The thesis begins with an introductory chapter that explains the creative process, providing quotes from well-known poets and examples from my own personal history and ideas. Some of the creative concepts discussed are different manifestations of inspiration, such as the duende and the Muses. However, the act of creating a work of art--what actually occurs when an artist works--remains undiscovered. Every poet is part of the poetic tradition, yet she also strives to supersede that very tradition. In my poetry, I try to build on and deviate from the poetic tradition, while simultaneously representing events from my cultural and personal history. Twenty-nine poems follow the introduction. The poems included in this volume represent a contemporary writing style influenced by Romanticism and Modernism, apparent in nature imagery and ambiguity.

Despite increased efforts by linguists and educationalists to facilitate literacy and literature development in minority languages, there are still many languages worldwide which do not have a written form. One area that needs attention in literature production for a newly written language is the question of writing style. As the features of good style are language-specific, writing style guidelines have to be developed for each language anew. It has been assumed that such vernacular writing style develops predominantly by mother tongue speaker intuition. However, very few studies have been carried out to verify this. This research is set within the confines of the literacy project in the Rangi language of Northern Tanzania. As a contribution to the development of a natural writing style in Rangi, this research investigates what evidence for stylistic preferences can be found in texts that were produced by Rangi authors writing in their mother tongue for the first time. The main data of this study are 112 texts which were collected during a one-day writers workshop conducted between May 2005 and January 2006 in four different locations. One way of observing stylistic preferences is through analysing the changes which authors make in successive versions of their text. Of the 112 texts in the database, 71 display stylistic changes between draft and revised versions. These texts are then investigated in more detail, e.g. with regard to text length, lexical density and story components. The subsequent comparative analysis of draft version versus revised version of each text operates at three levels: narrative elements at the text level, lexical choice at the word level, and word order, tense-aspect verb forms and participant reference at the clause level. At all three levels, stylistic conventions could be identified, e.g. formulaic introductions and codas, elimination of Swahili loanwords, or certain tense-aspect usages. Despite such commonalities, this research suggests that, far from developing intuitively, vernacular writing style is influenced by a variety of factors, not least by previously available literature in languages of wider communication or in the target language itself. Among the concluding recommendations of this study for future vernacular writers workshops is the advice to employ guided editing which encourages multiple drafting and treats the different levels of editing separately, i.e. story structure, lexical choice and grammatical features.

The aim of this thesis is to improve the formal aspects of the Czech case briefs. The formal aspect represents the language, syntax and overall style of writing of case briefs written by lawyers. In the Czech Republic, the legal aspect is neglected. There is no professional literature dealing with this issue. The consequence of such an approach are then very confusing, stylistically poor-quality texts. Since I could not use any legal books when writing my thesis, I had to draw inspiration from other disciplines (linguistic, journalism, psychology and creative writing). I had to then apply this knowledge to the specific environment of legal writing in my thesis, namely on the case briefs. Fortunately, this legal issue is well mapped in the USA, so I also draw my inspiration from the American professional literature dealing with this issue. The thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, I focused on what do the typical Czech case briefs look like, what are their formal shortcomings and how to correct them. In the second chapter, I tried to figure out the factors that influence the style of the Czech case briefs. The third chapter is inspired by the American briefs. Of course not everything can be applied to the Czech environment. The reason for that is the difference in the legal...

HYBNER, Otakar. Bachelor Diploma Thesis: Genre of the Bachelor Diploma Thesis, its Formation and Contemporary Form. Prague, 2019. Master thesis. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Department of Czech Language. Supervisor PhDr. Radka Holanová, Ph.D. This master thesis deals with the context of conditions leading to the existence of the bachelor thesis genre. A style norm of this expert communication genre is interpreted on the basis of the available literature. The overall conception of this issue in the available literature is evaluated. With respect to the style norm, criteria that are expected to be fulfilled in a bachelor thesis are set. The fulfilment of the criteria is tested on a randomly selected sample of bachelor theses.

nÃo hà / Para que se desenvolva uma pesquisa acerca da formaÃÃo intelectual e literÃria de Graciliano Ramos torna-se imprescindÃvel recorrer à fortuna crÃtica existente sobre o autor de S. Bernardo, no intuito de se identificar, primeiramente, sua trajetÃria como leitor. à necessÃrio, pois, que se faÃa um levantamento histÃrico dos principais fatos que marcaram a primeira metade do sÃculo XX, principalmente, no Brasil, para que se torne evidente o itinerÃrio percorrido pelo escritor alagoano, bem como suas leituras preferidas, alÃm de se procurar demarcar os espaÃos em que ele conviveu e as pessoas com quem se relacionou. Em razÃo disso, à proposta, nesta pesquisa, uma investigaÃÃo da trajetÃria literÃria de Graciliano Ramos à luz de categorias como campo literÃrio, apresentada por Pierre Bourdieu em As Regras da Arte (1996); paratopia e contexto, à luz das ideias de Dominique Maingueneau, em O contexto da obra literÃria (1995), no intuito de se discutir o processo de formaÃÃo do escritor, utilizando-se como apoio de suas obras Linhas Tortas (1962), MemÃrias do CÃrcere (1953) e InfÃncia (1945). Ainda, nesta pesquisa, procura-se discutir os conceitos de influÃncia e desleitura, à luz da teoria de Harold Bloom, atravÃs, respectivamente, das obras A AngÃstia da InfluÃncia (1991) e Um Mapa da Desleitura (s.d.), tendo como apoio suas obras AngÃstia (1936), S. Bernardo (1934) e MemÃrias do CÃrcere (1953). PropÃe-se, ainda nesta fase da pesquisa, detectar as influÃncias de Machado de Assis na obra de Graciliano Ramos, bem como o seu esforÃo para livrar-se de tal influÃncia, para tornar-se tambÃm um âPoeta Forteâ. Discutem-se ainda os conceitos de estilo e escritura, à luz das ideias de Roland Barthes, em O grau zero da escritura (1953), e MÃrio de Andrade, em âO Artista e o ArtesÃoâ. In: O Baile das quatro artes.(1975). Desse modo, a pesquisa Graciliano Ramos: FormaÃÃo Intelectual, LiterÃria e Campo de Conflito da Escritura em S.Bernardo encontra-se dividida em trÃs capÃtulos: O Brasil na primeira metade do sÃculo XX, A paratopia em Graciliano Ramos e A AngÃstia da InfluÃncia em Graciliano Ramos. HÃ, ainda, em anexo, um artigo de minha autoria intitulado âAspectos SemiÃticos em S.Bernardoâ, que procura destacar na obra de Graciliano Ramos as relaÃÃes semiÃticas dentro da crÃtica literÃria; e uma âBreve HistÃria da EstÃticaâ, extraÃda de uma pÃgina da Internet, de autoria de Carlos Fontes. Essa divisÃo da pesquisa em trÃs capÃtulos permite a construÃÃo de um mapa que evidencia os deslocamentos de Graciliano Ramos na formaÃÃo de sua trajetÃria intelectual e artÃstica, a qual o coloca entre os maiores escritores da Literatura Brasileira.

Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams. / The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given.

The current study aims to establish, if authors idiolect can be recognized in electronic mails language and to determine the features of lexis and graphics, which can be linked to idiolect. The data has been derived from a corpus of 65,000 words consisting of electronic letters written in Lithuanian by six persons. The WordSmith Tools software was used to generate frequency lists of six subcorpora, representing each person’s language. By using the contrastive method the frequency data of six persons language were compared. The lexis and graphics elements, which were used by one person more often or more rarely than by others and were not determined by the topic, were linked to authors idiolect. As a result of the analysis the classification of lexical and graphical elements is given, which can help recognizing idiolect. The study shows that on a lexical level the main differences between idiolects are in the usage of the modality and stance expressing words, and also the words and abbreviations, which are differently chosen from possible variants. On a graphical level idiolects can be recognized from punctuation marks, emoticons and graphic symbols, used at a different frequency. Based on research results the recommendations for authorship attribution examinations are given. / Šiuo darbu siekta nustatyti, ar asmeninių elektroninių laiškų kalboje atsiskleidžia autoriaus idiolektas ir kokiais leksiniais bei grafiniais požymiais jis pasireiškia.. Tyrimui buvo surinktas šešių autorių asmeninių neoficialaus bendravimo elektroninių laiškų tekstynas. Tekstyno duomenys apdoroti pasitelkiant WordSmith Tools programą ir atlikta gretinamoji tekstų analizė: lyginti kalbos vienetų pasikartojimo dažniai tiriamųjų autorių laiškuose ir nustatyta, kad vienų autorių dažniau ar rečiau nei kitų vartojami kalbos vienetai skiria autorių idiolektus. Iš nustatytų kalbos požymių apibendrintos su idiolektu sietinų kalbinės raiškos vienetų grupės. Nustatyta, kad leksikos lygmenyje idiolektus aiškiausiai skiria autoriaus vertinimą ir nuostatas perteikiantys bei modalumą reiškiantys žodžiai bei iš galimų leksinių konkurentų pasirenkami žodžiai ir trumpiniai. Taip pat idiolektus žymi skirtingų autorių nevienodai dažnai pasirenkamų skyrybos ir grafinių ženklų vartojimas. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais disertacijoje pateikiamos rekomendacijos teismo lingvistinius autorystės tyrimus atliekantiems ekspertams.

The writing style of a number of authors writing in English was empirically investigated for the purpose of detecting stylistic patterns in relation to advancing age. The aim was to identify the type of stylistic markers among lexical, syntactical, phonemic, entropic, character-based, and content ones that would be most able to discriminate between early, middle, and late works of the selected authors, and the best classification or prediction algorithm most suited for this task. Two pilot studies were initially conducted. The first one concentrated on Christina Georgina Rossetti and Edgar Allan Poe from whom personal letters and poetry were selected as the genres of study, along with a limited selection of variables. Results suggested that authors and genre vary inconsistently. The second pilot study was based on Shakespeare's plays using a wider selection of variables to assess their discriminating power in relation to a past study. It was observed that the selected variables were of satisfactory predictive power, hence judged suitable for the task. Subsequently, four experiments were conducted using the variables tested in the second pilot study and personal correspondence and poetry from two additional authors, Edna St Vincent Millay and William Butler Yeats. Stepwise multiple linear regression and regression trees were selected to deal with the first two prediction experiments, and ordinal logistic regression and artificial neural networks for two classification experiments. The first experiment revealed inconsistency in accuracy of prediction and total number of variables in the final models affected by differences in authorship and genre. The second experiment revealed inconsistencies for the same factors in terms of accuracy only. The third experiment showed total number of variables in the model and error in the final model to be affected in various degrees by authorship, genre, different variable types and order in which the variables had been calculated. The last experiment had all measurements affected by the four factors. Examination of whether differences in method within each task play an important part revealed significant influences of method, authorship, and genre for the prediction problems, whereas all factors including method and various interactions dominated in the classification problems. Given the current data and methods used, as well as the results obtained, generalizable conclusions for the wider author population have been avoided.

The topic of this paper is analysis of euphemization and dysphemization in political discourse. Euphemia and dysphemia are quite a specific language phenomenon. The uniqueness of these phenomena lies in their ability to reflect social, cultural and moral values, peculiarities of worldview not only of individuals, but also of modern society as a whole. Euphemisms and dysphemisms depend entirely on the assessments in society of a certain phenomenon, on the definition of what is acceptable and what is not. Hence the need to systematical study of these phenomena in relation to cultural and social changes. The relevance of the work is due to the increasing interest of philologists in the functional side of the language. Modern researchers pay attention to those linguistic phenomena that reflect the changes in the consciousness of the current society. In the context of teaching methodology and intercultural communication, these phenomena are also very significant, they make it possible to understand the realities of another country. / Темой данной работы является анализ феноменов эвфемизации и дисфемизации на базе политического дискурса. Эвфемия и дисфемия представляют собой довольно специфический языковой феномен. Уникальность данных явлений заключается в их способности отражать социальные, культурные и нравственные ценности, особенности мировоззрения и мышления не только отдельных личностей, но и современного общества в целом, так как эвфемизмы и дисфемизмы полностью зависят от принятых в социуме оценок тех или иных явлений, от определения того, что является приличным, допустимым, а что нет. Отсюда следует необходимость их систематического изучения в связи с культурными и социальными изменениями, приводящими к развитию и отмиранию различных форм табу. Актуальность работы обуславливается возрастающим интересом филологов к функциональной стороне языка. Современные исследователи обращают внимания на те языковедческие изменения, которые отражают перемены, происходящие в сознании нынешнего общества, все больше внимания уделяется изучению лингвистических тенденций, к которым стремится социум. В контексте методики преподавания и межкультурной коммуникации данные феномены являются также очень значительными, они позволяют понять реалии другой страны, которым безусловно необходимо обучать изучающих язык.

The dissertation firstly looks at how the Arabic essay and short story developed in Egypt since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Then a discussion follows on the life and contribution of the Egyptian author, Mustafā Lutfī al-Manfalūtī, as representative of this literary evolution. The general influences on Egyptian literature are discussed, and the general development of Arabic prose from 1850 onwards is then detailed, including the efforts to save Arabic literature from stagnation and degeneration. Following this, the focus is on the origins of the essay and short story. This leads to dealing with the growth and advancement of the essay and short story, together with the revival of the Arabic heritage and how the Arabic novel came into being. Then Mustafā Lutfī al-Manfalūtīs biography, environmental circumstances and personalities that influenced his writings are focused on. Afterwards, the core discussion is Al-Manfalūtīs seven literary works, and his ideas and opinions as reflected in his writings. In conclusion, the relevance of his writings and an appraisal of his literary contributions are detailed. / Religious Studies & Arabic / M.A. (Arabic)