Dissertation thesis in theoretical part deals with the influence of information and communication technologies on financial reporting, discusses the financial reporting aspects of the Internet, describes the characteristics and use of XML and XBRL, identifies opportunities and risks of electronic documents and possible changes in the work of auditors. Practical part provides an empirical survey on how financial statements are being published in the Czech Republic via the Internet. The sample of entities identifies and then presents the place and form of disclosure of financial statements to users with a view to regulating the relevant legislation.

This study examines the association between the extent of legal intensity in firms’ financial reports and their financial reporting quality. Firms’ financial reports contain embedded legal content arising from contracts and agreements underlying their operations. Accountants interpret the contract provisions and conditions to determine the timing and amounts recognized in financial reports. Legal content is technical and complex, creating a potential for misinterpretation and errors in accounting for transactions, thus adversely affecting financial reporting quality. Using legal tags in companies’ 10-K XBRL filings, I construct a measure of the legal intensity of financial reports. I document an inverse association between legal intensity of financial reports and financial reporting quality, proxied by accruals quality, analyst earnings forecast errors and dispersion, earnings informativeness, and accruals informativeness. The inverse association is driven by firm-specific legal content rather than common legal content. There is also some evidence that the inverse association is strengthened by high operational uncertainty and attenuated by accounting experts on the audit committee. Collectively, this study increases our understanding of challenges in translating legal content into financial reports and the benefit of audit committee accounting experts in this setting. / Business Administration/Accounting

基於XBRL格式在企業報告資訊上的優勢，全球各重要經濟體近年來陸續應用XBRL技術進行財報格式的轉換與標準化，而在推動XBRL實務發展的過程中，XBRL分類標準的建置為核心關鍵因素。各國於制訂分類標準基於成本效益考量，分類標準內容通常僅涵蓋企業報告之通用元素，企業若僅按分類標準編製報告，可能導致有用訊息之喪失。以XBRL格式作為申報工具時，企業若基於自願性揭露及報告之完整性，則必須對分類標準自行進行延伸。本研究藉由美國分類標準延伸情況作為借鏡，探討台灣未來開放分類標準延伸時，如何進行分類標準之延伸及其規則和方法。 / Considering the advantages of XBRL-formatted information in business reports, many major global economic leagues have adopted XBRL technology in financial reports’ transformation or standardization. XBRL Taxonomy development is the core factor in promoting XBRL into practice. Taking cost-benefit analysis into account, competent authorities usually design their taxonomy with only basic elements used in business reports. If enterprises prepare their reports just based on the taxonomy, they may lose some useful information. Therefore, they must extend taxonomy to make a voluntary disclosure when enterprises file their reports in XBRL-formatted. This research explores the rules and methods of taxonomy extensions for TIFRS Taxonomy by referring to how companies in the U.S. make taxonomy extensions.

Recently the Internet with XML technologies and especially XBRL technology has impacted what is recognised as the financial reporting supply chain. Some claims in the market report that XBRL has the potential to reduce inefficiencies, automate and optimise the financial reporting supply chain. Nevertheless the real nature of the impact still remains unclear. The growing number of XBRL projects around the world together with strong interest from bodies such as the SEC in the United States, CEBS in the European Union and the IASB building XBRL taxonomies demonstrate the need for research in the area of XBRL application in the context of financial accounting and accounting information systems as well as in the financial reporting supply chain context. In order to answer the demand on the research in this area this research addresses financial reporting supply chain on the basis of financial accounting literature. With the introduction of information systems for enterprises, financial reporting was often discussed as a part of the AIS literature. Nevertheless the supply chain character and information systems context of financial reporting are rarely considered in the research literature in any theoretically constituent manner. This study examines the impact of XBRL on the financial reporting supply chain architecture. First goal of this thesis is to properly state and set the boundaries of financial reporting supply chain. In order to realise the goal modelling of financial reporting domain as financial reporting supply chain architecture is conducted. The second goal is to critically assess impact of XBRL on the modelled financial reporting supply chain architecture components. This assessment is conducted by enhancing financial reporting supply chain architecture with XBRL components thus modelling XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture. The secondary goal of the assessment is the construction of the reference model of XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture.

Recently the Internet with XML technologies and especially XBRL technology has impacted what is recognised as the financial reporting supply chain. Some claims in the market report that XBRL has the potential to reduce inefficiencies, automate and optimise the financial reporting supply chain. Nevertheless the real nature of the impact still remains unclear. The growing number of XBRL projects around the world together with strong interest from bodies such as the SEC in the United States, CEBS in the European Union and the IASB building XBRL taxonomies demonstrate the need for research in the area of XBRL application in the context of financial accounting and accounting information systems as well as in the financial reporting supply chain context. In order to answer the demand on the research in this area this research addresses financial reporting supply chain on the basis of financial accounting literature. With the introduction of information systems for enterprises, financial reporting was often discussed as a part of the AIS literature. Nevertheless the supply chain character and information systems context of financial reporting are rarely considered in the research literature in any theoretically constituent manner. This study examines the impact of XBRL on the financial reporting supply chain architecture. First goal of this thesis is to properly state and set the boundaries of financial reporting supply chain. In order to realise the goal modelling of financial reporting domain as financial reporting supply chain architecture is conducted. The second goal is to critically assess impact of XBRL on the modelled financial reporting supply chain architecture components. This assessment is conducted by enhancing financial reporting supply chain architecture with XBRL components thus modelling XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture. The secondary goal of the assessment is the construction of the reference model of XBRL financial reporting supply chain architecture.

先前研究指出，財報資訊使用者難以使用確定福利計畫制退休金的資訊，其原因可以歸因於退休金會計的複雜性。在後SFAS 158 時期，由於先前僅揭露的退休金負債已認列於資產負債表上，使得退休金資訊的價值攸關性有所提升。然而有研究指出，額外攸關的資訊依然僅在附註揭露中表達，使得XBRL在能否進一步提升該價值攸關上有可以著墨的空間。本研究探討美國SEC XBRL 強制適用是否能提升確定福利計畫制退休金資訊的價值攸關，以及 XBRL財報的特性是否會影響該價值攸關。實證結果發現，美國SEC XBRL 強制適用提升了提撥狀況的價值攸關。另外，實證結果也發現，GAAP 分類標準概念的數量和提撥狀況的價值攸關有負向的關係；延伸分類標準概念的數量和提撥狀況的價值攸關有正向的關係。本研究亦指出，SEC XBRL 強制適用對於提撥狀況價值攸關的提升，及XBRL財報特性對提撥狀況價值攸關的影響，會因為不同階段之 XBRL 採用者而有不同的效果。 / Studies show that the information of defined benefit due its complexity, users may not have the competence to process it. In the post-SFAS-158 period, the previously disclosed liabilities of defined benefit now recognize in the balance sheet. Prior studies have already shown an improvement in value relevance. However, studies suggest the relevant information still presents in footnotes. It leaves a place for XBRL for further improving. In this study, I investigate whether SEC XBRL mandatory adoption improves the value relevance of defined benefit information, also whether the characteristics of XBRL file affect the value relevance of defined benefit. The empirical results show SEC XBRL mandatory adoption improves the value relevance of funded status. Also, the number of GAAP Taxonomy concepts is negatively associated with the value relevance of funded status. Moreover, the number of extension concepts is positively associated with the value relevance of funded status. The additional results show the improvements by XBRL adoption and the influence of the number of GAAP Taxonomy concepts and extension concepts are sensitive to different phases of the adopters.

Bakgrund: Redovisningsbranschen står inför en ny våg av digitalisering som enligt en framtidsrapport från Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning har potential att automatisera bort arbetsuppgifterna för nio av tio redovisningsekonomer. Kärnan i denna nya digitaliseringsvåg är standardisering av begrepp och procedurer som gör att behovet av manuell interaktion minskas radikalt. Informationsjättar som Facebook och Google har visat vägen för vad som går att åstadkomma genom att tagga data med beskrivande metadata. Tekniken är redan här och det framstår som något av ett mysterium varför det dröjt så länge innan denna nya informationsteknologi fått genomslag inom revisionsbranschen. Denna uppsats startar med observationen att kontoplanen är en viktig del i den standardisering som krävs för att hantera den nya digitaliseringsvågen. Syfte: Denna uppsats syftar till att belysa temat digitalisering på redovisningsområdet utifrån fallet kontoplanen BAS. Metod: Fallet kontoplanen BAS har studerats med en explorativ kvalitativ fallstudie. Fyra styrelsemedlemmar i föreningen BAS har intervjuats vilket motsvarar halva styrelsen. Utöver detta har två intervjuer gjorts för att belysa de tekniska aspekterna av att översätta konventioner från redovisningspraxis till så kallade taxonomier. Rent tekniska aspekter på programmeringsnivå behandlas översiktlig med utgångspunkt i respondenternas expertis. Resultat: Frivillighet och anpassningsbarhet är viktiga värden hos kontoplanen BAS. Flera respondenter har uttryckt att de befarar att dessa värden kan gå förlorade om kontoplanen skulle standardiseras ytterligare för att passa in i en digital taxonomi. Samtidigt finns också en medvetenhet om att den nuvarande versionen av BAS inte är slutgiltig. Det finns ett behov av att tydliggöra skillnaden mellan flexibla konton och ramkonton som krävs för att redovisningsdata ska kunna användas för att skapa korrekta rapporter till myndigheter. / Background: The accounting industry faces a new wave of digitalization which, according to a future report from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, has the potential to automate the work of nine out of ten accountants. The core in this new wave of digitalization is the standardization of concepts and procedures which can reduce the need for manual interaction radically. Information giants like Facebook and Google have shown the way for what can be accomplished by tagging data with descriptive metadata. The technology is already here and it seems like something of a mystery, why it has taken so long before this new information technology gained impact in the accounting industry. This paper starts with the observation that the chart of accounts is an important part of the standardization required to handle the new wave of digitalization. Purpose: This paper aims at describing the theme digitalization in the accounting field, based on the case of the Swedish BAS chart of accounts. Method: The case Swedish BAS has been studied with an explorative qualitative case study. Four board members in the association BAS have been interviewed, which corresponds to half the board. In addition, two interviews have been made to highlight the technical aspects of translating conventions from accounting practices into so-called taxonomies. Pure technical aspects at the programming level are discussed in the light of the respondents' expertise. Results: Voluntary application and adaptability are core values of the Swedish BAS chart of accounts. Several respondents have expressed their fear that these values may be lost if the accounting plan would be further standardized to fit into a digital taxonomy. At the same time, there is also awareness that the current version of BAS is not final. There is a need to clarify the difference between flexible accounts and needed accounts required for accounting data to be used to create accurate reports to the authorities.

The digitization’s advancement has been noticed by most people not least through applications"apps" which are often referred to as a more effective way of accessing information or makingpayments with. The method of presenting financial reports has also changed during the progressof digitization. From scanned paper copies to an increasingly more digital format throughongoing globalization. This year, the Swedish Companies Agency called Bolagsverket, withmore players, has opened up the possibility for companies to submit their annual report digitallyin Sweden. This possibility concerns the smaller companies that apply the K2 regulations. Theformat is determined to be a variant of the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)and will increase the comparability of the reports.This study investigates the motive in terms of motivational forces that are behind the choice tosubmit digitally. The study is based on hypotheses that were built using previous research inthe subject and positive accounting theory and the theory of innovation dissemination. Thestudy examines 31 companies through a survey conducted through both mail and telephoneinterviews. Complementary information has also been obtained from their annual reports tocomplete the study's purpose of describing and explaining the motives for the choice to submitdigitally.What has been found is that the surveyed companies' accounting consultants were largelybehind the choice to submit digitally. Furthermore, the study showed that companies that choseto submit digitally have similar incentives, as previous studies have shown. There appeared tobe connection between submitting digitally and wanting to signal a corporate image as a pioneerin new technology. There was also a correlation between sending digital and size of thecompany, the bigger the company, the greater the chance that they also report digitally. Thethird reason turned out that non-high tech companies are more likely to report digitally.The motives have been identified for a significance level around 10 %. Despite statisticalsupport and precious studies showing similar results, further research should be done on a largersample. Further research should also be done with the perspective for which motives that arebehind the choice to submit digitally for the audit companies, since they have been largelybehind the companies’ choice to report digitally or not.The motives and motivational forces have been identified for a significance level around 10%.Despite statistical support and previous studies showing similar results, further research shouldbe done on a larger sample. Further studies should also be made on the basis of which motivesthat are behind the choice for the audit companies to submit digitally, as they have largelydetermined whether the companies have reported digitally or not.In practice, these identified motivational forces can be used as identifiers for target groups whomay assume new phenomena even in future projects and new technical phenomena in theprogress of digitization - for this trip in an increasingly digitized world is hardly over. / Digitaliseringens framfart har de flesta människor lagt märkte till inte minst genomapplikationer ”appar” som ofta omnämns som ett mer effektivt sätt att komma åt informationeller utföra betalningar med. Sättet att presentera finansiella rapporter har också förändratsunder digitaliseringens framfart. Från inskannade papperskopior till ett allt mer digitalt formatgenom den pågående globaliseringen. I år har bolagsverket med fler aktörer öppnat uppmöjligheten för företag att skicka in sin årsredovisning digitalt i Sverige. Denna möjlighet berörde mindre aktiebolagen som tillämpar K2-regelverket. Formatet är bestämt till en variant aveXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) och ska öka jämförbarheten mellanrapporterna.I denna studie undersöks vilka motiv i form av drivkrafter som föreligger valet att skicka indigitalt. Studien bygger på hypoteser som byggts upp med hjälp av tidigare forskning inomämnet och positiv redovisningsteori samt innovationsspridningsteorin. I studien undersöks 31företag genom en enkätundersökning som skett både genom mail och telefonintervjuer.Kompletterande har även information hämtats från deras årsredovisningar för att fylla studienssyfte att beskriva och förklara motiven för valet att skicka in digitalt.Det som har framkommit är att de undersökta företagens redovisningskonsult i hög grad stodbakom valet att skicka in digitalt. Vidare framgick det av studien att företag som valt att skickain digitalt har liknande incitament med företag som undersökts i tidigare studier. Det visade sigfinnas samband mellan att skicka in digitalt och att vilja signalera en företagsbild som pionjärinom ny teknik. Det visade sig även finnas samband mellan att skicka in digitalt och storlekenpå företagen, ju större företag desto större chans är det att de också skickat in digitalt. Den tredjeorsaken visade sig vara att icke-högteknologiska företag är mer benägna att rapportera indigitalt.Motiven och drivkrafterna har identifierats för en signifikansnivå kring 10 %. Trots statistisktstöd och att tidigare studier påvisat liknande resultat bör vidare forskning göras med ett störreunderlag. Vidare studier bör även göras med utgångspunkten för vilka drivkrafter somföreligger revisionsbolagens val att skicka in digitalt, då dessa i hög grad har fått avgöra omföretagen rapporterat in digitalt eller inte.Rent praktiskt kan dessa identifierade drivkrafter nyttjas som kännetecken för målgrupper somkan tänkas anta nya företeelser även vid framtida projekt och nya tekniska fenomen idigitaliseringens framfart – för denna resa i en allt mer digitaliserad värld är knappast slut.

With the increasing use of big data and automatization, financial data extraction is of growing importance in the financial industry. The thesis examines how an extraction system can be developed for extracting relevant data for credit rating analysis. The system is designed to collect financial reports, extract relevant information, and identify failed extractions. Prerequisites were identified by conducting a qualitative literature study, as well as holding meetings with employees at a credit rating analysis company to align the system’s functionality with the company’s processes. The results showed that an automatic extraction can be implemented. The system was trained through a manual review process, resulting in an increase in performance. Following the training, the system was able to identify and extract all target data correctly. However, in some reports, certain target data was missing and these were treated as failures by the system. In summary, a system that extracts all existing target data was implemented. / Med den ökande användningen av big data och automatisering blir utvinning av finansiella data allt viktigare inom finansbranschen. Uppsatsen undersöker hur ett extraktionssystem kan utvecklas för extraktion av relevant data för kreditvärderingsanalys. Systemet är utformat för att samla in finansiella rapporter, extrahera relevant information och identifiera misslyckade extraktioner. Förutsättningar identifierades genom att genomföra en kvalitativ litteraturstudie samt att hålla möten med anställda på ett företag som utför kreditvärderingsanalyser för att anpassa systemets funktionalitet efter företagets processer. Resultaten visade att en automatisk extraktion kan implementeras. Systemet tränades genom en manuell granskningsprocess, vilket resulterade i en ökad prestanda. Efter träningen kunde systemet identifiera och extrahera all måldata korrekt. Dock saknades viss måldata i vissa rapporter, och dessa behandlades som misslyckanden av systemet. Sammanfattningsvis implementerades ett system som extraherar all befintlig måldata.

由於市場的開放與競爭，銀行業需面對信用風險、市場風險、作業風險等風險挑戰；而新巴塞爾資本協定的施行，使現行英美先進國家之監理已將傳統監理模式轉為以風險監理之機制。為強化本國銀行之風險管理能力，使我國銀行業資本適足性規範與國際接軌，我國已於民國96年起正式實施新巴塞爾資本協定。另為落實新巴塞爾資本協定第二支柱及第三支柱，亦規定本國銀行將自民國97年起向金管會申報其資本適足性評估相關資料，期許我國在風險監理上邁入一新里程碑。 本論文以銀行監理為研究主體，參考英國金融監理總署(FSA)以風險為基礎之監理架構（Advanced Risk Responsive Operating FrameWork, ARROW）制度，並考量我國國情及銀行業者狀況，以三大風險（信用風險、市場風險、作業風險）監理為探討主軸，整合監理資訊系統，提出風險監理評估模型，透過系統量化與質化的指標，依據風險評估結果來要求業者降低風險等級，有助提升監理人員之效率，並將監理經驗透過系統化傳承，落實金融監理差異化管理。 本研究具體研究結論為： 1.建立風險群組： 建立風險群組－－第一支柱資本適足率要求、第二支柱監理審查信用風險、第二支柱監理審查市場風險、第二支柱監理審查作業風險、公司治理、財務健全度，及各分險群組之風險因子。 2.風險分級及燈號： 分別依據風險因子訂定分級指標。燈號分為紅、粉紅、黃、綠，分別對應4級風險。 3.銀行監理整合資訊系統流程： 依據風險模型，評估銀行風險等級並據此進行相關追蹤控管，俾協助銀行降低所承受之風險。最後仍需適時檢討風險模型之有效性，並提出修正，繼續進行風險監理循環（Risk Supervision Cycle）。 4.監理資訊整合架構： 往昔監理機關間對於資料交換，僅使用傳真或Email方式進行，對於跨業監理資料之取得並無制度化標準處理流程，以致傳輸管道不符合資訊安全及資料無法有效後續利用。本系統運用SOA技術進行整合監理機關系統，其整合對象均為監理機關既有系統，其中如監理資訊系統、跨監理機關資料源及外部新聞資料源等，皆運用標準資訊交換技術及應用模組介接方式達成整合目標，俾建立以風險監理為主軸之整合資訊系統架構。 本研究已將英國監理機關FSA ARROW的風險群組，成功的運用巴塞爾監理委員會所關注的三大風險整合，並與其他業務監理評估風險制度結合，提出風險監理評估模型，透過系統量化與質化的指標，未來並可依風險評估結果來要求業者降低風險等級，有助提升監理人員之效率，並將監理經驗透過系統化傳承，已順利達成新巴塞爾資本協定第二支柱與業務監理評估風險制度結合的目標，並落實金融監理差異化管理。