Les témoignages concernant le quatrième scolarque de l'Académie, Polémon l'Athénien, ont été étudiés dans leurs spécificité réciproque, à fin de tracer une carte des emplois et des usages du nom du philosophe dans la littérature ancienne qui a survécu. Polémon, donc, est dans cet étude avant tout une figure textuelle, et non pas un philosophe pourvu d'une doctrine systématique complète. On le rencontre en fait dans la littérature biographique en tant qu'exemple de 'conversion' soudaine au genre de vie philosophique et incarnation des traits distinctifs du philosophe hellénistique. On découvre ainsi que Polémon est plus pyrrhonien de Pyrrhon et plus stoïcien du père du stoïcisme, Zénon. Par contre, en relation à la tradition platonicienne, Polémon est rattaché par les sources à la phase de l'histoire de l’école nommée 'Ancienne Académie'. Ayant réuni autour de soi un groupe de disciples compact, caractérisé par l'harmonie et la concorde, Polémon est ensuite devenu le symbole d'une réception diligente de la pensée platonicienne, exempte d’altération ou d'intervention innovatrice. Sa qualité de fidèle héritier doit d'ailleurs se comprendre surtout en relation aux développements postérieurs de l'instance académicienne, plus spécifiquement en relation au surgissement d'une approche 'sceptique' à la pensée de Platon, développé par Arcésilas. A posteriori donc les contestataires de la position 'sceptique' de l’Académie ont essayé de délégitimer la lecture de la pensée de Platon donnée par Arcésilas, tout en affirmant par conséquence le caractère 'originaire' et 'dogmatique' de la phase d'interprétation de l'Ancienne Académie. / The testimonies on the forth head of the Academy, Polemo the Athenian, have been individually studied in order to provide a complete survey of the several usages of the philosopher's name in the ancient surviving literature. In this study, Polemo is, therefore, mainly a text figure, rather than a philosopher provided with a full systematic doctrine. We find his name, as a matter of fact, in the biographic literature, as an example of a sudden 'conversion' to the philosophical life and as an example of the embodiment of the distinctive features of the Hellenistic philosopher. We discover then that Polemo is even more pyrrhonian than Pyrrho and more stoic than the Stoicism's father, Zeno. Moreover, within the Platonic tradition, Polemo is linked by the sources to the phase of the history of the school labelled as 'Ancient Academy'. After assembling around him a compact group of disciples, characterized by the greatest harmony and agreement, Polemo has become the symbol of a diligent reception of the Platonic thought, free from any alteration or innovative intervention. His role of faithfull heir must be by all means considered in relation to the later developments of the Academic instance, more precisely in relation to the rising of a 'sceptic' approach to Plato's thought, encouraged by Arcesilaus. A posteriori then the critics of the 'sceptic' position have tried to delegitimize Arcesilaus' reading of Plato, stating by consequence the 'original' and 'dogmatic' character of the interpretative phase of the Ancient Academy.

A correspondência ativa de Italo Svevo, publicada pela primeira vez em 1966, oferecese ao crítico como um emaranhado de problemas que podem ser pensados a partir de múltiplas abordagens: histórica, linguística, literária, entre outras. Ao reconhecermos no texto epistolar do escritor triestino uma série de temas desenvolvidos também em suas obras literárias, admitimos a hipótese de que as cartas exercessem para ele o papel de laboratório de escrita, no qual podia exercitar sua língua, seus procedimentos literários e ainda construir para si uma imagem de artista. Para demonstrar a validade de nossa hipótese, investigamos as personas epistolares construídas ao longo das correspondências do escritor e como elas contribuíram tanto para a criação de personagens literárias, quanto para a elaboração de uma cenografia autoral. Em seguida, fizemos uma análise comparativa entre algumas cartas de Italo Svevo à esposa e alguns trechos de seu romance A consciência de Zeno, verificando em que medida os temas eram reproduzidos ou transformados no interior da estrutura romanesca. Ao final desta dissertação, apresentamos a tradução anotada de algumas cartas do escritor como complemento às observações aqui desenvolvidas. / Italo Svevo\'s epistolary, first published in 1966, offers itself to the critic as a tangle of problems that can be interpreted using multiple approaches: historical, linguistic, literary etc. After recognizing in the letters of the Triestino writer a series of themes also developed in his literary works, we proposed the hypothesis that the letters became for him a writing laboratory. He could exercise his language, his literary procedures and still construct for an image of himself as an artist. In order to demonstrate the validity of our hypothesis, we investigated the epistolary personae constructed throughout the correspondence of the writer and how they contributed both to the creation of literary characters and to the elaboration of an authorial scenography. After that we did a comparative analysis between some of Italo Svevo\'s letters to his wife and some excerpts from his novel Zeno\'s Conscience, verifying to what extent the themes were reproduced or transformed within the novel structure. At the end of this dissertation, we present the annotated translation of some letters of the writer as a complement to the observations developed here.

Orientador: Valery Shchesnovich / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2014

A correspondência ativa de Italo Svevo, publicada pela primeira vez em 1966, oferecese ao crítico como um emaranhado de problemas que podem ser pensados a partir de múltiplas abordagens: histórica, linguística, literária, entre outras. Ao reconhecermos no texto epistolar do escritor triestino uma série de temas desenvolvidos também em suas obras literárias, admitimos a hipótese de que as cartas exercessem para ele o papel de laboratório de escrita, no qual podia exercitar sua língua, seus procedimentos literários e ainda construir para si uma imagem de artista. Para demonstrar a validade de nossa hipótese, investigamos as personas epistolares construídas ao longo das correspondências do escritor e como elas contribuíram tanto para a criação de personagens literárias, quanto para a elaboração de uma cenografia autoral. Em seguida, fizemos uma análise comparativa entre algumas cartas de Italo Svevo à esposa e alguns trechos de seu romance A consciência de Zeno, verificando em que medida os temas eram reproduzidos ou transformados no interior da estrutura romanesca. Ao final desta dissertação, apresentamos a tradução anotada de algumas cartas do escritor como complemento às observações aqui desenvolvidas. / Italo Svevo\'s epistolary, first published in 1966, offers itself to the critic as a tangle of problems that can be interpreted using multiple approaches: historical, linguistic, literary etc. After recognizing in the letters of the Triestino writer a series of themes also developed in his literary works, we proposed the hypothesis that the letters became for him a writing laboratory. He could exercise his language, his literary procedures and still construct for an image of himself as an artist. In order to demonstrate the validity of our hypothesis, we investigated the epistolary personae constructed throughout the correspondence of the writer and how they contributed both to the creation of literary characters and to the elaboration of an authorial scenography. After that we did a comparative analysis between some of Italo Svevo\'s letters to his wife and some excerpts from his novel Zeno\'s Conscience, verifying to what extent the themes were reproduced or transformed within the novel structure. At the end of this dissertation, we present the annotated translation of some letters of the writer as a complement to the observations developed here.

This thesis aims to explain how the concepts of functional modeling are implemented in the development and validation of real-world hybrid dynamic systems. I also discuss how control theory is integrated with the design process in order to understand the significance of periodic orbits on a simple dynamic system. Two hybrid system applications with different levels of complexity will be considered in this thesis – an anthropomorphic Bipedal walking robot and a Double Pendulum with a mechanical stop. The primary objectives of this project are to demonstrate the phenomena of Zeno and zeno periodic orbits in hybrid dynamic systems involving impacts. Initially, I describe the salient features of the product design procedure and then explain the significance of functional modeling as a part of this process. We then discuss hybrid dynamic systems and the occurrence of Zeno behavior in their mathematical form. Also, the necessary conditions for existence of Zeno and zeno equilibrium points are provided. Then the theory of completed Lagrangian hybrid systems is explained in detail. We then examine the two hybrid dynamic systems being considered for this project. Prior research undertaken on bipedal walking is explored to understand their design and achievement of stable walking gaits with appropriate actuation mechanisms. Based on this insight, a suitable design procedure is employed to develop the bipedal robot model. The desired actuation mechanisms for all the configurations considered for this model as well as the challenges faced in employing optimal actuation will be discussed. However, due to the high level of complexity of the bipedal robot model, a simpler hybrid dynamic system is considered to simplify fabrication and control of the model. This is the motivation behind designing and building the Double Pendulum model with a mechanical stop in an attempt to observe zeno behavior in this system. We begin by formally demonstrating that the “constrained” double pendulum model displays Zeno behavior and complete this Zeno hybrid system to allow for solutions to be carried past the Zeno point. The end result is periods of unconstrained and constrained motions in the pendulum, with transitions to the constrained motion occurring at the Zeno point. We then consider the development of a real physical pendulum with a mechanical stop and introduce non-plastic impacts. Later, we verify through experimentation that Zeno behavior provides an accurate description of the behavior of the physical system. This provides evidence to substantiate the claim that Zeno behavior, while it does not technically occur in reality, provides an accurate method for predicting the behavior of systems undergoing impacts and that the theory developed to understand Zeno behavior can be applied to better understand these systems.

The experiment performed by Itano, Heinzen, Bollinger and Wineland on the quantum Zeno effect is analyzed in detail through a quantum map derived by conventional quantum mechanics based on the Schrodinger equation. The analysis shows that a slight modification of their experiment leads to a significantly different result from the one that is predicted through von Neumann's hypothesis of collapse of the wave function in the quantum measurement theory. This may offer a possibility of an experimental test of von Neumann's quantum measurement theory. / text

This thesis analyzes the solution attempts of Zeno&rsquo / s paradoxes and its related problems in a historical context. The evolution of calculus and its critiques will also be examined regarding the rigor problem in mathematics. As a conclusion a compound method is proposed.

Texte remanié de: Th. M.A.--Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1968. / Bibliogr. p. 171-184.

(in English): Aim of present paper is to reconstruct and compare Aristotle's solution of Zeno's paradoxes of motion from Books VI and VIII of his Physics. Aristotle claims that there is difference between these two solutions. There is difference in charakter of question which is posed by Zeno. In book VI. the question is concerning the possibility of traversing infinite distance in finite time. In book VIII. this question is asked about time itself. It is here, in book VIII, where we should find the right solution to paradoxes of motion. In this paper I shall look into the nature of this difference between solution in book six and in book VIII, and I will find out if there si some consquence for Aristotle's conception of magnitudes.

Nous reconsidérons les arguments de Zénon d’Élée dits de l’« Achille » et de la « Dichotomie », en réunissant les perspectives de plusieurs disciplines, dont l’histoire de la philosophie ancienne, l’histoire et la philosophie des mathématiques, et la philosophie du temps. Nous soutenons que les réponses ordinairement données à ces arguments au XXe siècle, d’après lesquelles la mathématique moderne nous donne les moyens de dissoudre l’aporie, sont erronées et s’accompagnent d’une vue faussée sur le problème originel, notamment sur le concept d’infini qu’il implique. Dans la première partie, nous étudions les sources sur Zénon et sur son contexte de réception, pour établir que l’infini est chez lui second par rapport à l’idée d’inachevabilité, qui découle d’un mode de raisonnement nouveau qu’on peut nommer « itératif indéfini ». Nous examinons comment Zénon a utilisé ce raisonnement dans l’élaboration d’apories dialectiques, et comment l’ensemble des systèmes antiques étaient susceptibles de résoudre ces dernières. Dans la seconde partie, nous défendons l’aporie zénonienne du mouvement. Nous montrons qu’elle repose sur un principe que nous nommons « principe d’achevabilité », lui-même ancré dans notre intuition temporelle du passage. À travers la considération de la littérature sur les « supertasks », des problèmes concernant la réalité et la nature du temps, des différents concepts d’infini, et de la réflexion métamathématique, nous montrons à la fois pourquoi les théories de l’infini mathématique sont, de fait, la seule raison conduisant à rejeter le principe d’achevabilité, et pourquoi elles ne sont pas, de droit, en mesure de justifier ce rejet. / We reconsider Zeno of Elea’s arguments known as “Achilles” and the “Dichotomy”, bringing together perspectives from several disciplines, including the history of ancient philosophy, the history and philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of time. We contend that the usual contemporary answers to these arguments – according to which modern mathematics allow us to dissolve the aporia – are wrong, and carry a false view of the original problem, especially of the concept of infinity it implies. In the first part of the dissertation, we study the sources relevant to Zeno and his arguments’ reception context, in order to establish that Zeno’s infinite is dependant upon an idea of unachievability, acquired through to a new mode of reasoning that we call “indefinite iterative”. We examine the ways Zeno used this mode of reasoning in order to design dialectical aporias, and how ancient philosophical systems were capable of solving them. In the second part, we vindicate Zeno’s aporia of motion. We show that it rests on what we call “the achievability principle”, that itself is anchored in our intuition of passage. Through the consideration of problems relevant to so-called ‘supertasks’, to the reality and the nature of time, to the notion of infinity and to the metamathematical debate, we show, at the same time, how mathematical theories of the infinite are the only de facto reason to deny the achievability principle, and how they cannot, de jure, justify such a denial.