Initiation of breast feeding and duration of any breast feeding are known to differ by ethnic group, but there are limited data on differences in exclusive breast feeding. This study aimed to determine if there are ethnic differences in the initiation and duration of any and exclusive breast feeding. METHODS: Breast-feeding data were obtained from a subsample of 1365 women recruited to a multi-ethnic cohort study (Born in Bradford) between August 2008 and March 2009. Poisson regression was used to investigate the impact of socio-economic, life style and birth factors on ethnic differences in the prevalence of breast feeding. RESULTS: Compared with white British mothers, initiation of breast feeding was significantly higher in all ethnic groups and this persisted after adjustment for socio-economic, life style and birth factors [Pakistani: prevalence rate ratio (PRR) = 1.19 (95% confidence interval 1.10, 1.29); Other South Asian: PRR = 1.29 (1.18, 1.42); Other ethnicities: PRR = 1.33 (1.21, 1.46)]. There were no differences in exclusive breast feeding at 4 months [Pakistani: PRR = 0.77 (0.54, 1.09); Other South Asian: PRR = 1.55 (0.99, 2.43); Other ethnicities: PRR = 1.50 (0.88, 2.56)]. Any breast feeding at 4 months was significantly higher in mothers of all non-white British ethnicities [Pakistani: PRR = 1.27 (1.02, 1.58); Other South Asian: PRR = 1.99 (1.52, 2.62); Other ethnicities: 2.45 (1.86, 3.21)]. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst women of ethnic minority groups were significantly more likely to initiate breast feeding and continue any breast feeding for 4 months compared with white British women, the rates of exclusive breast feeding at 4 months were not significantly different once socio-economic, life style and birth factors were accounted for.

No / We retrospectively reviewed the hospital records of 68 patients who had been referred with an injury to the posterolateral corner of the knee to a specialist knee surgeon between 2005 and 2009. These injuries were diagnosed based on a combination of clinical testing and imaging and arthroscopy when available. In all, 51 patients (75%) presented within 24 hours of their injury with a mean presentation at eight days (0 to 20) after the injury. A total of 63 patients (93%) had instability of the knee at presentation. There was a mean delay to the diagnosis of injury to the posterolateral corner of 30 months (0 to 420) from the time of injury. In all, the injuries in 49 patients (72%) were not identified at the time of the initial presentation, with the injury to the posterolateral corner only recognised in those patients who had severe multiple ligamentous injuries. The correct diagnosis, including injury to the posterolateral corner, had only been made in 34 patients (50%) at time of referral to a specialist knee clinic. MRI correctly identified 14 of 15 injuries when performed acutely (within 12 weeks of injury), but this was the case in only four of 15 patients in whom it was performed more than 12 weeks after the injury. Our study highlights a need for greater diligence in the examination and investigation of acute ligamentous injuries at the knee with symptoms of instability, in order to avoid failure to identify the true extent of the injury at the time when anatomical repair is most straightforward.

No / To demonstrate the benefits of fluoroscopy-guided intra-articular steroid injection in the hip with varying degrees of disease severity, and to investigate the financial aspects of the procedure and impact on waiting time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study was undertaken of patients who underwent fluoroscopic intra-articular steroid injection over the 9-month study period. Comparative analysis of the Oxford hip pain score pre- and 6-8 weeks post-intra-articular injection was performed. Hip radiographs of all patients were categorised as normal, mild, moderate, or severe disease (four categories) based on the modified Kellgren-Lawrence severity scale, and improvement on the Oxford hip pain score on each of these four severity categories were assessed. RESULTS: Within the study cohort of 100 patients, the mean increase in post-procedure hip score of 7.32 points confirms statistically significant benefits of the therapy (p<0.001, 95% confidence interval: 5.55-9.09). There was no significant difference in pre-injection hip score or change in score between the four severity categories (p=0.51). Significant improvement in hip score (p<0.05) was demonstrated in each of the four severity categories 6-8 weeks post-injection. No associated complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that fluoroscopy-guided intra-articular steroid injection is a highly effective therapeutic measure for hip osteoarthritis across all grades of disease severity with significant cost savings and the potential to reduce waiting times.

No / Transition planning using a person-centred approach has, in the main, failed to shape service provision. We offer an alternative based on an ecological understanding of human development linked to public health approaches that prioritise whole system planning. A total of 43 young people with intellectual disabilities, in Bradford, England, who were approaching transition from school or college were recruited to a qualitative study. Their ethnic breakdown was as follows: 16 white British, 24 Pakistani, 2 Bangladeshi and 1 Black African. Each young person was interviewed twice, at recruitment and a year later, to observe any changes in their social networks during transition. Interviews were undertaken with a semi-structured interview schedule and with the pictorial approach of Talking Mats. Both the networks the young people live within, and their sense of what the future might hold for them, are described and linked to Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of human development. The importance of the family and school is emphasised, as is the absence of engagement in leisure activities and work. Transition planning needs to start with mapping the systems individuals live within, areas of strength should be supported and parts of the system, which are not fit for purpose for these young people, should be prioritised for interventions.

The Born in Bradford cohort study was established in 2007 to examine how genetic, nutritional, environmental, behavioural and social factors impact on health and development during childhood, and subsequently adult life in a deprived multi-ethnic population. Between 2007 and 2011, detailed information on socio-economic characteristics, ethnicity and family trees, lifestyle factors, environmental risk factors and physical and mental health has been collected from 12 453 women with 13 776 pregnancies (recruited at ∼28 weeks) and 3448 of their partners. Mothers were weighed and measured at recruitment, and infants have had detailed anthropometric assessment at birth and post-natally up to 2 years of age. Results of an oral glucose tolerance test and lipid profiles were obtained on the mothers during pregnancy at ∼28 weeks gestation, and pregnancy serum, plasma and urine samples have been stored. Cord blood samples have been obtained and stored and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction on 10 000 mother–offspring pairs is nearly completed. The study has a biobank of over 250 000 samples of maternal blood, DNA and urine, cord blood and DNA and paternal saliva. Details of how scientists can access these data are provided in this cohort profile.

No / PURPOSE: To examine foveal structure in amblyopia using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Two subject groups were recruited to the study: 85 amblyopes (34 adults, 51 children) and 110 visually normal controls (44 adults, 66 children). METHODS: A detailed eye examination, including an SD-OCT scan, was performed in all participants. A total of 390 eyes of 195 subjects were imaged using a 3-dimensional (3D) macula scan covering a nominal 6 x 6-mm area with a resolution of 256 x 256 (65,536 axial scans). Data from the B-scans bisecting the fovea both horizontally and vertically were fitted with a mathematical model of the fovea to determine a range of foveal parameters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Foveal thickness, foveal pit depth, and foveal pit slope. RESULTS: Bilateral differences between the eyes of amblyopes compared with visually normal controls were found. The difference between foveal structure in amblyopic participants relative to structure in subjects with normal vision persisted even when variables such as age, ethnicity, axial length, and sex were taken into account. Amblyopes showed increased foveal thickness (+8.31 mum; P = 0.006) and a reduction in pit depth in the horizontal meridian (-10.06 mum; P = 0.005) but not in the vertical meridian (P = 0.082) when compared with subjects with normal vision. Foveal pit slopes were found to be approximately 1 degree flatter in the nasal (P = 0.033) and temporal (P = 0.014) meridians in amblyopes, but differences between amblyopes and controls in the superior (P = 0.061) and inferior (P = 0.087) meridians did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant interocular differences were found in the foveal structure between amblyopic and fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Differences were found in the foveal structure in both eyes of amblyopes compared with subjects with normal vision. These differences consisted of increased foveal thickness, reduced pit depth when measured along the horizontal meridian, and flattening of the nasal and temporal sides of the foveal pit.

No / The eye rotation approach for measuring peripheral eye length leads to concern about whether the rotation influences results, such as through pressure exerted by eyelids or extra-ocular muscles. This study investigated whether this approach is valid. Peripheral eye lengths were measured with a Lenstar LS 900 biometer for eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions (head rotation for horizontal meridian and instrument rotation for vertical meridian). Measurements were made for 23 healthy young adults along the horizontal visual field (+/- 30 degrees ) and, for a subset of eight participants along the vertical visual field (+/- 25 degrees ). To investigate the influence of the duration of eye rotation, for six participants measurements were made at 0, 60, 120, 180 and 210 s after eye rotation to +/- 30 degrees along horizontal and vertical visual fields. Peripheral eye lengths were not significantly different for the conditions along the vertical meridian (F1,7 = 0.16, p = 0.71). The peripheral eye lengths for the conditions were significantly different along the horizontal meridian (F1,22 = 4.85, p = 0.04), although not at individual positions (p >/= 0.10) and were not important. There were no apparent differences between the emmetropic and myopic groups. There was no significant change in eye length at any position after maintaining position for 210 s. Eye rotation and no-eye rotation conditions were similar for measuring peripheral eye lengths along horizontal and vertical visual field meridians at +/- 30 degrees and +/- 25 degrees , respectively. Either condition can be used to estimate retinal shape from peripheral eye lengths.

The purpose of the study is to highlight the possibilities that Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone can contribute to in the value-based work in teaching, as well as how the content can be used as a tool in teaching. This is with the hope that it will lead to an increased understanding and interest among teachers in how children’s and youth literature and value-based work can be combined. The study is a qualitative literature analysis based on Nikolajeva’s (2017) narratological literature analysis model. In the selection of literature, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2014) was chosen, which was the Harry Potter novel that was easiest for the author to access. The study’s analysis highlights three different subcategories: social responsibility, inclusion and exclusion, and laws and regulations. The result of the analysis shows that the book contains several events that can be related to the basic values ​​in the value base. Among other things, various scenarios emerge that students can relate to such things as exclusion, social community, and dilemmas. The study also shows that some rule violations can be related to what is morally right. The content of the book can contribute to the value-based work in teaching through the various events, which can be linked to students’ identifying with the story and which similarities and differences exist between the world in the novel and the real one. The content of the book can also be sued as a pedagogical tool, in that its content can capture students’ interest, which can lead to an increase in motivation. Important conclusions from this study are that Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone can be useful for value-based work, and also children’s and youth literature in general can be useful in teaching. / Studiens syfte är att belysa vilka möjligheter Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone kan bidra till i värdegrundsarbetet i undervisningen, samt hur innehållet kan användas som pedagogiskt redskap. Detta med förhoppningen om att det ska leda till en ökad förståelse och intresse bland lärare om hur barn- och ungdomslitteratur och värdegrundsarbetet kan kombineras. Studien är en kvalitativ litteraturanalys som utgår från Nikolajevas (2017) narratologiska litteraturanalysmodell. I urvalet rörande litteratur valdes Harry Potter and the Philospher’s Stone (2014) som var den enklaste romanen i serien för författaren att få tillgång till. Studiens analys belyser tre olika subkategorier: socialt ansvar, inkludering och exkludering och lagar och regler. Resultatet av analysen visar att boken innehåller flera händelser som kan relateras till de grundläggande värdena i värdegrunden. Det framkommer bland annat olika scenarion som elever kan relatera till som utanförskap, social gemenskap och dilemman. Studien visar även på att vissa regelbrott kan vara relaterade till vad som är moraliskt rätt. Bokens innehåll kan bidra till värdegrundsarbetet i undervisningen genom de olika händelserna, som kan kopplas till elevernas igenkänning och vilka likheter och skillnader som finns mellan Harry Potter världen och den riktiga. Innehållet i boken kan också bidra som ett pedagogiskt redskap, genom att dess innehåll kan fånga elevers intresse som kan leda till att motivationen ökar. Viktiga slutsatser med denna studie är att Harry Potter and the Philospher’s Stone kan vara användbar för värdegrundsarbetet, och även barn- och ungdomslitteratur överlag kan vara användbart i undervisningen.

No / The relevance of preconceptional and prenatal toxicant exposures for genomic stability in offspring is difficult to analyze in human populations, because gestational exposures usually cannot be separated from preconceptional exposures. To analyze the roles of exposures during gestation and conception on genomic stability in the offspring, stability was assessed via the Comet assay and highly sensitive, semiautomated confocal laser scans of gammaH2AX foci in cord, maternal, and paternal blood as well as spermatozoa from 39 families in Crete, Greece, and the United Kingdom. With use of multivariate linear regression analysis with backward selection, preconceptional paternal smoking (% tail DNA: P>0.032; gammaH2AX foci: P>0.018) and gestational maternal (% tail DNA: P>0.033) smoking were found to statistically significantly predict DNA damage in the cord blood of F1 offspring. Maternal passive smoke exposure was not identified as a predictor of DNA damage in cord blood, indicating that the effect of paternal smoking may be transmitted via the spermatozoal genome. Taken together, these studies reveal a role for cigarette smoke in the induction of DNA alterations in human F1 offspring via exposures of the fetus in utero or the paternal germline. Moreover, the identification of transgenerational DNA alterations in the unexposed F1 offspring of smoking-exposed fathers supports the claim that cigarette smoke is a human germ cell mutagen.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Department of English, 2007. / Bibliography: p. 239-289. / Introduction -- Fantastic metamorphosis as childhood 'otherness' -- The metamorphic growth of wings : deviant development and adolescent hybridity -- Tenors of maturation: developing powers and changing identities -- Changing representations of werewolves: ideologies of racial and ethnic otherness -- The desire for transcendence: jouissance in selkie narratives -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendix: "The great Silkie of Sule Skerry": three versions. / My central thesis is that fantastic motifs work on a metaphorical level to encapsulate and express ideologies that have frequently been naturalised as 'truths'. I develop a theory of motif metaphors in order to examine the ideologies generated by the fantastic motif of metamorphosis in a range of contemporary children's and young adult fantasy texts. Although fantastic metamorphosis is an exceptionally prevalent and powerful motif in children's and young adult fantasy literature, symbolising important ideas about change and otherness in relation to childhood, adolescence, and maturation, and conveying important ideologies about the world in which we live, it has been little analysed in children's literature criticism. The detailed analyses of particular metamorphosis motif metaphors in this study expand and refine our academic understanding of the metamorphosis figure and consequently provide insight into the underlying principles and particular forms of a variety of significant ideologies. / By examining several principal metamorphosis motif metaphors I investigate how a number of specific cultural beliefs are constructed and represented in contemporary children's and young adult fantasy literature. I particularly focus upon metamorphosis as a metaphor for childhood otherness; adolescent hybridity and deviant development; maturation as a process of self-change and physical empowerment; racial and ethnic difference and otherness; and desire and jouissance. I apply a range of pertinent cultural theories to explore these motif metaphors fully, drawing on the interpretive frameworks most appropriate to the concepts under consideration. I thus employ general psychoanalytic theories of embodiment, development, language, subjectivity, projection, and abjection; poststructuralist, social constructionist, and sociological theories; and wide-ranging literary theories, philosophical theories, gender and feminist theories, race and ethnicity theories, developmental theories, and theories of fantasy and animality. The use of such theories allows for incisive explorations of the explicit and implicit ideologies metaphorically conveyed by the motif of metamorphosis in different fantasy texts. / In this study, I present a number of specific analyses that enhance our knowledge of the motif of fantastic metamorphosis and of significant cultural ideologies. In doing so, I provide a model for a new and precise approach to the analysis of fantasy literature. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / [12], 294 p