XBRL是一種以XML為基礎所發展出來的一種語言，用來規範網路財務資訊揭露而產生的資料交換標準，同時也是提升財務資訊透明化的推手。XBRL使資訊可以更快速地流通，改善資訊處理的速度。 本論文的研究目的，在於透過XBRL之應用，來建立公司營利事業所得稅申報書之各個項目的分類標準，並設計一套以XBRL為基礎之營利事業所得稅申報系統。就營利事業而言，XBRL可以協助企業稅務部門取得資料，讓營利事業所得稅申報上所需的部份資料，可以直接從總帳資料庫轉入產生，讓企業在稅務資料處理上可以減少作業成本，降低人為錯誤的可能性，減少重覆手動輸入資料，讓報稅工作更為快速、有效率，透過網路傳輸報稅檔案，節省了報稅人在報稅期間必須親自稅捐稽徵機關排隊等待報稅的時間。就稅捐稽徵機關而言，所有的企業按同一套XBRL標準來報稅，可簡化稅務處理工作，更者，可將取得之資料進行分析，找出異常並加以審查，且若未來XBRL能順利推廣，營利事業之總帳系統與申報營業稅之資料均以XBRL編製而成，則因為所有檔案型態一致，稅捐稽徵機關在進行調帳查閱時，可以大大減少查核的人力及成本，可以增加查核的效率。 本論文將建立起一套符合中華民國稅法與相關法令規定之營利事業所得稅之XBRL 分類標準，並利用該分類標準之架構，設計出一套能符合現行法令規定且以XBRL為基礎之營利事業所得稅申報之程式軟體。本論文會將虛擬資料輸入已建好之程式，來進行實際展示如何產生以XBRL為格式之營利事業所得稅申報電子檔，以作為未來企業運用時之參考。另外，針對國稅局方面，本論文亦設計一驗證程式，讓國稅局能夠對所收到之營利事業所得稅申報檔進行資料正確性之檢查及驗證。 / XBRL is an XML-based, royalty-free, and open standard, used to stipulate the data exchange standard in the Internet. XBRL can substantially help improve the transparency of financial information, and communicate the information chain more fluently, and expedite the data processing. The objective of this thesis is to establish the XBRL taxonomy for the returns of Business Income Tax in Taiwan, and to design the XBRL-based application software for filing the Business Income Tax returns. By establishing the XBRL taxonomy, it can help the tax department to retrieve tax return data from corporations more efficiently. Since the data for filing tax returns can also be retrieved directly from the general ledger database, the benefits of promoting the XBRL-based tax return filing system would include saving operation costs, reducing the possibility of errors, avoiding re-keying data, and filing tax returns faster and more efficiently. For the National Tax Administration, the XBRL-based filing system can simplify the paper work on processing tax returns. Further, National Tax Administration can utilize the program to directly analyze the electronic tax data, diagnosing the abcdrmal financial relationships, and devise more efficient audit program. In the future, if the data of corporations’ general ledger and business tax are all prepared in XBRL, National Tax Administration can directly trace from tax return data to firms’ financial statements and thus increase the efficiency and effectiveness of tax audit. To facilitate building the XBRL-based tax return filing system, this thesis establishes a set of XBRL taxonomy for Business Income Tax return in Taiwan, and use the taxonomy to design a XBRL-based application software for Business Income Tax returns. This thesis also demonstrates the application of this software using virtual financial data to generate the XBRL-format Business Income Tax return data. Further, this study also designs a software that can be used by National Tax Administration to verify the tax return data received from corporate taxpayers.

隨著資訊科技的發展，會計資訊變得更具即時性與可及性。會計資訊的提供者可利用自動化系統即時產出財務報告，並進行線上財務報導；而會計資訊的需求者，也可利用網際網路不受時空限制的特性，擷取所需的資訊。會計資訊的及時性品質獲得重大改善，而針對異質性的資訊需求者，用更低成本的方式滿足其多元需求的可能性也大為增加。XBRL可說是近年來會計與資訊科技結合的一項重要進展。本論文將以我國會計資訊市場為背景，採用XBRL及其他相關資訊技術，開發出一套能提供異質性會計資訊使用者閱讀及查詢XBRL格式文件之資訊系統。 本研究以圍繞標準財務報導之客製化（Customization Around Standard Report, CASR）架構為藍本，並與客製化報導（Customized Financial Reporting, CFR）理論結合，完成以XBRL為資料格式的客製化財務報導系統（Customized Financial Reporting System, CFRS），俾驗證XBRL在我國會計資訊市場之技術可行性，並為異質性的資訊使用者創造附加價值。在外觀客製化方面，係透過客製化樣版的設計而達成；內容客製化的部分，則因採用XBRL資料格式及CFRS的系統功能，而實現並延伸了部分的內容客製化面向。 / Accounting information has become real-time and more accessible with the development of information technology. Providers of accounting information can use automatic systems to produce real-time financial reports and distribute them on the Internet; and users of accounting information can extract data freely from WWW (World Wide Web). Consequently, the timeliness of accounting information is greatly improved, and heterogeneous information users’ various demands could be satisfied. XBRL is an important achievement on the integration of accounting and information technology in the past few years. This paper uses XBRL and other information techniques to develop an XBRL-based information system for the heterogeneous users of Taiwan accounting information market to read and inquire XBRL documents. Our research is based on the architecture of the Customization Around Standard Report (CASR) model under the Customized Financial Reporting (CFR) theory. We have developed the Customized Financial Reporting System (CFRS) to verify the technical feasibility of XBRL in Taiwan accounting information market, and to create values for heterogeneous information users. We use customized style sheets for the customized presentation of accounting information, and implement several dimensions of content customization by using XBRL and CFRS’ s functionalities.

摘要 在投資風險的考量下，合併財務報表能提供投資者完整的企業資訊。而合併財務報表的編製，並未隨著資訊科技的發展，仍多仰賴人工編製。可延伸企業報導語言（XBRL）的興起，提供企業一個揭露財務資訊的標準化規範，XBRL規範標準第二版利用可延伸連結語言（XLink）與可延伸路徑語言（XPath），進行科目元素間關連與處理規則的定義，更加了提升XBRL財務報導的彈性，並更利於延伸之應用。 本研究即根據XBRL規範標準第二版，利用XBRL合併財務報表分類標準套件之建立，進行XBRL合併財務報表的自動化編製，並提供XBRL合併財務報表，提升XBRL財務報導之資訊內涵。 本研究首先根據我國財務會計準則公報第七號「合併財務報表」之購買法處理規定，轉化編製準則為「標準等式」以利分類標準之建立與程式之撰寫。根據「標準等式」，進行資訊分類後，本研究依序建立「合併報表編製資訊分類標準架構」與「XBRL合併財務報表分類標準套件」。前者之目的在提供企業進行內部會計資訊的對應(Mapping)，並將合併報表編製所需之所有資訊，轉換為XBRL格式，以利合併報表自動化編製之進行。而「XBRL合併財務報表分類標準套件」則是利用XBRL連結庫與規則庫的規範，進行合併報表編製準則的描述，以利系統之開發。在完成分類標準的建立之後，本研究以一合併報表編製範例，並利用JAVA程式語言，實作合併報表範例編製系統，以驗證本研究建立之分類標準之可行性。 根據本研究實作範例系統之結果，不僅可以自動化編製XBRL合併財務報表，本研究利用XBRL規則庫進行編製準則之描述，亦提昇合併報表編製系統處理邏輯的正確性與維護便利性。此外，本研究擴充了XBRL之應用範圍，而不限於傳統之財務資訊分析，相關之會計領域問題，皆可利用本研究所建立之架構進行應用。 / Abstract Under the consideration of risk, consolidated reports provide a whole picture of a business entity. As the information age comes, consolidate reports are still prepared by hand. Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) provides a standard format for business to disclose their financial information. The specification version 2.0 of XBRL, in which XML Linking Language (XLink) and XML Path Language (XPath) were adopted to define the relationships and processing rules of XBRL elements, increases the flexibility of XBRL reporting and provides an advantage to the development of XBRL application. This study, on the basis of specification version 2.0, focuses on the computerized preparation of consolidated financial reports by building up the “XBRL Consolidated Reports Taxonomy Package.” In addition to general XBRL-based financial information, business is also capable to disclose XBRL-based consolidated reports with this taxonomy package. Firstly, This study converts the accounting standards of purchase method defined by ROC statement of financial accounting standard no.7: “Consolidated Financial Reports” to several “Standard Formula” in order to build the taxonomies and implement the prototype system. After classifying the information of the standard formulae, this study creates the “Consolidated Reports Preparation Information Taxonomy Framework”, which provides a basis for business to map their internal chart of accounts. As the information mapping was done, business transfers all information (needed by preparation) to XBRL documents. After creating the framework, “XBRL Consolidated Financial Reports Taxonomy Package” was built up. According to the “XBRL Link Base” and “XBRL Rule Base”, this taxonomy package addresses the accounting standard of consolidated reports in the form of XBRL (XML) document. At last, this study gives a consolidating example and implements a prototype system by JAVA to verify the feasibility of the taxonomies created in this study. Based on the implementation of the prototype system, it is not only capable to prepare XBRL consolidated reports automatically but enhances the accuracy of the processing logic and the convenience to maintain the system in compliance with XBRL rule base. Moreover, this study extends the application area of XBRL, which focused on traditional financial information analysis. The structure of this study will be suitable for other accounting issues.

投資人在投資決策之過程中，所分析之資料可分為財務性與非財務性資訊兩大類，然而受限於傳統財務資料格式之不一致，可能需花費額外之財力與物力來處理，甚至浪費精力於資料的重新輸入。另一方面，非財務資訊在投資決策過程中日益重要，但其龐大的資訊揭露量卻往往徒增投資人閱讀與搜尋上之不便，甚至降低了可閱讀性。 有鑑於上述兩大投資分析不便之處，本研究運用文字探勘(Text mining)技術，嘗試處理股東會年報中與企業策略相關之非財務性資訊，以協助閱讀者有效率地分析、整理這些半結構化，甚至是非結構化文字資訊。另一方面，本研究利用可延伸企業報導語言(eXtensible Business Reporting Language, XBRL)不受軟體平台限制，可於網路上自由下載流通等特性，作為財務資訊之資料來源，同時建立一種新的分析模式，透過連結機制之設計以連接非財務性與財務性資訊，並運用ROMC系統分析法與雛型系統設計法完成本企業策略分析決策支援系統，希冀能協助投資人能於短時間內瞭解並印證標的公司之產業發展與競爭策略，提升決策品質。 / There are two main data types in investment decision process: financial and non-financial. Because the inconsistent of data type in traditional financial data, investors may have more additional costs to solve this problem. In addition, non-financial data become more and more important in investment decision process, but huge amount of non-financial disclosure may reduce the readability and increase the difficulty of searching. To solve the above problems, we try to use text mining technology to handle the semi-structured or unstructured non-financial data related to business strategies in the annual reports of public companies effectively and efficiently. In addition, we use XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) to be our financial data resources because of its interoperability and re-usability. We also develop a new analytic method to link financial and non-financial data together. Finally, we use two system methodologies: R.O.M.C. and prototyping to design and build our business strategy analysis decision support system in order to help investors understand and prove strategies in companies, and improve the decision quality which they make.

本研究以中國大陸2003年所推動之XBRL自願申報計畫為例，探討率先以XBRL格式申報財務資訊之企業，相較於未率先申報之企業，其經營績效之表現是否較佳？並進一步檢視企業率先申報XBRL之行為與各經營績效層面之關聯性。研究樣本為2000年至2009年於上海證券交易所上市之90家公司，分為兩個群組：一組為參與自願申報計畫之公司共45家，另一組為未參與申報計畫之對照組。在經營績效之衡量部分，本研究依據國內外之文獻探討，將經營績效區分為五個衡量層面：長期償債能力、流動性、獲利能力、經營效率與成長力，並分別以負債比率、流動比率、純益率、股東權益報酬率、總資產週轉率與營收成長率等財務比率做為各層面之衡量指標。 本研究之實證結果顯示，負債比率、流動比率、純益率、股東權益報酬率與總資產週轉率皆呈現顯著相關，證明率先以XBRL格式申報財務資訊之企業群組，在長期償債能力、流動性、獲利能力與經營效率方面之表現皆優於對照組。期望此研究結果能提供資本市場一有用訊息，做為投資人形成投資決策時之參考。 / In 2003, Shanghai Stock Exchange of China promoted a program encouraging companies to voluntarily file financial information using XBRL format. This paper examines whether these early and voluntary filers of financial information in XBRL format demonstrate superior operating performance relative to their non-adopting peers. Samples of this study include 90 listed companies of Shanghai Stock Exchange from 2000 to 2009. Half of them are voluntary filers and the others are the non-adopting peers. The measure of operating performance is divided into five levels: long-term solvency, liquidity, profitability, operating efficiency and growth capacity. Debt ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on equity, total assets turnover and sales growth rate are used as the indicators of these measurement levels, respectively. The empirical results of this study show that debt ratio, current ratio, net profit margin, return on equity and total assets turnover are significant, which mean that early and voluntary filers of financial information in XBRL format have superior performance in long-term solvency, liquidity, profitability and operating efficiency. These findings should provide a useful message to the capital market, as investors concern when forming investment decisions.

為改善資訊揭露環境，並增進上市公司的資訊透明度，上海證券交易所在2004年起對所有上市公司強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，本研究檢驗強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對於公司經營績效之影響，以上海證券交易所上市公司為研究對象，研究期間為2003年至2010年，並考慮中國國有企業的特色，將樣本公司分為國有企業與民營企業，分別檢視強制實施XBRL財務報導格式對其經營績效之影響。基於中國國有企業之組織特性，本研究假設僅有民營企業可獲益於強制實施XBRL財務報導格式，並因此提升經營績效。實證結果顯示，確實僅有民營企業獲得XBRL財務報導的效益，在強制實施XBRL財務報導格式後經營績效提升，但由於組織特性的關係，強制實施XBRL財務報導格式的預期效益並未顯現在國有企業，對中國國有企業來說，資訊透明度與外部監督的提升不足以解決其經營上之代理問題。

集團財務資訊的編制在企業資源規劃系統的協助下，產生的速度已較以往大為增快許多，然而，先不論相關系統的訓練、導入、維護及更新成本，目前的財務資訊仍舊需要多次的輸入、分發及反覆檢覈，這些步驟尚停在人工編製的階段。 XBRL（可延伸企業報告語言，eXtensible Business Reporting Language）的發展，使企業打破傳統財報的表單形式，它利用電腦可讀的標籤語言減少大量的傳統人力編製流程。後來更發展了財務報告的分類標準（以下簡稱XBRL FR），用來表達財務報表合計性的資訊，但這些處理過的加總數字，無法再還原為原始資料，故對於各國會計準則無法自動轉換，對於跨國公司的合併財務資訊依舊費時費力。 本研究首先依據國際會計準則委員會、臺灣、中國及美國官方所制定的XBRL FR進行分析及比較，建立一個新的XBRL FR，稱為NCCU XBRL FR，蒐集一般行業編制集團財務資訊之必要明細科目（僅包含所有流動資產和流動負債）。接者透過「對應標籤(mapping tags)」的技術，設計一邏輯規則庫，內建四種NCCU XBRL FR分別對應四地XBRL FR之「XBRL計算連結庫(XBRL Calculation Linkbase)」，即可自動轉換NCCU XBRL FR和四地XBRL FR的資訊。最後利用四地之原本XBRL FR計算連結庫，計算編製合併報表資訊前的個別報表資訊。 本研究提出多國準則探討及XBRL FR對應的方法，設計問卷並執行國內四大事務所之專家訪談，發現各國財務報表準則仍然受到會計專業的主觀判斷而分歧，未來全球財報共通的目標，還有很長的一段路要走。 / Because of the support of Enterprise Resource Planning system, business groups speed up their financial reporting preparation. Leaving aside the system cost of training, implemention, maintenance and update, its financial information still requires multiple inputs and distributions currently, and needs to repeatedly check their validity. These steps still remain at manual labor. XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) helps business to break the form of traditional financial reporting. It has machine-readable label tags, and it can reduce lots of traditional manual process. Financial Reporting Taxonomies (hereinafter referred to as XBRL FR) now are used to express the information of the total amount in financial statements. Because processed numbers can not revert to the original data, accounting principles adopted by nations around the world cannot switch amid different principles. Therefore consolidations of financial information still cost multinationals a lot of resources. In this study, based on analysis and comparison of International Accounting Standards Board, Taiwan, China and the United States official XBRL FR, we established a new XBRL FR, called NCCU XBRL FR, which is used to collect general commercial and industrial financial information (including only current assets and current liabilities). Then, we use mapping tags technology to design some logic rule database, which has four built-in XBRL Calculation Linkbases corresponding to four XBRL FRs. The logic rule database can automatically convert NCCU XBRL FR to four XBRL FRs. Ultimately, the original four XBRL FR Calculation Linkbases can compute individual financial statements before preparation of consolidated information. In this study, we proposed a method of multinational accounting standard discussion and XBRL FR mapping. We designed the questionnaire and conduct in-depth interviews to the experts of Big 4 audit firms. Then we found that there are differences in subjective judgments of multinational accounting standard. In the future, there will be a long way to go if we have the goal of common global financial reporting.

The doctoral thesis deals with the evidence in accounting in terms of Information and Communication Technologies. The aim of the thesis is to gather all of the available information about the ICT in accounting, to emphasize the impacts of ICT on accounting and following draw the attention to the risks which result from the application of ICT. In order to achieve the aim the qualitative analysis and the search of the accessible information resources are used. Some parts of the thesis are demonstrated on examples. The purpose of single chapters is to discuss, according to the theoretical base defined, subsequently all phases of the life cycle of accounting documents which are presented as financial statements at the output from the accounting. Special attention is given to accounting evidence. The last part of the thesis has application nature. The use of XML in financial reporting is demonstrated there in the real existing and secured systems based on ICT. According to the analysis made I came to the conclusion that because of the requirement for the reliability of accounting the internal control system has growing importance. Regardless the technologies used there is need to preserve the evidence at the level of accounting record during all of its life cycle phases -- when it is made out or received, when it is transferred, conversed to some other form and archived. I dealt also with another important phase of the life cycle of accounting records -- with the evidential financial reporting. There I came to conclusion that key phases are following: Firstly, there is need to provide evidential linkage between bookkeeping and the statements assembled. Further it is crucial to assure secured transfer of the statements to the final storage place or publishing location of the statements. Finally it is desirable to consider trustworthy storage place for the statements and also its evidential method of publishing them on the web. It is possible to deduce from the statistics available that information and procedures described in the thesis do not correspond with the actual ordinary practice in the Czech Republic. More likely it can be seen as a sum of the knowledge which can be technically and legally used by the accounting entities. Its wider use can be expected in the following years.