No / Union Learn and Unison

Declining union density rates have been and continue to be an ongoing issue and worry around the world. In Sweden, union density remains high in comparison to other countries, although not an exception to the declining rates which have largely encompassed young workers. The objective of this study is to research two phenomena that have been identified as influences surrounding why young workers do not become unionised. The research questions are 1. Can individualistic attitudes be linked to the decline in union density among young workers, if so how? and 2. Can employer resistance towards trade unionism be linked to the decline in union density among young workers, if so how?.There are substantial amounts of quantitative research devoted to trying to understand the decline, which motivated writing a report with a qualitative approach. Focus was put on the thoughts and views of six young individuals who are all involved with three Swedish trade unions, HRF, Handels and Seko. The results of the study revealed that both individualistic attitudes and employer resistance can be linked to declining union density rates among youths. Individualistic attitudes were analysed alongside Allvin and Sverke’s theories on the ‘era of individualisation’, which includes declining preparedness to participate in collective movements, the belief in the efficacy of the self and autonomous attitudes towards institutions. Individualistic attitudes that were conferred in the interviews revolved around matters such as young workers not being able to identify themselves with trade unions and their officials. Employer resistance methods were discussed in line with, among others, Brulin’s theory on the work place as a political arena, where employers and trade unions battle for the loyalty of the employees. Resistance towards trade unions seem to appear in various forms and different methods are used in order to obstruct individuals from becoming or remaining unionised. This includes subtle threats and ostracism from managers and co-workers and unmotivated changes of rosters.

Esta pesquisa se propõe a investigar elementos constitutivos da cultura de dois grupos de trabalhadores do ABC Paulista. O objetivo central é compreender os costumes desses jovens, especialmente no que se refere às experiências para além do trabalho. Escolhemos dois segmentos dentro de uma mesma categoria, por ocuparem lugares diferentes na cadeia produtiva, fato que lhes proporciona condições materiais e simbólicas muito diversas. Para compreensão das trajetórias e dos processos de socialização desse grupo de jovens, buscamos apreender seus estilos de vida, que, para Bourdieu (1979, p.), são sistemas de desvios diferenciais que são a retradução simbólica de diferenças objetivamente inscritas nas condições de existência, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Partimos do pressuposto de que esses trabalhadores são originários de um campo cuja matriz comum dá contorno a uma identidade operária. A composição cultural destes trabalhadores, porém, não é homogênea. Com Leal (2011, p.367.) entendemos por cultura um conjunto de valores e significados atribuídos a relações e práticas sociais incorporados em seus rituais e comportamentos que expressam uma determinada forma de ser no mundo. O primeiro grupo foi composto por jovens de uma empresa de autopeças: Itaesbra; e o segundo, por jovens de uma empresa montadora: Mercedes-Benz. Partimos da hipótese de que jovens trabalhadores de uma mesma categoria possuem capital cultural diferentes e, apesar de partilharem hábitos e costumes, apresentam formas muito peculiares. As disposições adquiridas, perpassadas por múltiplas vivências, imputam um caráter bastante fluido a suas identidades como trabalhadores. Como consequência, refletem uma cultura de classes plural e muito heterogênea. Ainda assim, observamos uma marca fundamental que os une: as experiências para além do trabalho, que indicam seus lugares na configuração social, ganham espaço secundário, isto é, o trabalho ocupa lugar central em suas vidas. / This research aims to investigate the constituent elements of the culture of two groups of ABC Paulista workers. The main objective is to understand the customs of these young workers, especially with regard to experiences beyond work. Two segments within the same category were chosen, because they occupy different places in the production chain, a fact that gives them very different material and symbolic conditions. To understanding the trajectories and socialization processes of this group of young workers, we seek to learn their lifestyles, that according to Bourdieu (1979, p.), are \"differential deviations systems that are a symbolic retranslation of differences objectively entered in conditions of existence\", through semi-structured interviews. We assume that these workers are originate from a field whose common matrix creates an operary class identity. The cultural composition of these workers, however, is not uniform. According to Leal (2011, p.367.) culture is a \"set of values and meanings attributed to social relations and practices\" incorporated into their rituals and behaviors that express a certain way of being. The first group was composed by young people from an auto parts company: Itaesbra; and second, by young people from an automaker company: Mercedes-Benz. Our hypothesis is that young workers of the same class have different cultural capital and despite sharing habits and customs, have very peculiar shapes. The provisions acquired, laden with multiple experiences, attach a fluid nature to their identities as workers. As a result, they reflect a culture of plural and heterogeneous classes. Even so, we observed a feature that connects them: the experience beyond the job, indicating their place in the social setting, won a secondary space, that is, work occupies a central place in their lives.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-02T14:31:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joanice Maria Barreto.pdf: 2284886 bytes, checksum: fb5d2d087b315da3dea350df1831493c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-02T14:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joanice Maria Barreto.pdf: 2284886 bytes, checksum: fb5d2d087b315da3dea350df1831493c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-05 / This is a study about the presence of young people in subcontracting of sewing services of clothing industries' located in the municipality of Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. These subcontracting of sewing services are usually installed in general households. In the survey, respondents were six young men and women aged between 17 and 24, running activities related to that city's apparel sector. The place of residence also becomes a salaried workspace for those young people who venture into the uncertainties of wage earning labor. Like this, they are integrated into the market and earn money to minimally meet their personal needs. However, these young people do not consider what they do precarious or passing. From their point of view, the tasks they perform in the subcontracting of sewing services are important for clothing Industries, being a source of income for them. It was also possible with this research to know these young respondents choices, personal relations and consuming demands / Este estudo trata da presença de jovens nas facções das indústrias de confecção localizadas no município de Divinópolis-MG. Essas facções estão instaladas em geral em domicílios. Na pesquisa, foram entrevistados seis jovens homens e mulheres com idade entre 17 e 24 anos, que executam atividades ligadas ao setor do vestuário desse município. O local de moradia se torna também um espaço de trabalho assalariado para esses jovens que se aventuram nas incertezas do trabalho assalariado, assim, ocorre a sua inserção no mercado de emprego e ganham dinheiro para suprir minimamente as suas necessidades pessoais. No entanto, os jovens não consideram o que fazem como precário e poucos como passageiro. Do seu ponto de vista, as tarefas que realizam nas facções são importantes para as indústrias de confecção, sendo uma fonte de renda para eles. Foi ainda possível com essa pesquisa conhecer as escolhas dos jovens entrevistados, relações de sociabilidade e demandas de consumo

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar relatos de jovens aprendizes e estagiários sobre condições de trabalho, escola e saúde após ingresso no primeiro emprego. Foram utilizados diferentes instrumentos para a coleta de dados. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas individuais e coletivas com roteiro semi-estruturado. As análises desses dados foram realizadas a partir da metodologia de análise de conteúdo. Foi aplicado um questionário para a obtenção dos dados sócio-demográficos, condições de saúde, sono, hábitos e estilos de vida. Esses dados foram tabulados em planilhas ExcelTM. Participaram deste estudo quarenta jovens, aprendizes e estagiários, entre 14 e 20 anos, que trabalhavam há pelo menos seis meses, em diferentes setores e ramos de empresas, com jornada entre seis e oito horas diárias de trabalho. Todos os participantes estudavam no período noturno, curso técnico, ensino médio, ou faculdade e que, concomitantemente ao estudo e trabalho, frequentavam os programas de aprendizagem e estágio em uma Organização Não Governamental situada na zona Sul de São Paulo, capital. Os resultados desse estudo apontam o ingresso de adolescentes no trabalho cada vez mais cedo em busca de melhores condições financeiras para si e para família. Os jovens relataram passar por muitos desafios para conciliar as atividades pessoais, profissionais e acadêmicas. A extensa jornada diária de trabalho somada ao período de estudo noturno comprometeu, na maioria dos casos, o desempenho acadêmico e a saúde dos participantes. Os principais fatores prejudiciais à saúde relatados pelos jovens foram: falta de tempo para dormir, para se alimentar adequadamente, para praticar atividade física e a redução do tempo de lazer e convívio social com amigos e família. Os aprendizes e estagiários também mencionaram a falta de treinamento e o desconhecimento da legislação pertinente ao seu trabalho como fatores que contribuíram para as dificuldades apresentadas nos relatos sobre a realização de suas atividades laborais, na identificação de acidentes e doenças relacionadas com o trabalho / This study aimed to describe and analyze reports of young apprentices and trainees on employment conditions, health and school after entering the first job. Different instruments were employed for data collection. Qualitative data were collected through individual and collective interviews with a semi-structured interview. The data analyzes were performed using the content analysis methodology. A questionnaire was applied to obtain the socio-demographic data, health status, sleep habits and lifestyles. Data were tabulated in ExcelTM spreadsheets. The study included forty young people, apprentices and trainees, ranging from 14 to 20 years old, who worked for at least six months in different sectors and branches of companies, with journey between six and eight hours of work. All participants studied in the evening, technical course, high school or college and, simultaneously to study and work, attending learning programs and educational work in an NGO located in the south of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results of this study showed that getting better financial conditions for themselves and their families were the major reasons for start working earlier. One of the major challenges faced by the participants was dealing with work concomitantly to personal and academic activities. Long daily working hours in addition to the period of study undertaken at night had, in most cases, a reflex, upon academic performance and health of the participants. The main factors detrimental to health reported were: lack of time for sleeping, eating properly, for physical activity and for recreation and socializing with friends and family. Apprentices and trainees also have mentioned the lack of training, and/or not knowing the legislation regarding to their work as the main factors related to the difficulties for doing their task properly, identification of illnesses and work-related accidents

Background: Agriculture is the most hazardous occupational industry for young adults. Young adults are engaging in agricultural work and interacting with common hazards, however, it is unknown how young adults are engaging with such hazards and whether administrative controls including workplace organizational factors and social influences in the workplace are associated with safe working practice. Methods: Workplace practices were examined among young adult agricultural workers (18-24). Workers responded to statements regarding their participation in six agricultural work areas, specific behaviors within each work area, risk-taking behaviors of parents, peers, and supervisors, and items about workplace organizational characteristics. A second study, conducted among swine facility workers in the Midwest, tested the effectiveness of an intervention that coupled behavioral theory with technology to increase the use of hearing protection in swine facilities. Results: Results from the cross-sectional, online survey indicated supervisor influence was more strongly associated with reported workplace behaviors than co-worker/peer or parent influence. Furthermore, organizational factors including number of hours worked each week and the presence of safety and health policies was associated with workplace behaviors Results from the intervention study suggest behavioral tracking is effective at increasing the use of hearing protection among young adult swine facility workers in the short term, however, changes in behavior are not maintained over time. Supplying hearing protection is a more effective tool in facilitating sustainable behavioral change. Conclusions: Results suggest interventions that address social and organizational factors of work to improve workplace behaviors among young adult agricultural workers should be tested.

This dissertation focused on the topic of youth violence in two very different populations, young workers and youth offenders. Youth violence at the home, in school and in the community has been well documented in the literature but very little is known about the prevalence of and risk factors for victimization at the workplace in young workers. In chapter two, a retrospective cohort study was conducted using National Crime Victimization Survey data from 2008–2012. We calculated a rate of workplace violence victimization and compared those rates between occupations and demographic characteristics in young workers 16–24 years. Multilevel, weighted Poisson regression models were used to compare rates of workplace victimization across occupations and demographic characteristics. The rate of workplace violence victimization was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.95–1.27) incidents per 1,000 employed person-months. Young workers in retail sales occupations had a higher rate of workplace victimization than workers in health care occupations (RR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.26–1.03) but a lower rate of workplace victimization than workers in protective service occupations (RR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.34–3.77). Rates of workplace violence victimization differed significantly by age, income and workplace location. In contrast, the prevalence of and risk factors for juvenile offender are well-known. However, there still exist major gaps in determining the effectiveness of tertiary interventions, justice-based processes (i.e. formal appearance in court vs. informal agreement or meeting with court officer) and placement (e.g. detention centers, foster care, mental health institutions). In chapters three and four, the effectiveness of justice-based processes and placement on recidivism in young offenders 12–16.5 years were evaluated using data received from the Iowa Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning Agency (CJJP) from 2010–2013. Multivariable logistic regression was used to impute risk level scores, to calculate propensity scores and to measure associations between demographic or complaint characteristics and main exposures. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by comparing the associations between process type and recidivism in a sample matched on propensity scores to the original unmatched sample. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to compare time to recidivism by process type or placement in matched and unmatched samples. In chapter three, out of 2,901 youth offenders, 41% recidivated over an 18-month period. Eighteen percent were formally processed while 82% received an informal agreement. Youth who received an informal agreement had a lower risk of reoffending at any time compared to youth who were formally processed in both the unmatched (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.76–1.13) and matched sample (HR= 0.86, 95% CI: 0.65–1.14). These estimates were not statistically significant. We observed an offense-specific association between processing and recidivism. Property (HR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57–0.96) offenders who received an informal agreement were significantly less likely to recidivate compared to property offenders who were formally processed. In chapter four, out of 1,469 youth offenders, 36% recidivated over an 18-month period. Nine percent received placement while 91% did not. Youth who received placement had up to an 87% higher risk of reoffending at any time compared to youth who did not receive placement in both unmatched (HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.11–2.08) and matched (HR= 1.87, 95% CI: 1.23–2.84) samples. We observed a charge-specific association between receiving placement and recidivism. Youth charged with a simple misdemeanor (HR = 2.74; 95% CI: 1.63–4.60) or other charges (HR = 6.60, 95% CI: 1.56–28.00) and received placement were significantly more likely to recidivate compared to those who did not receive placement. These findings contribute to the youth violence literature in the following ways. Chapter two identified the occupations and target populations in need of policies and evidence-based interventions aimed at improving the working conditions for young workers. Chapter three and four supports the continual evaluation of the juvenile justice system to determine the best practices that may reduce violence and recidivism in young offenders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar relatos de jovens aprendizes e estagiários sobre condições de trabalho, escola e saúde após ingresso no primeiro emprego. Foram utilizados diferentes instrumentos para a coleta de dados. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas individuais e coletivas com roteiro semi-estruturado. As análises desses dados foram realizadas a partir da metodologia de análise de conteúdo. Foi aplicado um questionário para a obtenção dos dados sócio-demográficos, condições de saúde, sono, hábitos e estilos de vida. Esses dados foram tabulados em planilhas ExcelTM. Participaram deste estudo quarenta jovens, aprendizes e estagiários, entre 14 e 20 anos, que trabalhavam há pelo menos seis meses, em diferentes setores e ramos de empresas, com jornada entre seis e oito horas diárias de trabalho. Todos os participantes estudavam no período noturno, curso técnico, ensino médio, ou faculdade e que, concomitantemente ao estudo e trabalho, frequentavam os programas de aprendizagem e estágio em uma Organização Não Governamental situada na zona Sul de São Paulo, capital. Os resultados desse estudo apontam o ingresso de adolescentes no trabalho cada vez mais cedo em busca de melhores condições financeiras para si e para família. Os jovens relataram passar por muitos desafios para conciliar as atividades pessoais, profissionais e acadêmicas. A extensa jornada diária de trabalho somada ao período de estudo noturno comprometeu, na maioria dos casos, o desempenho acadêmico e a saúde dos participantes. Os principais fatores prejudiciais à saúde relatados pelos jovens foram: falta de tempo para dormir, para se alimentar adequadamente, para praticar atividade física e a redução do tempo de lazer e convívio social com amigos e família. Os aprendizes e estagiários também mencionaram a falta de treinamento e o desconhecimento da legislação pertinente ao seu trabalho como fatores que contribuíram para as dificuldades apresentadas nos relatos sobre a realização de suas atividades laborais, na identificação de acidentes e doenças relacionadas com o trabalho / This study aimed to describe and analyze reports of young apprentices and trainees on employment conditions, health and school after entering the first job. Different instruments were employed for data collection. Qualitative data were collected through individual and collective interviews with a semi-structured interview. The data analyzes were performed using the content analysis methodology. A questionnaire was applied to obtain the socio-demographic data, health status, sleep habits and lifestyles. Data were tabulated in ExcelTM spreadsheets. The study included forty young people, apprentices and trainees, ranging from 14 to 20 years old, who worked for at least six months in different sectors and branches of companies, with journey between six and eight hours of work. All participants studied in the evening, technical course, high school or college and, simultaneously to study and work, attending learning programs and educational work in an NGO located in the south of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The results of this study showed that getting better financial conditions for themselves and their families were the major reasons for start working earlier. One of the major challenges faced by the participants was dealing with work concomitantly to personal and academic activities. Long daily working hours in addition to the period of study undertaken at night had, in most cases, a reflex, upon academic performance and health of the participants. The main factors detrimental to health reported were: lack of time for sleeping, eating properly, for physical activity and for recreation and socializing with friends and family. Apprentices and trainees also have mentioned the lack of training, and/or not knowing the legislation regarding to their work as the main factors related to the difficulties for doing their task properly, identification of illnesses and work-related accidents

Esta pesquisa se propõe a investigar elementos constitutivos da cultura de dois grupos de trabalhadores do ABC Paulista. O objetivo central é compreender os costumes desses jovens, especialmente no que se refere às experiências para além do trabalho. Escolhemos dois segmentos dentro de uma mesma categoria, por ocuparem lugares diferentes na cadeia produtiva, fato que lhes proporciona condições materiais e simbólicas muito diversas. Para compreensão das trajetórias e dos processos de socialização desse grupo de jovens, buscamos apreender seus estilos de vida, que, para Bourdieu (1979, p.), são sistemas de desvios diferenciais que são a retradução simbólica de diferenças objetivamente inscritas nas condições de existência, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Partimos do pressuposto de que esses trabalhadores são originários de um campo cuja matriz comum dá contorno a uma identidade operária. A composição cultural destes trabalhadores, porém, não é homogênea. Com Leal (2011, p.367.) entendemos por cultura um conjunto de valores e significados atribuídos a relações e práticas sociais incorporados em seus rituais e comportamentos que expressam uma determinada forma de ser no mundo. O primeiro grupo foi composto por jovens de uma empresa de autopeças: Itaesbra; e o segundo, por jovens de uma empresa montadora: Mercedes-Benz. Partimos da hipótese de que jovens trabalhadores de uma mesma categoria possuem capital cultural diferentes e, apesar de partilharem hábitos e costumes, apresentam formas muito peculiares. As disposições adquiridas, perpassadas por múltiplas vivências, imputam um caráter bastante fluido a suas identidades como trabalhadores. Como consequência, refletem uma cultura de classes plural e muito heterogênea. Ainda assim, observamos uma marca fundamental que os une: as experiências para além do trabalho, que indicam seus lugares na configuração social, ganham espaço secundário, isto é, o trabalho ocupa lugar central em suas vidas. / This research aims to investigate the constituent elements of the culture of two groups of ABC Paulista workers. The main objective is to understand the customs of these young workers, especially with regard to experiences beyond work. Two segments within the same category were chosen, because they occupy different places in the production chain, a fact that gives them very different material and symbolic conditions. To understanding the trajectories and socialization processes of this group of young workers, we seek to learn their lifestyles, that according to Bourdieu (1979, p.), are \"differential deviations systems that are a symbolic retranslation of differences objectively entered in conditions of existence\", through semi-structured interviews. We assume that these workers are originate from a field whose common matrix creates an operary class identity. The cultural composition of these workers, however, is not uniform. According to Leal (2011, p.367.) culture is a \"set of values and meanings attributed to social relations and practices\" incorporated into their rituals and behaviors that express a certain way of being. The first group was composed by young people from an auto parts company: Itaesbra; and second, by young people from an automaker company: Mercedes-Benz. Our hypothesis is that young workers of the same class have different cultural capital and despite sharing habits and customs, have very peculiar shapes. The provisions acquired, laden with multiple experiences, attach a fluid nature to their identities as workers. As a result, they reflect a culture of plural and heterogeneous classes. Even so, we observed a feature that connects them: the experience beyond the job, indicating their place in the social setting, won a secondary space, that is, work occupies a central place in their lives.

The culinary industry is well known for its unforgiving workplace conditions and precarious employment relationships. Low pay, unpredictable schedules, and workplace harassment are commonplace. However, workers in the industry are often dedicated to their craft and passionate about the industry in which they work. This thesis aims to come to a better understanding of the working lives of young kitchen workers in Toronto. Using a narrative approach to research, this thesis draws on the experiences of nine young kitchen workers. Their narratives are analyzed through examining their participation in communities of practice and their experiences of employment strain. It seeks to answer the question of why these individuals enjoy their work but often hate their jobs. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The culinary industry is well known for its unforgiving workplace conditions and precarious employment relationships. Low pay, unpredictable schedules, and workplace harassment are commonplace. However, workers in the industry are often dedicated to their craft and passionate about the industry in which they work. This thesis aims to come to a better understanding of the working lives of young kitchen workers in Toronto. Using a narrative approach to research, this thesis draws on the experiences of nine young kitchen workers. Their narratives are analyzed through examining their participation in communities of practice and their experiences of employment strain. It seeks to answer the question of why these individuals enjoy their work but often hate their jobs.