第一章：採討山西傳統的教育概況，以甲午戰役為界線。前期的山西教育場所除書院 略具教育功能外，儒學、社學及義學辦理成績不佳。自光緒二十八年以後，各級新式 學堂積極籌辦，在有限的經費下，山西撫衙做了最大的努力。 第二章：首述民國早期山西的政治領導者─閰錫山的政治生涯，次論他本人的教育思 想。 第三章：民國早期山西的初等教育最發達，尤其是義務教育最具特色。中等教育所辦 的成績平平。高等等教育中大學一所、專門學校四所，均能發揮培養高級專業人才的 功能。 第四章：清末山西的實業教育並不發達，至民國以後經過政府的整頓，亦迅速發展起 來，尤其重視一般人民謀生技能的訓練。師範教育仍偏重在短期師範傳習所的辦理。 留學教育中，以留日學生最多，同時政府亦積極鼓勵之。社會教育在民國早期頗具特 色，一方面增加人民的識字能力，一方培養人民良好的道德。 第五章：民國早期山西的教育受到政治環境的影響，經費極不充裕，因此一方面靠省 政府的支持，另一方面則靠各界人士的贊助。

Hadron structure is not fully understood yet. While the spin-averaged Parton Dis- tribution Functions (PDFs) and the helicity-dependent PDFs are well determined, little is known about the transverzity and some other transverse-momentum de- pendent PDFs (TMDs). The COMPASS experiment at CERN is preparing for studying the TMDs using a Drell-Yan process on transversely polarized target hit by pion beam in 2014-2015. An outline of the parton model of hadrons and of the TMDs is given. The COMPASS spectrometer is described, with emphasis on the modifications for the Drell-Yan program, and its capabilities to measure the TMDs is briefly discussed. A special attention is paid to the polarized target. The dilution refrigerator, the DNP system for polarizing the nuclei and the NMR for polarization measurement are described. The new monitoring system of the refrigerator is described, including the author's contribution to it. Issues of the new NMR coils design are discussed. 1

論文(碩士)--香港中文大學硏究院哲學部,1979. / Ms. / Includes bibliographical references. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue yan jiu yuan zhe xue bu. / 導言 / Chapter （甲） --- 現代化的含義 --- p.7 / Chapter （乙） --- 中國近百年現代化的歷史背景及特徵 --- p.9 / Chapter （丙） --- 本文之目的 --- p.14 / Chapter 第一章 --- 時代背景 --- p.21 / Chapter （甲） --- 洋務派 --- p.21 / Chapter （乙） --- 守舊派 --- p.26 / Chapter （丙） --- 改良派 --- p.29 / Chapter 第二章 --- 嚴復在戊戌政變前的政論 --- p.39 / Chapter （甲） --- 嚴復的早期學習生活 --- p.39 / Chapter （乙） --- 嚴復在戊戌政變前的政論 --- p.43 / Chapter （一） --- 政論的精神 --- p.45 / Chapter （二） --- 政論的內容 --- p.46 / Chapter （三） --- 政論的哲學思想 --- p.51 / Chapter 一 --- 宇宙觀 --- p.51 / Chapter 二 --- 認識論 --- p.55 / Chapter 三 --- 倫理觀 --- p.61 / Chapter 四 --- 政治論 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三章 --- 張之洞勸學篇的體用論 --- p.74 / Chapter （甲） --- 張之洞的簡略生平 --- p.74 / Chapter （乙） --- 勸學篇的產生 --- p.76 / Chapter （丙） --- 勸學篇的精神 --- p.79 / Chapter （丁） --- 勸學篇的內容 --- p.83 / Chapter （戊） --- 勸學篇的體用論 --- p.91 / Chapter （一） --- 體用二字的出處及沿用 --- p.91 / Chapter （二） --- 體用二字的應用方式 --- p.94 / Chapter （三） --- 體用論的具體對象 --- p.96 / Chapter （四） --- 體用論的理論基礎 --- p.101 / Chapter 第四章 --- 嚴復對張之洞體用論的批評 --- p.110 / Chapter （甲） --- 嚴復與外文報主人論教育書的產生 --- p.110 / Chapter （乙） --- 與外交報主人論教育書的重要性 --- p.114 / Chapter （丙） --- 與外交報主人論教育書的內容 --- p.122 / Chapter （丁） --- 與外交報主人論教育書對張之洞体用論的批評 --- p.125 / Chapter 第五章 --- 分析張之洞的體用論 --- p.136 / Chapter （甲） --- 社會心理的分析 --- p.136 / Chapter （乙） --- 個人性格的分析 --- p.140 / Chapter （丙） --- 實際功用的分析 --- p.144 / Chapter （丁） --- 思想理論的分析 --- p.150 / Chapter 第六章 --- 分析嚴復的政論及其對張之洞體用論的批評 --- p.168 / Chapter （甲） --- 社會心理的分析 --- p.168 / Chapter （乙） --- 個人性格的分析 --- p.171 / Chapter （丙） --- 實際功用的分析 --- p.175 / Chapter （丁） --- 思想理論的分析 --- p.179 / Chapter （一） --- 戊戍政變前的政論之哲學思想 --- p.179 / Chapter 一 --- 宇宙觀 --- p.180 / Chapter 二 --- 認識論 --- p.181 / Chapter 三 --- 倫理觀 --- p.182 / Chapter 四 --- 政治論 --- p.184 / Chapter （二） --- 與外交報主人論教育書對張之洞体用論的批評 --- p.186 / Chapter 一 --- 批評的方法 --- p.186 / Chapter 二 --- 批評的內容 --- p.187 / 結論：時代意義 --- p.193

The concern of Chinese intellectuals with the "idea" of modern science from the West in the transition generation from 1895 to 1923 was fundamentally a concern about "national survival" and modernity. The value and meaning that accrued to science as "method" -- as a "thinking technique" -- and to the evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer as the "science of choice" among Chinese intellectuals of this period, was due to belief or disbelief in the power of these ideas to describe, explain, or solve the problematic of "modernity" in a Chinese context.

Selective Mu Opioid Receptor (MOR) antagonists possess immense potential in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Utilizing the “message-address” concept, our laboratory reported a novel, reversible, non-peptide MOR selective antagonist 17-cyclopropylmethyl-3,14β-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxy-6β-[(4՛-pyridyl)carboxamido]morphinan (NAP). Molecular modeling studies revealed that the selectivity of NAP for the MOR is because of a π-π stacking interaction of its pyridine ring with the Trp318residue in theMOR. Pharmacological characterization showed that NAP is a P-glycoprotein substrate, thereby limiting its use in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Thus, to modify NAP, we replaced the pyridine ring with its isosteric counterpart thiophene. Isosteric replacement could lead to development of compounds with different pharmacologic properties. Additionally, exploring other ring systems would diversify and enrich our library of compounds and aid in establishing a comprehensive structure-activity relationship. Therefore, newly synthesized compounds included thiophene derivatives of 6α/β-naltrexamine with potential to be used in the treatment of opioid abuse/addiction. Preliminary in vivo screening revealed that compounds 8 and 11 could be acting as antagonists. To aid in the design and synthesis of newer generation of MOR selective analogs, a 3-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) on 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivatives was conducted. After rigorous optimizations, the best CoMFA model possessed low predictive power. Results obtained suggested that small structural changes could lead to significant change in binding modes of these ligands. To further validate this observation, molecular docking studies were performed which revealed that these ligands indeed possessed multiple distinct binding modes thereby offering rationale for the CoMFA results. Thus, overall this study furnished useful information about the complexity of protein-ligand interactions which will aid in designing more potent and selective MOR ligands.

O regime de energia do experimento Large Hadron Collider (LHC) no CERN amplia o espaço de fase para a produção de partículas de uma maneira sem precedentes, possibilitando um estudo mais detalhado das partículas e seus subcomponentes. Muitos processos de espalhamento interessantes para a fenomenologia da QCD em altas energias, principalmente aqueles mediados por troca de objetos sem cor, são caracterizados por partículas emitidas em ângulos de espalhamento muito pequenos em relação ao eixo do feixe incidente. Especialmente em processos de espalhamento, a fração de momentum dos pártons no alvo é aproximadamente x = (M/√s)e−y, onde M é a massa da partícula e √s é a energia de centro de massa, assim pequeno - x está relacionado com a região de grande pseudorapidez (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), a qual é denominada região frontal. Esta Tese trata, portanto, da física de pequeno - x em processos frontais no LHC, analisando especificamente a produção dos mésons J/ e (2S) em energias de centro de massa 2.76 TeV em colisões coerentes e incoerentes eletromagnéticas PbPb e a produção de diléptons em colisões pp em energias de centro de massa de 7 TeV . A abordagem utilizada nos cálculos é o formalismo de dipolos de cor, o qual é conveniente em pequeno - x, e apresenta uma forma eficaz e simplificada para o cálculo das seções de choque. As predições apresentadas são consistentes com dados experimentais das colaborações ALICE, E866 e CDF, mostrando a robustez do modelo utilizado. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy regime extends the phase space for particle production to an unprecedent way, enabling a more detailed study of subatomic particles. Many interesting scattering processes for QCD phenomenology at high energies, specially those mediated by the exchange of objects without color, are characterized by particles emitted in very small scattering angles relative to the axis of incident beam. Specially in scattering processes, the target parton momentum fraction is approximately x = (M/√s)e−y, where M is the particle mass and √s is the center of mass energy. Therefore, small-x is related to the large pseudorapidez region (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), which is called forward region. Therefore, this thesis deals with the small-x physics in forward processes at the LHC, specifically analyzing the production of mesons J/ and (2S) at 2.76 TeV center of mass energy in coherent and incoherent electromagnetic PbPb collisions and dileptons production at 7 TeV center of mass energy in pp collisions. The approach used in the calculations is the color dipole formalism, which is convenient in small-x, and presents an effective and simple way to calculate the cross sections. The predictions are consistent with the ALICE, CDF and E866 collaborations experimental data, showing the robustness of the considered model.

O regime de energia do experimento Large Hadron Collider (LHC) no CERN amplia o espaço de fase para a produção de partículas de uma maneira sem precedentes, possibilitando um estudo mais detalhado das partículas e seus subcomponentes. Muitos processos de espalhamento interessantes para a fenomenologia da QCD em altas energias, principalmente aqueles mediados por troca de objetos sem cor, são caracterizados por partículas emitidas em ângulos de espalhamento muito pequenos em relação ao eixo do feixe incidente. Especialmente em processos de espalhamento, a fração de momentum dos pártons no alvo é aproximadamente x = (M/√s)e−y, onde M é a massa da partícula e √s é a energia de centro de massa, assim pequeno - x está relacionado com a região de grande pseudorapidez (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), a qual é denominada região frontal. Esta Tese trata, portanto, da física de pequeno - x em processos frontais no LHC, analisando especificamente a produção dos mésons J/ e (2S) em energias de centro de massa 2.76 TeV em colisões coerentes e incoerentes eletromagnéticas PbPb e a produção de diléptons em colisões pp em energias de centro de massa de 7 TeV . A abordagem utilizada nos cálculos é o formalismo de dipolos de cor, o qual é conveniente em pequeno - x, e apresenta uma forma eficaz e simplificada para o cálculo das seções de choque. As predições apresentadas são consistentes com dados experimentais das colaborações ALICE, E866 e CDF, mostrando a robustez do modelo utilizado. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy regime extends the phase space for particle production to an unprecedent way, enabling a more detailed study of subatomic particles. Many interesting scattering processes for QCD phenomenology at high energies, specially those mediated by the exchange of objects without color, are characterized by particles emitted in very small scattering angles relative to the axis of incident beam. Specially in scattering processes, the target parton momentum fraction is approximately x = (M/√s)e−y, where M is the particle mass and √s is the center of mass energy. Therefore, small-x is related to the large pseudorapidez region (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), which is called forward region. Therefore, this thesis deals with the small-x physics in forward processes at the LHC, specifically analyzing the production of mesons J/ and (2S) at 2.76 TeV center of mass energy in coherent and incoherent electromagnetic PbPb collisions and dileptons production at 7 TeV center of mass energy in pp collisions. The approach used in the calculations is the color dipole formalism, which is convenient in small-x, and presents an effective and simple way to calculate the cross sections. The predictions are consistent with the ALICE, CDF and E866 collaborations experimental data, showing the robustness of the considered model.

O regime de energia do experimento Large Hadron Collider (LHC) no CERN amplia o espaço de fase para a produção de partículas de uma maneira sem precedentes, possibilitando um estudo mais detalhado das partículas e seus subcomponentes. Muitos processos de espalhamento interessantes para a fenomenologia da QCD em altas energias, principalmente aqueles mediados por troca de objetos sem cor, são caracterizados por partículas emitidas em ângulos de espalhamento muito pequenos em relação ao eixo do feixe incidente. Especialmente em processos de espalhamento, a fração de momentum dos pártons no alvo é aproximadamente x = (M/√s)e−y, onde M é a massa da partícula e √s é a energia de centro de massa, assim pequeno - x está relacionado com a região de grande pseudorapidez (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), a qual é denominada região frontal. Esta Tese trata, portanto, da física de pequeno - x em processos frontais no LHC, analisando especificamente a produção dos mésons J/ e (2S) em energias de centro de massa 2.76 TeV em colisões coerentes e incoerentes eletromagnéticas PbPb e a produção de diléptons em colisões pp em energias de centro de massa de 7 TeV . A abordagem utilizada nos cálculos é o formalismo de dipolos de cor, o qual é conveniente em pequeno - x, e apresenta uma forma eficaz e simplificada para o cálculo das seções de choque. As predições apresentadas são consistentes com dados experimentais das colaborações ALICE, E866 e CDF, mostrando a robustez do modelo utilizado. / The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energy regime extends the phase space for particle production to an unprecedent way, enabling a more detailed study of subatomic particles. Many interesting scattering processes for QCD phenomenology at high energies, specially those mediated by the exchange of objects without color, are characterized by particles emitted in very small scattering angles relative to the axis of incident beam. Specially in scattering processes, the target parton momentum fraction is approximately x = (M/√s)e−y, where M is the particle mass and √s is the center of mass energy. Therefore, small-x is related to the large pseudorapidez region (η = −ln[tan θ/2] ≈ y), which is called forward region. Therefore, this thesis deals with the small-x physics in forward processes at the LHC, specifically analyzing the production of mesons J/ and (2S) at 2.76 TeV center of mass energy in coherent and incoherent electromagnetic PbPb collisions and dileptons production at 7 TeV center of mass energy in pp collisions. The approach used in the calculations is the color dipole formalism, which is convenient in small-x, and presents an effective and simple way to calculate the cross sections. The predictions are consistent with the ALICE, CDF and E866 collaborations experimental data, showing the robustness of the considered model.

In this work we present the basic theoretical concepts of the description of the nucleon spin structure. The theoretical background of two processes of interest - Semi-inclusive DIS and Drell-Yan - in the terms of Transverse Momentum De- pendent Parton distribution Functions is presented. The COMPASS experiment and particularly its unique polarised target are described in detail. Several target related measurements are presented. The express analysis and detector efficien- cies analysis are presented as examples of important hardware related analysis. Finally two measurements of Transverse Spin Asymmetries are presented. The first measurement is the measurement of the Transverse Spin Asymmetries in J/ψ production in the Semi-inclusive DIS on polarised protons. The second mea- surement is the measurement of Transverse Spin Asymmetries in J/ψ in the π− p polarised Drell-Yan data. 1

Vineyards in the Eastern United States are often prone to excessive vegetative growth. In order to suppress excessive vine vigor, many viticulturists have employed cover cropping strategies. Cover crops provide a myriad of agronomic benefits, however they are known to compete with the vine for water and nutrients. Due to the widespread use of cover crops in Eastern vineyards, many vineyards experience nitrogen (N) deficiencies in both the vegetative vine tissue and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in the juice. Soil applications of calcium nitrate and foliar applications of urea were assessed as a means of vineyard N amelioration at cover cropped sites comprised of Petit Manseng and Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). Perennial White and Crimson clover cover crops and foliar urea applications were also used in a Vidal blanc (Vitis spp.) vineyard. Treatments were imposed in the Sauvignon blanc vineyard for five years. The Petit Manseng and Vidal blanc vineyards were subjected to treatments for two years. Soil-applied N at bloom was most effective at increasing leaf petiole N at véraison, season-long chlorophyll content index (CCI), vine capacity and fruit yield. Fruit yield was increased due to more berries per cluster and greater berry weights. Increased rates of soil-applied N decreased the fruit weight:pruning weight ratio. Foliar-applied N after fruit set was most effective at increasing berry YAN. While most of the measured amino acids in fruit increased in concentration with the application of either soil or foliar N, foliar applications were more effective at increasing fruit amino acids. Clover cover crops offered little to no benefit as a N source in the two-year period of evaluation. None of the N management schemes negatively impacted canopy density, fruit zone light interception, or botrytis bunch rot incidence. The combination of both a soil-applied and foliar-applied N fertilizer may be the most effective means to increase both vine capacity and YAN in vineyards where vineyard floor cover crops are compromising vine N status. / Master of Science