The purpose of this study is to give a description of how six pedagogues in the third and fourth grade teaches mathematics and which working methods they use. When using the term working methods it is implied that it can for example be outdoors pedagogic, laboratory material, problem solutions et cetera. This material can both be an everyday material or a pedagogical material. The research was carried through by interviews and observations. Six pedagogues were interviewed in two different districts. Most of the pedagogues taught in the third grade and some in the fourth grade. The results show that all of the pedagogues use outdoor pedagogic, laboratory material and the schoolbook when teaching in mathematics.   According to the pedagogues elaborative material is when the pupils use their hands and bodies. The pupils are supposed to feel and act. The pedagogues work with elaborative material first by giving an introduction about the material that they are going to use in the mathematical lessons. The pedagogues use elaborative material so that the pupils get a better understanding. The pedagogues also considered that using elaborative material contributed to the pupils learning by several other senses, which then led to an easier and more fun understanding of mathematics.

The purpose of this report is to examine which working methods and forms of work some teachers for grades 1-3, describes that they use in mathematics teaching, what makes them choose the working methods and forms of work, and if their attitude to mathematics teaching changed in recent years. In order to examine this, qualitative interviews with six teachers have been implemented. It emerged that these teachers partly use a variety of working methods and multiple forms of work in their mathematics teaching even if this differs between different teachers. Their arguments to the choice of working methods and forms of work are that they believe that the chosen working method, or form of work, works based on their own experience and partly because it is timesaving but also that changes in working methods in other topics inspired. All teachers think they have changed their attitude to mathematics teaching in different ways. / Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilka arbetssätt och arbetsformer som några lärare i årskurs 1-3 beskriver att de väljer att använda i matematikundervisningen, vad som gör att de valt just dessa arbetssätt och arbetsformer samt om deras inställning till matematikundervisningen förändrats de senaste åren. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervju med sex lärare genomförts. Det framkom att dessa lärare till viss del använder ett varierat arbetssätt och flera olika arbetsformer i sin matematikundervisning även om det skiljer sig mellan olika lärare. Deras argument till val av arbetssätt och arbetsformer är dels för att de anser att dessa arbetssätt och arbetsformer fungerar, baserat på deras egen erfarenhet, dels för att det är tidsbesparande men även för att ändrade arbetssätt i andra ämnen inspirerat. Samtliga lärare anser att de ändrat inställning till matematikundervisning på olika sätt.

Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva olika arbetssätt som lärare använder i sin matematikundervisning, och vilka faktorer som vissa lärare anser styr vilka arbetssätt de väljer att arbeta med, samt att visa på hur vissa lärare anser att de har ändrat sin undervisning sedan de deltagit i Matematiksatsningen, som är en satsning från regeringen att förbättra matematikundervisningen, eller under sin tid som lärare. I den teoretiska bakgrunden beskrivs ramfaktorteorin, vilket är yttre faktorer som kan påverka skolan som organisation, exempelvis i form av tidsfördelning, klasstorlek och andra ekonomiska resurser. Jag beskriver också den sociokulturella teorin och hur Piaget och Vygotskij beskriver barns olika intelligensnivåer. Undersökningens datainsamling skedde i form av kvalitativ halvstrukturerad intervju, där jag utgick från en intervjuguide med frågor för att ta reda på vilka arbetssätt dessa lärare säger sig arbeta med och vilka faktorer de anser påverkar deras val av arbetssätt. Samt hur de anser att Matematiklyftet har påverkat deras sätt att undervisa och hur de anser att de har ändrat sin undervisning under tiden som lärare. Resultatet av intervjuerna kan kort sammanfattas att de intervjuade lärarna arbetar med många arbetssätt men i olika utsträckning, och att faktorer som påverkar valet av arbetssätt också ser olika ut, i stora drag nämner de faktorer som gruppstorlek, gruppsammansättning, miljö och material. De intervjuade lärarna beskriver också att de under sin tid som lärare och framförallt efter Matematiklyftet har dragit ner på drillövningar och istället jobbar mer med problemlösninguppgifter. / The purpose of this study is to describe the different working methods that teachers use in their teaching of mathematics, and the factors that some teachers believe effect the choice of their working methods.  The interviewed teachers also describe how they think that they have changed their teaching since they participated in Math Initiative, which is an effort to improve mathematics education from the government, or their time as teachers.   In the theoretical background I describe ramfaktorteorin, which are external factors that can affect the school as an organization, such as scheduling, class size and other economic resources.  I also describe the socio-cultural theory and how Piaget and Vygotskij describes children's different levels of intelligence.   I collected data for my thesis in the form of qualitative semi-structured interview, which was based on an interview guide. With these questions I wanted to find out what different work methods these teachers say they use in their teaching in mathematics. What factors do they believe affect their choice of working methods? And how they think that Mathematics Initiative has affected their way of teaching and how they believe that they have changed their teaching during their time as a teacher. The result of the interviews can be summarized that the interviewed teachers work with many different working methods in very varying degrees, and the factors that affect the choice of working methods also varying, they mention factors  group size, group composition, environment and materials. The interviewed teachers also describes that during their time as a teacher and especially after the Mathematics Initiative they have drawn down on drill exercises and instead work more with problem-solving tasks.

La mejora de los procesos es fundamental en el crecimiento de cualquier organización que tenga metas cada más ambiciosa. Entre estas organizaciones se encuentra las empresas del rubro joyero que requieres de diversos recursos como la mano de obra calificada, tecnología y proveedores confiables, que cumplan los plazos de entrega establecidos y cuenten con productos de calidad. Es por ello, que las empresas de este rubro buscan a estos proveedores para mantener una relación a largo plazo con sus clientes, ya que de ellos dependerá del ritmo de producción que tendrá la empresa productora de joyas. En la presente investigación se realiza con la finalidad de analizar la situación actual de trabajo en una empresa productora de joyas y presentar propuestas de mejora en los procesos realizados por esta que pueda aumentar su rentabilidad y satisfacer las necesidades que tengan sus clientes actuales y potenciales. En primer lugar, en el proyecto se dará una presentación de los conceptos teóricos que son necesarios para realizar el diagnóstico de la problemática, de esta manera se tendrá diversas herramientas que serán útiles para poder plantear las diversas propuestas de mejora en Arin S.A. Las propuestas de mejoras estarán planteadas para poder optimizar los procesos que realizan y de esta manera establecer una cultura de mejora continua dentro de la organización. Por último, el objetivo de esta investigación es que se pueda ordenar el área de producción y ejecutar las propuestas de mejora que se consideren necesarias. Gracias a ello, se optimizará los procesos internos de tal manera que se consigan procedimientos eficientes y eficaces cambiando procedimientos, modificando métodos de trabajo, eliminando procesos improductivos y elevando el ritmo de producción. / Process improvement is fundamental to the growth of any organization with increasingly ambitious goals. Among these organizations are the jewelry companies that require various resources such as skilled labor, technology and reliable suppliers, that meet delivery deadlines and have quality products. It is for this reason that the companies in this area look for these suppliers to maintain a long-term relationship with their customers, since they will depend on the rate of production that will have the jewelry producing company. This research is carried out with the aim of analysing the current work situation in a jewellery production company and presenting proposals for improving the processes carried out by this one, so as to increase its profitability and satisfy the needs of its current and potential clients. In the first place, the project will give a presentation of the theoretical concepts that are necessary to make the diagnosis of the problem, in this way will have various tools that will be useful to raise the various proposals for improvement in Arin SA. The proposals for improvements will be raised to optimize the processes they perform and thus establish a culture of continuous improvement within the organization. Finally, the objective of this research is to be able to organize the production area and execute the improvement proposals that are considered necessary. As a result, internal processes will be optimized in such a way that efficient and effective procedures are achieved by changing procedures, modifying working methods, eliminating unproductive processes and increasing the production rate. / Tesis

Syftet med denna rapport är att redogöra för de olika arbetssätt och arbetsformer som används under matematikundervisningen på en grundskola i Barbados. Vi har undersökt om det fokuseras på abstrakt eller konkret matematik samt hur de använder sig av det matematiska språket i sin matematikundervisning, då vi anser att språket har en stor roll i inlärningen. Vi har observerat matematiklektionerna samt intervjuat utvalda pedagoger på skolan, utifrån dessa undersökningsmetoder har vi fått fram ett resultat som analyseras och diskuteras i slutet av rapporten. Resultatet av undersökning visar att den abstrakta matematiken, individuellt arbete med matematikboken, är den undervisningsmetod som används mest på skolan.

The aim of this study was to examine how the activities of two preschools develop the language in matter of the teacher’s work of procedure. The following research questions were essential for the survey and therefore formed the basis of the examination: How do the teachers in both preschools work in a language evolving way? What significance does the environment have for the language development? Are there similarities and differences between the preschools in their language development approach? The study is based on a qualitative method, where the teachers of both preschools were interviewed with the purpose of obtaining information. The teacher’s statements and interviews were analyzed in relation to previous research, where the theories of different writers form the base of the theoretical connection to the study. The teachers view in developing the language regarding to their aspirations in measuring the language an important position in their operation, can be portraied as the conclusions of this study. Both preschools share a common view that the linguistic development is of great importance and should for that reason be highlighted as well as emphasized in the teachers working methods. However, the teachers in both preschools differ in their view considering language development due to their different ideas of witch working methods best stimulate the students linguistic abilities to development. The preschools working methods can be seen from a positive point of view and also from a critical one in relation to the examination, where the teacher’s interviews were analyzed and discussed. Accordingly, the teachers in both preschools aspire to achieve the best results for language development.

The aim of this qualitative and exploratory study is to increase the understanding of the effects digitalization has on the tools and working methods of the audit profession. This is achieved through 14 semi-structured interviews with practicing auditors, where emphasis is put on interpretation. Conclusions drawn are that the effect on the auditors’ working methods are more prominent than on the tools, due to paperless working methods and increased flexibility. Unlike previous research, this study also discovers an increasing effect – education. Thereby, education is underlined as important among auditors, where institutions also have to develop available education to the new competence needed.

When organizations are growing, hierarchical structure makes it tougher to adapt to change. In a dynamic and fast-changing world, the need for flexibility in organizations to meet customer demands are higher thanever. What customer demands, and how customer value is created, is to some extent unclear since it varies between industries, companies, and individuals. Although many researchers have discussed customer valuefor a long time, accurate conclusions seem hard to find. Recently, many organizations have adopted Agile methodology to handle challenges in a changing business environment. However, few scientific studieshave emphasized how this can be managed well in the IT consulting industry.This study aims to investigate how customer value is affected by Agile methodology, hence an investigationof what drives customer value in the IT consulting industry is conducted. Through a literature study on customer value in the IT consulting industry, the authors have identified 16 key dimensions of customer value, which have been divided into product-based value, service-based value, and relationship-based value.A case study on Elvenite AB, who is currently transforming into an Agile organization, is used as research approach, where a total of 19 interviews with experts, employees and customers were conducted. Data wasalso collected via a validation form and by participating observation, where the authors participated in Agile ceremonies at the case study company.An analysis of the result shows that the value dimensions responsiveness, empathy, reliability, and supplier solidarity with customers are very important to customers. The results also shows that Agile methodologypositively affects the value dimensions responsiveness, communication, and flexibility the most. A chart between customer value and Agile methodology’s impact, shows that responsiveness and empathy should be emphasized the most if an Agile organization wants to maximize customer value in the IT consulting industry. Agile working methods and an Agile mindset creates value through increased transparency, alignment, and through an incremental value delivery where various stakeholders are involved. On an external level, IT consulting firms should emphasize the importance of highly valued dimension in the Agile delivery. On an internal level, Agile organizations should make sure to enable an optimal flow of prioritization andcommunication in the organization, decentralize decision-making and build Agile teams around valu

Med en kvalitativ metod undersöker studien det agila arbetssättet inom projektledning förstadsutvecklingsprojekt genom en fallstudie av Nacka kommuns projekt Nacka Stad. Studiensyftar till att identifiera och förtydliga problem och hinder en applicering av ett agilt arbetssättkan leda till och hur arbetssättet i praktiken skiljer sig från litteratur om det agila arbetssättet ihandböcker och vetenskapliga artiklar – med hopp om att ge en djupare förståelse för agilaarbetsmetoder inom projektledning av stadsutvecklingsprojekt.Studien beskriver det agila manifestet och dess kärnprinciper, tillvägagångssättet för Scrumoch Kanban samt tittar på vad det innebär att ha en agil mentalitet. Genom detta formulerasatt essensen av ett agilt arbetssätt är att arbetsfördelningen sker i korta, regelbundna ochfrekventa cykler av tydliga uppgifter, där deltagandet av kunden och medarbetarna iplaneringsprocessen är centralt och strukturen av organisationen är i ‘teams’.Fallstudien visade att även om vissa agila metoder appliceras görs detta utan tydlig struktur.Det som kunde identifieras som agilt var att projektresultat i form av tidplan levererades oftaoch det nya arbetssättet gav en bättre överblick av helheten för delprojektledare. En nymötesplan visade agila element av att ha mer möten med kommunikation face-to-face för attfå snabbare beslut. Användandet av en digital Kanban tavla och en form av Scrum-mötenobserverades där en ’backlog’ av uppgifter delades ut mellan samordningsteamet.Scrum-mötena hade dock låg energi och fundamentala agila metoder såsom ’stand-upmeetings’ och Sprints applicerades inte. Full applicering av agila metoder visade sig svårt dåbeslutsprocesser var tröga och organisationen fortfarande hade en tydlig hierarkisk struktur.Fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer utfördes som bekräftade observationerna. Upplevda hindermed agila metoder och att applicera dem beskrevs som att det saknades motivation ochstruktur.Studien mynnar ut i att det agila arbetssättet behöver förvaltas och att det i praktiken intefungerar att applicera agila metoder på ett i agilt sätt utan det behöver ske strukturerat och konsekvent för att ge önskat resultat om högre engagemang och en effektivare organisation. / With a qualitative method, the study investigates the agile working methods within projectmanagement for urban development projects through a case study of Nacka municipality'sproject Nacka Stad. The study aims to identify and clarify problems and obstacles anapplication of an agile way of working can lead to and how the working method differs fromthe literature in manuals and scientific articles - with the hope of giving a deeperunderstanding of agile working methods within project management of urban developmentprojects.The study describes the agile manifesto and its core principles, the methods Scrum andKanban, and explores what it means to have an agile mentality. By this it is formulated thatthe essence of an agile working method is that the work is divided in short, regular andfrequent cycles of clear tasks, where the participation of the customer and the employees inthe planning process is fundamental and the structure of the organization is in teams.The case study showed that although some agile methods are applied, this is done withoutclear structure. What could be identified as agile was that project results in the form oftimetables were often delivered and the new way of working gave a better overview of theoverall picture for sub-project managers. A new meeting plan showed agile elements ofhaving more meetings with face-to-face communication to get faster decisions. The use of adigital Kanban board and a form of Scrum meetings was observed where a backlog ofinformation was distributed between the coordination team.However, the Scrum meetings had low energy and fundamental agile methods such as standupmeetings and Sprints were not applied. Full application of agile methods proved to bedifficult as decision processes were slow and the organization still had a clear hierarchicalstructure.Four semi-structured interviews were conducted which confirmed the observations.Experienced obstacles with agile methods and implementing them were described as thelacking of motivation and structure.The study concludes that the agile way of working needs to be managed and that it in practicedoes not work to apply agile methods in an agile way, that it instead needs to be structured and consistent in order to obtain the desired results of increased involvement from theemployees and a more efficient organization. The report is written in Swedish.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka kopplingen mellan hur professionella inom socialt arbete arbetar med män som utövat våld i en nära relation och hur de ser på problemet. Som metod användes en kvalitativ intervjustudie med sju yrkesverksamma inom socialt arbete. De informanter som deltog arbetade antingen inom socialtjänsten eller i verksamheter som erbjuder behandling för våldsutövande män. I studien användes ett genusperspektiv och den ekologiska modellen som teoretiska utgångspunkter. Studiens resultat visar att professionellas arbete speglar deras syn på mäns våld mot kvinnor. De som arbetar med kvinnorna ser konsekvenserna av våldet medan de som arbetar med männen ser de som könsneutrala människor som behöver hjälp. Resultatet visar även på vikten av att våldsutövare tar ansvar för våldet och söker hjälp, detta för att undvika att våldsproblematiken förs vidare eller fortsätter. Vidare framkommer brister både i metod vid behandling av våldsutövande män samt i socialtjänstens förmåga att identifiera en våldsutsatthet respektive våldsutövande. Den behandlingsmetod som används berör inte den koppling som finns mellan manlighet och våldsutövning och de professionella som arbetar behandlande tycks sakna detta perspektiv. / The purpose of this study was to examine the connection between how social work professionals, work with men who use violence in an intimate relationship and how they see the problem. To conduct the study a qualitative method was used that included interviews with seven professionals in social work. The professionals who participated worked either in social services or in organizations offering treatment for violent men. The study used a gender perspective and the ecological model as theoretical points.  The results of the study show that the professionals' work reflects their view of men's violence against women. Those who work with women see the consequences of violence while those working with the men see them as gender neutral people who need help. The results also show the importance for offenders to take responsibility for the violence and seek help, this is to avoid that the problems of violence are forwarded or continues. Furthermore, the lack of ability to identify the violence victimization and violence is found both in the methods used in treatment of violent men as well as in the social service’s. The method used for treatment does not affect the link between masculinity and violence, the professionals who work with treatment also seem to lack this perspective.