In recent years young entrepreneurs have attracted considerable attention from policy makers and the media, and there is evidence that increasingly many young people aspire to start their own business. However, there has been little research into how young entrepreneurs actually build their businesses, and the limited existing research about young entrepreneurs has tended to focus on participants who have struggled to achieve business survival and growth. By contrast, this thesis investigates how young entrepreneurs are able to build high performing businesses. All participants have built a business with a turnover between £1 million and £90 million or otherwise raised at least £1 million in external investment. It takes a qualitative approach, based primarily on semi-structured interviewing, to understanding the knowledge and skills 21 young entrepreneurs used to build their businesses. It uses a human capital theory framework to analyse how the young entrepreneurs developed relevant knowledge and skills prior to start-up in order to build a business. It then considers what additional human and social capital the young entrepreneurs acquired during the venture creation process itself. The findings identify three different pathways, each of which typifies the human capital used by particular young entrepreneurs, according to their educational background and the precise age at which they started their business. The study also establishes the necessary human capital which all of the young entrepreneurs developed prior to start-up or during the early stages of starting their ventures, which was important to their success in growing a business. The study finally contributes to the debate about whether general human capital or venture-specific human capital is most important to entrepreneurs, finding that for young entrepreneurs developing pre-start-up general human capital is particularly significant.

How does the idea of entrepreneurship for young people relate to media discourses? We have analysed magazines on entrepreneurship from the perspective of Faircloghs critical discourse analysis method to see how the magazines, by there own position in the entrepreneurships discourse, relate the idea of young entrepreneurship. The society wants more people to start their own business, why? The issues of the shift from youth as social problems to youth as entrepreneurs is discussed in the thesis as well as the scope and content of this discourse as a possible new ideal for youth in Swedish society. / Hur framställer man idé om företagande för unga? Vi har med hjälp av den kritiska diskusanalysen analyserat tidningar om företagande för att se hur de, via sin egen positionering i företagsdiskursen, framställer idén om företagande för unga. Varför är samhället intresserat av att så många ska starta företag idag? I uppsatsen analyseras en möjlig förändring när det gäller synen på ungdomar: från problem till ett nytt ideal som betonar entreprenörskap och företagande. Uppsatsen undersöker bredden och innehållet i denna diskurs.

<p>How does the idea of entrepreneurship for young people relate to media discourses? We have analysed magazines on entrepreneurship from the perspective of Faircloghs critical discourse analysis method to see how the magazines, by there own position in the entrepreneurships discourse, relate the idea of young entrepreneurship. The society wants more people to start their own business, why? The issues of the shift from youth as social problems to youth as entrepreneurs is discussed in the thesis as well as the scope and content of this discourse as a possible new ideal for youth in Swedish society.</p> / <p>Hur framställer man idé om företagande för unga? Vi har med hjälp av</p><p>den kritiska diskusanalysen analyserat tidningar om företagande för att se hur de, via sin egen positionering i företagsdiskursen, framställer idén om företagande för unga. Varför är samhället intresserat av att så många ska starta företag idag? I uppsatsen analyseras en möjlig förändring när det gäller synen på ungdomar: från problem till ett nytt ideal som betonar entreprenörskap och företagande. Uppsatsen undersöker bredden och innehållet i denna diskurs.</p>

‘How do extrinsic factors influence the decision of young adults to become an entrepreneur?’ Michelle Hartmann and Aiko Thumm, 2018: Applied Double Degree Bachelor, Linnaeus University Växjö, Sweden and ICN Business School Nancy, France. Even though governments all over the world are putting a spotlight on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship as a whole, the motivations of why to become a venture creator is rarely touched upon. In general, there are two forms of possible influences on entrepreneurial intentions, namely intrinsic and extrinsic drivers. In order to further describe the phenomenon of extrinsic factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions, this study aims to describe the interplay of three extrinsic factors for venture creation. These three factors are entrepreneurship enhancing education, role models as well as influence of opportunity and necessity. A descriptive, qualitative study has been chosen for that purpose. During semi-structured interviews, the narrative story of the six participants is told. The findings revolve around the narratives of the respondents’ propositions towards the three aforementioned extrinsic factors. This paper shows that the present educational system only partially conveys necessary knowledge and entrepreneurial skills. Furthermore, this study suggests, that there is more than only a positively influencing role model, videlicet, a negative example representing things the young adult does not want to become. In addition, the study depicts the predicament of a clear differentiation between necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship. Lastly this paper concludes, that more than one factor are motivational drivers for young entrepreneurs and therefore opens a wide research area for future fellow entrepreneurship researchers.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-07-13T19:37:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrieli_Camargo2018.pdf: 993869 bytes, checksum: ef708a0d9f990e50a018dea4c024e891 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T19:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrieli_Camargo2018.pdf: 993869 bytes, checksum: ef708a0d9f990e50a018dea4c024e891 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / The entrepreneurship ideology has been highlighted in the educational field through recent years and it is giving education a business character. Hence, the need to question this ideology in order to understand what entrepreneurship is, in what this "educational ideology" is based on and what is Competence Pedagogy? Finally, what is the Young Entrepreneurs First Steps course and how does it deal with the entrepreneurship ideology? To answer these questions, the general objective is to analyze the material proposed by the SEBRAE program called: Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos - JEPP (Young Entrepreneurs First Steps), responsible for the dissemination of entrepreneurial ideology in basic education schools. The main objectives are: to investigate international guidelines for entrepreneurship and the pedagogy of competencies; to point out the relations between entrepreneurship and the pedagogy of competences in basic education; analyze SEBRAE’s JEPP course, understanding how the material deals with the ideology of entrepreneurship in basic education schools. The research is organized into four chapters: in the first, there are some considerations about the world of work, the state and social policies; in the second, the World Bank and its influences on basic education are discussed; in the third, the competence pedagogy as a reproduction of the world of work is presented; and in the fourth, the Young Entrepreneurs First Steps course is explained. For the development of the research, a bibliographical and documentary investigation was carried out both using primary and secondary sources, considering the social, cultural, economic and political elements fundamental to the research. / A ideologia do empreendedorismo vem ganhando visibilidade no campo educacional, nos últimos anos, propiciando à educação um caráter empresarial. Por isso, surgiu a necessidade de questionar essa ideologia, buscando compreender o que é o empreendedorismo e: como tal “ideologia educacional” está fundamentada? O que é a Pedagogia das Competências? E, por fim, o que é o curso Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos e como esse trata a ideologia do empreendedorismo? Para responder essas questões, postula-se como objetivo geral analisar o material proposto pelo programa do SEBRAE denominado: Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos (JEPP), responsável pela disseminação da ideologia empreendedora em escolas de educação básica. Os objetivos específicos são: investigar as orientações internacionais para o empreendedorismo e a pedagogia das competências; caracterizar as relações entre o empreendedorismo e a pedagogia das competências na educação básica e; analisar o curso JEPP do SEBRAE, compreendendo como o material trata a ideologia do empreendedorismo nas escolas de educação básica. A pesquisa está organizada em quatro capítulos: no primeiro, há algumas considerações sobre o mundo do trabalho, o Estado e as políticas sociais; no segundo, aborda-se sobre o Banco Mundial e suas influências para o campo da educação básica; no terceiro, apresenta-se a pedagogia das competências como reprodução do mundo do trabalho; e, no quarto, explana-se sobre o curso Jovens Empreendedores Primeiros Passos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi realizada uma investigação bibliográfica e documental tanto em fontes primárias como em fontes secundárias, considerando os elementos sociais, culturais, econômicos e políticos fundamentais para a pesquisa.

Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett stort intresse bland unga i Sverige att starta företag. Det har också uppenbarats att det finns brister i ungas kunskaper om företagande och entreprenörskap, och de vet inte heller hur de skall gå tillväga för få den kunskapen. De faktorerna påverkar ungas företagande negativt och hämmar dem i deras önskan om egenföretagande. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka specifika faktorer som hindrar unga från att starta företag, det vill säga vilka osäkerheter de upplever i den industriella omgivningen och hur de kan hanteras. I ett försök att finna metoder som hjälper unga att hantera de osäkerheter som upplevs har jag undersökt hur klusterteorin kan underlätta företagandet. Klusterteorin skapades av Michael Porter i slutet av nittonhundratalet och visar på hur företag kan erhålla konkurrensfördelar genom att samlas i industriella kluster. Till det empiriska materialet har jag använt mig av sekundärdata i form av en undersökning utförd av Nutek 2008. Jag har också genomfört en fallstudie med tre företag som opererar i klustret Textil- och Modefabriken.I analysen har jag kunnat identifiera att de osäkerheter som unga upplever är finansiella; hur verksamheten skall finansieras, operationella; hur effektivt företaget kan drivas, samt konkurrensmässiga; om förmågan att konkurrera med andra. Med hjälp av kluster kan de osäkerheterna hanteras då kluster gör unga till bättre företagare med större kunskap om branschen, minskar deras ekonomiska otrygghet och bidrar med en social miljö som främjar deras innovation och ökar den teknologiska utvecklingen.Previous research has shown that there is a great interest among young people in Sweden to start a business. It has also become apparent that there are gaps in young people’s knowledge about business venturing and entrepreneurship, as well as their ability to obtain that knowledge. These factors affect entrepreneurship among young people negatively and it inhibits them in their desire to start at business. The purpose of this paper is to examine the specific factors that prevent young people from starting a business, that is, the uncertainties they experience in the industrial environment and how they can be managed. In an attempt to find methods that can be used to help young people manage the perceived uncertainties I have researched how cluster theory can facilitate entrepreneurship. Cluster theory was created by Michael Porter in the late twentieth century as way to show how businesses can achieve a competitive advantage by congregating in industrial clusters. For my empirical material I have used secondary data in the form of a survey carried out by Nutek in 2008. I have also done a case study with three companies that operate in a cluster called Textil- och Modefabriken.I have identified that the nature of the uncertainties perceived by young people are financial; how the business will be financed, operational; how effectively they will be able to run the business, and competitive; the ability to compete with others. Through the use of clusters these uncertainties can be managed as clusters can turn the young people into better entrepreneurs with a greater knowledge of the industry, as well as reduce their financial insecurities and provide them with a social construct that increase innovation and technological advancements. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens de Araujo Amaro.pdf: 1348722 bytes, checksum: 12b080e8bccba20a651d20c7fd52ff89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / Instituto Presbiteriano Mackenzie / The central objective of this study is to analyze how different conceptions of enterprise influence the development of the enterprising competency, taking as a reference the phenomenographic assumption that a single phenomenon is experienced in different ways by individuals. Generally, studies in this field treat competency as a set of attributes held by individuals and activated in real situations to resolve problems and take opportunities. They are based on a realist ontology, where subject and object are considered separate entities, and on an objectist epistemology, which presupposes that there is an objective meaning to all dimensions of the social world, waiting to be discovered by researchers. As a result, a set of individuals attributes that are independent of context are identified. These studies do not take into consideration the influence of the meanings that individuals attribute to their activities when developing their competency for enterprising. This gap is filled by this research, which is based on the idea that the different conceptions entrepreneurs have of their activities both form and organize the attributes put into play when these activities are performed. For this purpose, qualitative research using a methodology that is little known in organizational studies, phenomenography, was conducted. The main authors of this investigation approach are Ference Marton, Roger Säljö and John Bowden in the education area, and Gloria Dall Alba and Jörgen Sandberg in the competency area. This research was performed with twelve young entrepreneurs who participated in a pre-incubation program at a university located in the state of São Paulo. The data was collected based on two rounds of phenomenographic interviews held at the start and end of the program. Minutes from meetings between the students and the program advisors and with consultants from the junior company connected with the university were also used. The data was analyzed using phenomenographic techniques and the results point to the existence of three different ways of conceiving of enterprise within the group: (1) As an extension of a profession; (2) As an economic activity; (3) As an economic activity with a social impact. The evidence shows that these ways of experiencing enterprise lead to different strategies for learning and competency development. The evidence also shows that the individuals who had the deeper conceptions (2 and 3) developed their competency on more complex levels and obtained more success on the program, having their business projects evaluated and being invited to the incubation stage. After they participated in the program, their conceptions remained the same, which shows that learning occurred within the conception the individuals already possessed when they entered the program. This evidence helps to look at competency development in a new light. In order to develop professional competency it is necessary to go beyond the transmission of content required for good professional performance. It is fundamental to promote interventions that transform the conceptions individuals have of their activities. Individuals with deeper conceptions develop competencies on deeper levels. / O objetivo central desse estudo é analisar como as diferentes concepções de empreender influenciam o desenvolvimento da competência empreendedora, tomando-se como referência o pressuposto fenomenográfico de que um mesmo fenômeno é experienciado de diferentes maneiras pelos indivíduos. Em geral, os estudos nesse campo tratam a competência como um conjunto de atributos detidos pelos indivíduos e que são mobilizados em situações reais para solucionar problemas e aproveitar oportunidades. Partem de uma ontologia realista, em que sujeito e objeto são considerados entidades separadas, e de uma epistemologia objetista, que pressupõe haver um significado objetivo em todas as dimensões do mundo social à espera da descoberta pelos pesquisadores. Como resultado, identifica-se um conjunto de atributos individuais independentes do contexto. Esses estudos não levam em consideração a influência dos significados que os indivíduos atribuem às suas atividades no desenvolvimento de sua competência para empreender. Essa lacuna é preenchida por essa pesquisa, que toma como ponto de partida que as diferentes concepções que os empreendedores possuem de suas atividades tanto formam quanto organizam os atributos colocados em jogo para desempenhá-las. Para atingir esse propósito, foi conduzida uma pesquisa qualitativa utilizando uma metodologia pouco conhecida nos estudos organizacionais, a fenomenografia. Essa abordagem de investigação tem como principais autores Ference Marton, Roger Säljö e John Bowden na área de educação, e Gloria Dall Alba e Jörgen Sandberg na área da competência. Essa pesquisa foi realizada com doze jovens empreendedores participantes do programa de pré-incubação de uma universidade situada no Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados a partir de duas rodadas de entrevistas fenomenográficas realizadas no início e no final do programa. Foram utilizadas também as atas de reuniões desses jovens com os orientadores do programa e com consultores da empresa júnior ligada à universidade. Esses dados foram analisados utilizando-se técnicas fenomenográficas e os resultados apontam para a existência de três maneiras diferentes de conceber o empreender dentro do grupo: (1) Como uma extensão da profissão; (2) Como uma atividade econômica; (3) Como uma atividade econômica de impacto social. As evidências mostram que essas maneiras de experienciar o empreender dão forma a diferentes estratégias de aprendizagem e de desenvolvimento da competência. As evidências também mostram que os indivíduos que partilham das concepções mais profundas (2 e 3) desenvolveram sua competência em níveis mais complexos e obtiveram mais sucesso no programa, tendo seus projetos de negócio avaliados e convidados para a etapa de incubação. Após a participação no programa, as concepções permaneceram as mesmas, o que mostra que a aprendizagem se deu dentro da concepção que os indivíduos já possuíam quando entraram no programa. Essas evidências ajudam a lançar um novo olhar sobre o desenvolvimento de competências. Para desenvolver a competência profissional é preciso ir além da transmissão de conteúdos necessários ao bom desempenho profissional. É fundamental promover intervenções que transformem as concepções que os indivíduos possuem de suas atividades. Indivíduos com concepções mais profundas desenvolvem competências em níveis mais complexos.

Le cadre légal des affaires en Haïti et, plus particulièrement, le Code des investissements de 2002 ne sont ni en mesure d’attirer les investissements directs étrangers, ni n’arrivent à faciliter la réalisation des activités entrepreneuriales. Ce cadre légal n’est pas adapté à la situation particulière des jeunes entrepreneur.e.s en Haïti ni à celle des entrepreneur.e.s de la diaspora intéressé.e.s à entreprendre des affaires dans leur pays d’origine. Certaines initiatives de l’État haïtien pour promouvoir les activités entrepreneuriales au pays, encourager les jeunes à se lancer en affaires ou convaincre la diaspora et les étranger.ère.s à venir investir dans le pays, ne produisent pas de résultats satisfaisants. Il y a lieu de questionner les obstacles qui empêchent le climat des affaires haïtien d’être attractif et compétitif. De tels obstacles sont d’ordre à la fois politique, financier, administratif, structurel et légal. Ceux liés au cadre légal en vigueur et aux démarches administratives pour réaliser les activités entrepreneuriales ont fait l’objet, dans le cadre de ce mémoire, d’une analyse particulière. Cette dernière a permis de mettre en exergue les lourdeurs administratives, la difficulté de trouver du financement et l’absence de définition du statut « d’entrepreneur.e » et d’un encadrement des activités entrepreneuriales proprement dites. Le cadre légal des affaires en vigueur, se limitant au droit commercial traditionnel, mérite d’être mis à jour afin d’être adapté aux particularités des jeunes entrepreneur.e.s. D’où la formulation, dans ce mémoire, d’un ensemble de propositions qui prennent en compte, d’une part, les différents obstacles qui compliquent la réalisation d’activités entrepreneuriales en Haïti et, d’autre part, les particularités des jeunes entrepreneur.e.s ou de l’entrepreneuriat jeunesse. / The legal framework for business in Haiti and, in particular, the 2002 Investment Code are neither able to attract foreign direct investment nor facilitate entrepreneurial activities. This legal framework is not adapted to the particular situation of young entrepreneurs in Haiti or to that of entrepreneurs from the diaspora interested in doing business in their home country. Some Haitian government initiatives to promote entrepreneurial activities in the country, encourage young people to start a business or convince the diaspora and foreigners to invest in the country are not producing satisfactory results. There is a need to question the obstacles that prevent the Haitian business climate from being attractive and competitive. Such obstacles are political, financial, administrative, structural and legal. Those related to the legal framework in force and the administrative procedures for carrying out entrepreneurial activities have been the subject of a particular analysis in the context of this brief. This analysis has made it possible to highlight the administrative burden, the difficulty in finding financing and the lack of definition of the status of “entrepreneur” and the lack of a framework for entrepreneurial activities as such. The current legal framework for business, limited to traditional commercial law, needs to be updated in order to be adapted to the particularities of young entrepreneurs. Hence the formulation, in this brief, of a set of proposals that take into account, on the one hand, the various obstacles that complicate the realization of entrepreneurial activities in Haiti and, on the other hand, the particularities of young entrepreneurs or youth entrepreneurship.