observada diferença significativa para a densidade aparente e básica do lenho. Os maiores teores de potássio e de sódio foram encontrados no lenho das árvores dos respectivos tratamentos. A análise do teor de potássio e de sódio no lenho das árvores de eucalipto no 12º, 24º, 36º e 48º mês mostrou a maior retranslocação dos nutrientes nos respectivos tratamentos. Os resultados permitem concluir que os nutrientes, principalmente o potássio, induziu maior incremento em diâmetro e volume de lenho do tronco das árvores de eucalipto, sem alteração da sua densidade aparente e básica. A fertilização mineral influenciou algumas características anatômicas e propriedades mecânicas do lenho das árvores de eucalipto. O teor de potássio e de sódio variou nos tratamentos de fertilização, evidenciando a ocorrência de sua translocação no lenho das árvores ao longo da sua idade. / The diverse and important application of the wood in eucalyptus plantations of fast growth with the addition of mineral fertilizers, require the analysis of its effect on the woods quality. With this objective were evaluated the dynamics of the increment in trunk diameter, anatomical characteristics, physical-mechanical and nutrient concentration in Eucalyptus grandis trees planted at a spacing of 3x2 m and fertilized with potassium and sodium (at planting, 6, 12th month). Were selected 60 eucalyptus trees with 22 months, in five class of basal area and evaluated the increment in trunk diameter, every 14 days, from February 2006 to February 2010 through dendrometers bands. To sample the wood at different percentages of the total height of the trunk were selected and cut eucalyptus trees at the age of 12, 24, 36 and 48 months, in five class of basal area. The wood samples of eucalyptus trees with 12, 24 and 36 months were used in the evaluation of its anatomical and determination of the basic density. For eucalyptus trees wood samples with 48 months were analyzed the anatomic characteristics (fibers and vessels), physical (wood density), mechanical (strength and stiffness) in the treatment of fertilization, class of basal area, radial and longitudinal positions and multiple regressions. The results showed that the eucalyptus trees with the sodium and potassium treatments and the class of basal area upper had rates of growth upper than the control treatment and other class of basal area. For the trunk diameter of trees was detected a seasonal effect of climate, with periods of maximum and minimum growth. There were significant differences between fertilization treatments and class of basal area of trees to some anatomical characteristics, and mechanical properties; no difference was found for wood density. The higher concentration of potassium and sodium were found in trees of the respective treatments. The analysis of the content of potassium and sodium in the wood of the eucalyptus trees on the 12th, 24th, 36th and 48th months showed greater translocation of nutrients in the treatments. The results indicate that nutrients, particularly potassium, induced greater increase in volume and diameter of the eucalyptus trees trunk, without altering wood density. The mineral fertilization influenced some anatomical characteristics and mechanical properties of wood. The content of potassium and sodium varied in fertility treatments, indicating the occurrence of translocation in the wood of trees along its age.

The present work was developed with the objective of investigating the characteristics of bending of the wood of Sycamore (Platanus x acerifolia), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), and pecan (Carya illinoinensis) coming from forests non managed for this end from the area of the Depressão Central and Encosta Superior do Nordeste of the state Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. There were cut down five representative trees of each species and study area. There were determined the characteristics such as log as taper and idiosyncrasy. In the study there was defined the year of segregation of juvenile/adult wood by means of the radial variation of anatomical characteristics and basic density. The wood was bent in rays of 16 and 21 cm, with wood initial moisture of 14%, and after water boiling for 35 minutes. For the qualification of the defects of the bending wood, the methodology described by Vorreiter (1958) was followed. The most probable year of segregation is the defined by the radial variation of fiber length that was determined, respectively as, 21, 16 and 14 years for açoita-cavalo, pecan and sycamore. With relationship to the quality of the wood bending, the juvenile wood was surprisingly better than the adult wood for the rays and tested species. In this resard, there are not great needs of a forest handling that decreases the amount of juvenile wood. Nevertheless, trunk breakdown should be made respecting the direction of the fibers; thus, avoiding the main defect of the wood bending (splintering by tension). The best results of the bending wood were observed for the wood of pecan. Possibly, the ring porous wood, characteristic of the species, contributed in the result. Meanwhile, açoita-cavalo and sycamore, wood with diffuse porosity and of high parenchyma proportion, presented a great amount of defective pieces. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de investigar as características do vergamento da madeira de plátano (Platanus x acerifolia), açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata) e nogueira-pecã (Carya illinoinensis) procedentes de florestas não-manejadas para este fim das regiões da Depressão Central e Encosta Superior do Nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Foram abatidas cinco árvores adultas representativas de cada espécie e Região de estudo, das quais foram determinadas as características da forma do tronco como conicidade e índice de circularidade. No estudo definiu-se o ano de segregação dos lenhos juvenil/adulto por meio da variação radial de características anatômicas e de massa específica básica. As madeiras das espécies testadas foram vergadas em raios de 16 e 21 cm, com teor de umidade inicial de aproximadamente 14%, após cozimento em água fervente por 35 minutos. Para a qualificação dos defeitos de vergamento, foi seguida metodologia descrita por Vorreiter (1958). Os principais resultados indicam que o ano de segregação mais provável é o definido pela variação radial do comprimento da fibra que foi, respectivamente, 21, 16 e 14 anos para açoita-cavalo, nogueira-pecã e plátano. Quanto à qualidade do vergamento, os corpos-deprova do lenho juvenil vergaram surpreendentemente melhor que os corpos-de-prova do lenho adulto para os raios e espécies testadas. Dessa forma, não há grandes necessidades de um manejo florestal que diminua a quantidade de lenho juvenil. No entanto, o desdobro das toras deve ser feito respeitando a direção das fibras, assim evitando o principal defeito do vergamento observado (estilhaço). Na madeira de nogueira-pecã, foram observados os melhores resultados do vergamento independentemente do raio. Aparentemente, a porosidade em anel, característica da espécie, contribuiu para o resultado. Já as madeiras de açoita-cavalo e plátano, com porosidade difusa e com grande proporção de parênquima, apresentaram uma grande quantidade de peças defeituosas.

Afin de valoriser au mieux le bois de feuillu de qualité secondaire, il est important de comprendre ses propriétés et d'optimiser ses propriétés mécaniques. La variabilité de certaines propriétés structurelles, physiques et mécaniques du bois de hêtres et de chênes issus d’éclaircis a été étudiée. Des billons tirés de ces arbres ont été déroulés en trois épaisseurs (2.1, 3, and 4.2 mm). La qualité du placage a été évaluée en mesurant la proportion du nœud et les fissurations. Les propriétés mécaniques du LVL (lamibois) réalisé à partir de ces placages ont été mesurées par méthode destructive et non destructive. Chez les deux espèces, le bois juvénile est concentré dans une petite zone près de la moelle, de sorte qu'il y aura peu ou pas de bois juvénile déroulé. Les propriétés mécaniques et physiques du bois des deux espèces sont fortement influencées par sa densité. Le placage de 3 mm d'épaisseur a fourni les propriétés mécaniques optimales pour le LVL pour les deux espèces. Ces propriétés mécaniques sont comparables à celles de LVL réalisés à partir d'autres essences de feuillus. Le placage interne a fourni du LVL avec une densité plus élevée, mais des propriétés mécaniques plus faibles en raison de sa proportion de nœuds plus élevée. / To improve the value of secondary quality hardwood, it is important to understand its wood properties and optimize its mechanical properties. The variability of some structural, physical and mechanical properties of wood from beech and oak trees issued from thinning was studied. Logs from these trees were rotary peeled in three different veneer thicknesses (2.1, 3, and 4.2 mm). Veneer quality was assessed by measuring the veneer knot proportion and checking properties. The mechanical properties of LVL (laminated veneer lumber) made from these veneers were measured using the static and dynamic method. Juvenile wood in both species is concentrated in a very small area near the pith thus there will be no or low part juvenile wood peeled. The wood mechanical and physical properties of both species were strongly influenced by the wood density. The 3 mm thick veneer provided the optimal mechanical properties for LVL for both species. Such mechanical properties are comparable to LVL made with other hardwood species. The internal veneer provided LVL with higher density, but lower mechanical properties as a result of its higher proportion of knots.

L’optimisation de la biomasse produite par les taillis à courte rotation de peupliers représente un enjeu majeur pour la production de biocarburants de deuxième génération. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à faciliter le développement à court terme de nouvelles variétés clonales de peuplier permettant la production d’une ressource de qualité en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à l’architecture génétique de la résistance à la rouille foliaire et de la qualité du bois chez le peuplier noir (Populus nigra), espèce parente des hybrides cultivés. Des marqueurs SNP ont été développés à partir du séquençage de 665 fragments de gènes dans un panel de 21 individus. Ces derniers ont été associés à des marqueurs SSR et AFLP pour construire de nouvelles cartes génétiques sur une famille de 324 plein-frères clonés. Une technique de phénotypage à haut débit basée sur la spectrométrie à proche infrarouge a été développée pour prédire les teneurs en composés chimiques du bois ainsi que le rendement en saccharification. La mise en évidence d’une variabilité génétique importante pour l’ensemble des caractères a permis de cartographier les régions génomiques impliquées dans leur variation. Parmi les 11 QTL détectés pour la résistance, un QTL à effet majeur co-localise avec un QTL majeur associé à la résistance à la rouille foliaire du saule. Pour la qualité du bois, 15 QTL à effet faible à moyen ont été détectés, dont un cartographié sur le chromosome XIII qui colocalise avec des QTL précédemment identifiés chez le peuplier pour les teneurs en sucres et en lignines. Ce travail de thèse ouvre des perspectives d’identification de gènes sous-jacents aux QTL par génétique d’association. / Improvement of lignocellulosic resources from poplar short rotation coppices is a major challenge for the production of second generation biofuels. In this context, the present work aims at optimizing short term creation and deployment of improved poplar clonal varieties through the dissection of genetic control of both leaf rust resistance and wood quality in black poplar (Populus nigra), one of the parental species of cultivated hybrids. SNP markers have been developed from the resequencing of 665 gene fragments in a discovery panel of 21 individuals. These markers were combined with SSRs and AFLPs to build new genetic maps in a pedigree composed of 324 cloned full-sibs. High throughput phenotyping based on near infrared spectroscopy has been used to predict wood chemical contents and saccharification yield. High genetic variability expressed in all traits allowed the identification of genomic regions controlling this variation. Of the 11 QTL mapped for resistance, one major QTL co-localized with a major QTL previously detected for leaf rust resistance in willow. For wood quality, 15 QTL with low to moderate effect have been identified. Interestingly, one QTL mapped on chromosome XIII and colocalized with sugar and lignin contents QTL previously detected in poplar. Present results open perspectives towards the identification of candidate genes underlying the detected QTL through association genetics.

As madeiras utilizadas para produção de polpa celulósica podem ser divididas em dois grupos em função da fibra: folhosas (fibra curta) e coníferas (fibra longas), as espécies de folhosas são destinadas especialmente a papéis de escrita e impressão. As principais espécies de folhosas utilizadas para produção de polpa de fibra curta em outros países são o Eucalyptus globulus (Península Ibérica e Chile), Eucalyptus nitens (Chile), Populus tremuloides (Canadá), Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa (Indonésia). Este projeto tem por objetivo: avaliar e comparar o desempenho de madeiras utilizadas mundialmente para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta considerando parâmetros de qualidade da madeira tais como composição química, densidade básica, características anatômicas da madeira; com objetivo de fornecer informações estratégicas para o setor nacional de celulose e papel, visando o conhecimento e posicionamento em competitividade destas madeiras no mercado mundial. Para a realização deste trabalho foram coletadas 5 árvores de cada espécie as quais foram utilizados cavacos cortados manualmente obtidos de discos; com relação à madeira foram determinadas densidade básica, composição química e dimensões de fibras. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente sendo comparadas as diferentes espécies referentes à qualidade da madeira. / Wood used for pulp production may be divided in two major groups regarding fiber function: hardwood (short fiber) and softwood (long fibers). Hardwood species are mainly designated to writing and printing papers. Hardwood principal species used for production of short fiber pulp in other countries are Eucalyptus globulus (Iberian Peninsula and Chile), Eucalyptus nitens (Chile), Populus tremuloides (Canada), Acacia mangium and Acacia crassicarpa (Indonesia). This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of the main woods used worldwide for short fiber pulp production regarding wood quality parameters such as chemical composition, basic density and wood anatomical properties, in order to provide strategic information for national pulp and paper industry, aiming the knowledge and competitiveness of these woods at worldwide market. To accomplish this study, 5 trees from each species were collected and wood chips were manually cut. In relation to the wood, basic density, chemical composition and fiber lengths were determined. The results were statistically analyzed and the different species were compared regarding wood quality.

As madeiras utilizadas para produção de polpa celulósica podem ser divididas em dois grupos em função da fibra: folhosas (fibra curta) e coníferas (fibra longas), as espécies de folhosas são destinadas especialmente a papéis de escrita e impressão. As principais espécies de folhosas utilizadas para produção de polpa de fibra curta em outros países são o Eucalyptus globulus (Península Ibérica e Chile), Eucalyptus nitens (Chile), Populus tremuloides (Canadá), Acacia mangium, Acacia crassicarpa (Indonésia). Este projeto tem por objetivo: avaliar e comparar o desempenho de madeiras utilizadas mundialmente para produção de polpa celulósica de fibra curta considerando parâmetros de qualidade da madeira tais como composição química, densidade básica, características anatômicas da madeira; com objetivo de fornecer informações estratégicas para o setor nacional de celulose e papel, visando o conhecimento e posicionamento em competitividade destas madeiras no mercado mundial. Para a realização deste trabalho foram coletadas 5 árvores de cada espécie as quais foram utilizados cavacos cortados manualmente obtidos de discos; com relação à madeira foram determinadas densidade básica, composição química e dimensões de fibras. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente sendo comparadas as diferentes espécies referentes à qualidade da madeira. / Wood used for pulp production may be divided in two major groups regarding fiber function: hardwood (short fiber) and softwood (long fibers). Hardwood species are mainly designated to writing and printing papers. Hardwood principal species used for production of short fiber pulp in other countries are Eucalyptus globulus (Iberian Peninsula and Chile), Eucalyptus nitens (Chile), Populus tremuloides (Canada), Acacia mangium and Acacia crassicarpa (Indonesia). This study aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of the main woods used worldwide for short fiber pulp production regarding wood quality parameters such as chemical composition, basic density and wood anatomical properties, in order to provide strategic information for national pulp and paper industry, aiming the knowledge and competitiveness of these woods at worldwide market. To accomplish this study, 5 trees from each species were collected and wood chips were manually cut. In relation to the wood, basic density, chemical composition and fiber lengths were determined. The results were statistically analyzed and the different species were compared regarding wood quality.

Submitted by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-18T13:42:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ASSAD_Amanda_2017.pdf: 1129880 bytes, checksum: 2d9489f1716ddf9cfc07f666bbf7a447 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-18T13:42:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ASSAD_Amanda_2017.pdf: 1129880 bytes, checksum: 2d9489f1716ddf9cfc07f666bbf7a447 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-18T13:42:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ASSAD_Amanda_2017.pdf: 1129880 bytes, checksum: 2d9489f1716ddf9cfc07f666bbf7a447 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-18T13:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ASSAD_Amanda_2017.pdf: 1129880 bytes, checksum: 2d9489f1716ddf9cfc07f666bbf7a447 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Não recebi financiamento / From increase of technology in forest products area, studies of native species are essential for development of industry and reforestation. As most of wood used for various applications comes from native forests, especially Amazon forest, exploitation without due legal measures puts at risk the wood conservation this Brazilian biome.In this context, studies are needed to characterize and study wood native quality indicating its most appropriate use. As an example we mention Balfourodendron riedelianum and the study of its anatomical, physical and mechanical properties with information about its age, seed provenance and planting data.The present study had as goals: a) determine the effect of seed provenances on tree volume, volume per hectare and mean annual increment of Balfourodendron riedelianum. b) determine variations in properties and anatomy in function of seed provenances and radial variation. c) characterize physical-mechanical properties to know wood strength and strength class. B. riedelianum seed lings were grown from the seeds planted in 1984 in the state of São Paulo, cities of Gália and Bauru, and in the state of Paraná, city of Alvorada do Sul. We felled 36 randomly selected trees, 12 from each seed provenance. A butt logwith1.3 m long was removed from the base of each tree, and a central plank was cut to obtain specimens for physical and mechanical properties and anatomical features. Three radial positions were established: the nearest part of trunk center, designated as pith, a middle position, and a position close to the bark, designated as bark.From standardized methodologies, the effect of seed provenance on tree volume, volume per hectare and average annual increment of Balfourodendron riedelianum were determined. Followed by determination of anatomical properties variations founded due seed provenances and radial variation. We also performed characterization of physical-mechanical properties by determination of wood strength and Strength class. We conclude that there were variations in wood volume and properties corroborating that trees were influenced by seed provenance. Alvorada do Sul wood presented higher strength and homogeneity compared to the other two provenances, whereas Gália and Bauru had the highest average annual increment. / Com o crescimento da tecnologia na área de produtos florestais o estudo de espécies nativas é essencial para o desenvolvimento da indústria e o reflorestamento.Como grande parte da madeira empregada para as mais diversas aplicações é proveniente de florestas nativas, especialmente a floresta amazônica,a exploração sem as devidas medidas legais coloca em risco a conservação da madeira deste bioma brasileiro. Neste contexto são necessários estudos que caracterizem e avaliem a qualidade de madeiras nativas indicando seu uso mais adequado. Como exemplo cita – se oBalfourodendron riedelianum e o estudo de suas propriedades anatômicas, físicas e mecânicas com informações quanto à sua idade, origem das sementes e dados do plantio. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: a) determinar e avaliar o crescimento em volume e incremento anual de Balfourodendron riedelianum oriundo de três procedências de sementes aos 30 anos de idade; b) caracterizar a madeira de Balfourodendron riedelianum quanto às suas propriedades física, mecânicas e anatômicas para determinação de sua qualidade; c) verificar se existem alterações nas propriedades em função das diferentes procedências das sementes e variação radial. As mudas das árvores de Balfourodendron riedelianum foram plantadas a partir de sementes de polinização aberta no ano de 1984, coletadas de três populações naturais de diferentes regiões: Alvorada do Sul-PR, Gália-SP e Bauru-SP e plantadas na Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio (EELA). Foram coletadas 36 árvores, 12 árvores de cada procedência, um tronco basal de 1,30m foi retirado de cada árvore e em seguida retirado amostras de três posições radiais, sendo próximo à medula, região intermediária e próximo à casca. A partir de metodologias comumente empregadas foram determinados o efeito da procedência das sementes em volume da árvore, volume por hectare e incremento médio anual de Balfourodendron riedelianum. Seguido pela determinação das variações na estrutura da madeira decorrentes das procedências das sementes e da variação radial. Também foi realizada a caracterização das propriedades físico-mecânicas determinando a resistência da madeira e a classe de resistência. Concluiu - se que ocorreram variações no volume e nas propriedadesfisicomecânicas da madeira confirmando que as árvores foram influenciadas pela procedência. A madeira proveniente de Alvorada do Sul apresentou maior resistência e homogeneidade comparada as outras duas procedências, porém Gália e Bauru apresentaram maior incremento médio anual.

La ressource forestière en Guyane occupe une place maîtresse au sein de la région et est encore majoritairement préservée, mais la filière bois parvient difficilement à valoriser la biodiversité locale en raison de l’hétérogénéité de la ressource. Identifier les essences à planter demain représente aujourd’hui un enjeu à la fois environnemental, économique et social pour la Guyane. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. et Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. vont à l’encontre des modèles usuels en associant vitesse de croissance et qualité du bois et sont identifiées comme prometteuses pour la plantation. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la dynamique de croissance des deux espèces révèle un modèle écologique singulier, à la fois pionnières et longévives. La variabilité de l’infradensité dans l’arbre est l’élément clé qui permet un tel développement, favorisant une croissance rapide dans les premières années tout en assurant la longévité de l’individu. Dans une seconde partie, l’analyse d’un large panel de propriétés du bois (retrait, module, durabilité) en lien avec le développement de l’arbre confirme les qualités technologiques des deux espèces et permet l’émergence de résultats novateurs tels que le rôle des extractibles sur le retrait, le contrôle de la croissance grâce aux variations d’infradensité, l’évolution des traits foliaires au cours de l’ontogénie ou encore la mise en place de contrefil dans l’arbre pour assurer son maintien. La connaissance acquise vis-à-vis du mode de développement de ces deux espèces et des facteurs influençant la qualité de leur bois permet aujourd’hui de définir avec plus de précision le cadre d’un projet de plantation et les conditions de son succès. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement d’orienter la recherche de nouvelles espèces d’avenir pour la plantation en Guyane. / The forests of French Guiana occupy a central part of the region’s potential resource base, but as yet remain almost completely unexploited. This stems from the forestry industry struggling to valorize wood stocks of a high diversity with an extremely heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, identifying essences for future propagation is an issue of both environmental and socio-economic importance for the region. Bagassa guianensis Aubl. and Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken. go against conventional models, in that they display the life history characteristics of rapid growth and wood of high quality, and thus are species of high potential for future plantations. Firstly, our study of growth characteristics reveals a defined strategy half way between long-lived species and pioneer species. It is the variability of basic density of wood which is a key trait allowing for such a development, favoring rapid growth in initial years whilst allowing for tree longevity. Secondly, the analysis of a range of wood properties (shrinkage, modulus of elasticity, durability) in relation to tree growth confirms the technologic quality of the two species. It also enables the emergence of new results like the effect of extractives on wood stability, the control of growth as a result of basic density variation, the evolution of leaf traits throughout tree development or the improvement of trunk maintenance thanks to interlocked grain. The knowledge gained in relation to the developmental traits of these two species, and to the quality of their wood allows for the elaboration of plantation projects and what will be required for their success. The results of this study can orientate future studies on novel species for commercialization in French Guiana.

Au cours des quarante dernières années, l’optimisation des méthodes sylvicoles et l’introduction de variétés améliorées ont permis d’accroître considérablement la productivité du pin maritime. Pour permettre à la filière bois de disposer d’une matière première de qualité sur ce matériel amélioré, un programme de recherches multidisciplinaire a été développé afin d’étudier le déterminisme génétique de la qualité du bois. Neuf facteurs de transcription potentiellement impliqués dans la xylogenèse et l’adaptation des arbres à leur milieu, ont tout d’abord été séquencés dans la population Aquitaine, et leurs patrons de diversité nucléotidique ont été étudiés. Ces patrons ont été comparés à l’attendu de modèles neutres d’évolution et s’en écartent par un niveau élevé de déséquilibre de liaison et l’excès de mutations en fréquences intermédiaires détectés pour trois de ces gènes (HDZ31, LIM2 et MYB1). Ces résultats suggèrent des changements de taille de population affectant l’ensemble du génome, et l’action de sélection balancée sur l’un d’entre eux (MYB1). Les géniteurs de la population d’amélioration Aquitaine ont ensuite été génotypés pour 384 marqueurs moléculaires et évalués pour la croissance et les propriétés chimiques du bois. Ces données moléculaires et phénotypiques ont permis de mettre en évidence des associations significatives entre la variation pour le diamètre du tronc ou la teneur en cellulose du bois et deux marqueurs situés respectivement dans un facteur de transcription HD-Zip (HDZ31) et dans un gène encodant une fascicline. La cohérence des résultats de génétique évolutive et de génétique d’association ouvre ainsi des perspectives encourageantes pour la compréhension de l’architecture génétique de la formation du bois chez cette espèce. Cependant, le faible nombre d’associations significatives pose de nombreux problèmes théoriques et méthodologiques qui sont discutés en vue d’améliorations pour de nouveaux designs expérimentaux. / During the last four decades, the optimization of silvicultural and tree breeding methods has contributed to improve growth and wood homogeneity of maritime pine. In order to provide the different actors of the forestry wood-chain with high quality raw material, the genetic determinism and chemical components of wood quality are being studied in the frame of a multidisciplinary research program. First, nine transcription factors putatively involved in wood formation have been sequenced in the Aquitaine population, and their nucleotide diversity pattern studied. Since these genes potentially play important roles in the adaptation of trees to their environment, their patterns have been compared to those expected under neutral evolution. Strong departures from neutrality were observed, with high levels of linkage disequilibrium and an excess of intermediate frequency variants for three of them (HDZ31, LIM2 and MYB1), which could be linked to population size changes that affected the whole genome, and to balancing selection effects at one of them (MYB1). Secondly, the genitors of the Aquitaine breeding population were genotyped for 384 markers and evaluated for growth and wood chemical properties. Significant associations were detected for two markers, one in a HD-Zip transcription factor (HDZ31) with growth, and the other in a gene coding for a fasciclin protein with cellulose content. The consistency of evolutionary and molecular genetics opens encouraging perspectives for understanding the genetic architecture of wood formation in this species. However, the low number of associations detected raises several theoretical and methodological issues which are discussed for the perspective of improving future experimental designs.

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