Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 26, 2005). Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Martin Frick. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-42).

Suivant les récents développements historiographiques dans le champ de l’histoire des animaux, cette thèse aborde l’histoire des jardins zoologiques du côté des bêtes elles-mêmes. Elle examine donc non seulement les politiques humaines de gestion des animaux de zoo, mais aussi leurs influences sur les corps et les comportements des animaux, et leurs évolutions mutuelles. L’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843. Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, .... – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ; une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ; enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ; il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, ...). / Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843). In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, ... – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ...).

This study was investigated the public relations and marketing strategy and tactics used by Micke Grove Zoo in the last five years. A case study methodology was used to answer the three research questions. The research analyzed the Zoo's past and current marketing and public relations strategy and efforts. What was collected fell into six categories: Special Exhibits, Programs, Promotional Material and Publications, Volunteer Opportunities, Events and Miscellaneous. It showed that MGZ has stopped some of the programs, events and publications, but has not implemented new ones. What they are doing has remained relatively the same for the last five years. Also, MGZ has not and does not have a public relations or marketing strategy, is not using social media and does not have regular contact with the media through press releases. The data categorized was then compared with the information collected from five experts in the field of public relations, marketing and zoos. The five professionals interviewed agreed that a zoo needs to have a marketing and public relations plan, be using social networking and updating their website, -constantly search for new audiences and stay in constant contact with the media. From the data collected a series of tactics were developed. It is suggested that MGZ try to incorporate as many of these tactics into a marketing and public relations strategy. They include, developing a marketing and public relations plan based upon the zoos mission and goals, using social media, regaining accreditation and creating and maintaining a relationship with the media.

Legal Regulation of Animal Protection Ex Situ in USA and the Czech Republic This thesis aims to compare the legislation of animal protection ex situ in the Czech Republic and USA. The content is systematically divided in two sections. First section focuses on different law systems, which is international, national and local legislation. Second section explains the law used in different institutions that provide ex situ protection, such as zoos, aquariums, wildlife sanctuaries, etc. The thesis describes different legal approaches and uses several examples for a practical comparison. In its conclusion the thesis sums up the negatives and positives of each legislation and their overall quality and efficiency. The thesis also points out some of the desirable solutions to some current problems and a possible development in the area.

O papel dos Zoológicos nos programas de conservação aumentou significantemente nas últimas décadas e a manutenção da saúde dos animais cativos é essencial para garantir o sucesso desses programas. Entretanto, aves mantidas em zoos sofrem de infecções por parasitas, principalmente hemosporídeos, e podem perecer em quase todo o mundo. Estudos para determinar a ocorrência e diversidade desses parasitas, com o objetivo de entender melhor sua influência na condição física das aves em cativeiro, são necessários. Em um estudo de quase quatro anos, nós investigamos a positividade de Plasmodium spp. e Haemoproteus spp. nas aves cativas do Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, o maior zoológico da América Latina e o quarto do mundo. Métodos moleculares e morfológicos foram usados para detectar e identificar esses parasitas. A positividade geral de hemosporídeos nos indivíduos examinados foi 12,6%. Os parasitas foram detectados, sobretudo, através do diagnóstico molecular, indicando que muitas espécies podem abrigar infecções subclínicas. Em um estudo amplo, nós testamos animais de 17 Ordens, 29 Famílias, e 122 espécies, detectando indivíduos positivos em 64,7%, 48,3% e 27%, respectivamente. Aves da Família Anatidae foram as mais frequentemente infectadas. As infecções com parasitas do gênero Plasmodium foram predominantes quando comparadas aquelas com parasitas do gênero Haemoproteus. No total, 14 linhagens de cytb de Plasmodium spp., incluindo P. nucleophilum e P. elongatum, e 2 linhagens de cytb de Haemoproteus spp., foram registradas. Dessas linhagens, 8 foram descritas pela primeira vez. Uma dessas linhagens foi notavelmente generalista quanto às espécies hospedeiras, enquanto outras se restringiram a parasitar espécies de uma mesma Família. Estes resultados mostram que entre os animais cativos dos zoos, além dos pinguins, existem várias espécies em risco de contrair malária. A presença de Haemosporida pode ser difícil de eliminar, mas é possível reduzir a taxa de infecção tratando os animais positivos, enquanto os mantêm em instalações livres de mosquitos. Protocolos de quarentena precisam ser utilizados se o animal for transferido entre instituições. O presente estudo é o primeiro inquérito de hemosporídeos realizado em aves cativas de diferentes Ordens, e enfatiza a necessidade de incluir, na gestão e criação desses animais no cativeiro, práticas para o controle desses parasitas. / The role of Zoos in conservation programs has increased significantly in last decades and maintenance of the health of captive animals is essential to guarantee the success of these programs. However, birds kept in zoos suffer from infections by parasites, mainly haemosporidians, and can perish almost everywhere in the world. Studies to determine the occurrence and diversity of these parasites, aiming to better understand its influence in the fitness of the captive birds, are necessary. In a study over four years, we investigated the positivity of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. in the captive birds from the São Paulo Zoo, the largest zoo in Latin America and the fourth in the world. Molecular and morphological methods were used for detecting and identifying these parasites. The overall positivity of haemosporidians in the examined birds was 12.6%. Parasites were mostly detected by the molecular diagnosis, indicating that many bird species may harbour subclinical infections. In a very wide study, we tested animals from 17 Orders, 29 Families, and 122 different species, detecting positive individuals in 64.7%, 48.3% and 27%, respectively. Birds from the Anatidae Family were the most commonly infected animals. Infections with parasites of the genus Plasmodium were predominant when compared to those of the genus Haemoproteus. In total, 14 cytb lineages of Plasmodium spp., including P. nucleophilum and P. elongatum, and 2 cytb lineages of Haemoproteus spp., were recorded in this study. From these lineages, 8 were described for the first time. One of these lineages was markedly generalist regarding the host species while others infected just species within the same Family. These results show that among the captive animals in the zoos, besides the penguins, there are many species at risk of acquiring malaria. The presence of Haemosporida could be difficult to eliminate, but it is possible to reduce the infection rate by treating the positive animals, while keeping them in facilities free from mosquitoes. Protocols of quarantine must be implemented whenever an animal is transferred between institutions. The present study is the first survey of haemosporidians carried out with captive birds from different Orders, and emphasizes the necessity of applying, in management and husbandry of animals in captivity, practices to control these parasites.

O papel dos Zoológicos nos programas de conservação aumentou significantemente nas últimas décadas e a manutenção da saúde dos animais cativos é essencial para garantir o sucesso desses programas. Entretanto, aves mantidas em zoos sofrem de infecções por parasitas, principalmente hemosporídeos, e podem perecer em quase todo o mundo. Estudos para determinar a ocorrência e diversidade desses parasitas, com o objetivo de entender melhor sua influência na condição física das aves em cativeiro, são necessários. Em um estudo de quase quatro anos, nós investigamos a positividade de Plasmodium spp. e Haemoproteus spp. nas aves cativas do Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, o maior zoológico da América Latina e o quarto do mundo. Métodos moleculares e morfológicos foram usados para detectar e identificar esses parasitas. A positividade geral de hemosporídeos nos indivíduos examinados foi 12,6%. Os parasitas foram detectados, sobretudo, através do diagnóstico molecular, indicando que muitas espécies podem abrigar infecções subclínicas. Em um estudo amplo, nós testamos animais de 17 Ordens, 29 Famílias, e 122 espécies, detectando indivíduos positivos em 64,7%, 48,3% e 27%, respectivamente. Aves da Família Anatidae foram as mais frequentemente infectadas. As infecções com parasitas do gênero Plasmodium foram predominantes quando comparadas aquelas com parasitas do gênero Haemoproteus. No total, 14 linhagens de cytb de Plasmodium spp., incluindo P. nucleophilum e P. elongatum, e 2 linhagens de cytb de Haemoproteus spp., foram registradas. Dessas linhagens, 8 foram descritas pela primeira vez. Uma dessas linhagens foi notavelmente generalista quanto às espécies hospedeiras, enquanto outras se restringiram a parasitar espécies de uma mesma Família. Estes resultados mostram que entre os animais cativos dos zoos, além dos pinguins, existem várias espécies em risco de contrair malária. A presença de Haemosporida pode ser difícil de eliminar, mas é possível reduzir a taxa de infecção tratando os animais positivos, enquanto os mantêm em instalações livres de mosquitos. Protocolos de quarentena precisam ser utilizados se o animal for transferido entre instituições. O presente estudo é o primeiro inquérito de hemosporídeos realizado em aves cativas de diferentes Ordens, e enfatiza a necessidade de incluir, na gestão e criação desses animais no cativeiro, práticas para o controle desses parasitas. / The role of Zoos in conservation programs has increased significantly in last decades and maintenance of the health of captive animals is essential to guarantee the success of these programs. However, birds kept in zoos suffer from infections by parasites, mainly haemosporidians, and can perish almost everywhere in the world. Studies to determine the occurrence and diversity of these parasites, aiming to better understand its influence in the fitness of the captive birds, are necessary. In a study over four years, we investigated the positivity of Plasmodium spp. and Haemoproteus spp. in the captive birds from the São Paulo Zoo, the largest zoo in Latin America and the fourth in the world. Molecular and morphological methods were used for detecting and identifying these parasites. The overall positivity of haemosporidians in the examined birds was 12.6%. Parasites were mostly detected by the molecular diagnosis, indicating that many bird species may harbour subclinical infections. In a very wide study, we tested animals from 17 Orders, 29 Families, and 122 different species, detecting positive individuals in 64.7%, 48.3% and 27%, respectively. Birds from the Anatidae Family were the most commonly infected animals. Infections with parasites of the genus Plasmodium were predominant when compared to those of the genus Haemoproteus. In total, 14 cytb lineages of Plasmodium spp., including P. nucleophilum and P. elongatum, and 2 cytb lineages of Haemoproteus spp., were recorded in this study. From these lineages, 8 were described for the first time. One of these lineages was markedly generalist regarding the host species while others infected just species within the same Family. These results show that among the captive animals in the zoos, besides the penguins, there are many species at risk of acquiring malaria. The presence of Haemosporida could be difficult to eliminate, but it is possible to reduce the infection rate by treating the positive animals, while keeping them in facilities free from mosquitoes. Protocols of quarantine must be implemented whenever an animal is transferred between institutions. The present study is the first survey of haemosporidians carried out with captive birds from different Orders, and emphasizes the necessity of applying, in management and husbandry of animals in captivity, practices to control these parasites.

Doctor of Philosophy / Zoological gardens, or zoos, keep and display wild animals, mainly for the purposes of education, conservation and biological research. However, it is evident that a significant component of zoos is the vast number of people who visit them, since without the support of visitors, zoos would not be financially viable and would cease to exist. This research investigates the behaviours of these visitors and develops an understanding of their awareness relating to what they see and do while they are in the zoo, along with their motivations for visiting. The study focuses on two major metropolitan zoos in Australia: Adelaide (in South Australia) and Taronga (in Sydney, New South Wales). A brief historical account contextualises changes, raising awareness of the significance of visitors to the livelihood of zoos. More and more zoos are integrating into their management routines different programmes that relate to the care and welfare of the animals. Despite recent growth in scientific attention, which has focused on human-animal relationships, little research has been conducted relating to the human visitor in the zoo. To date, decisions made by administrators have been based upon assumptions of the visitors’ understanding of the work of zoos rather than on actual quantitative findings. This empirical research is significant in that it uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to appraise factual data and information. The data from unobtrusive tracking observations at different exhibits, combined with the results of questionnaire surveys, are used to explore and assess the perceptions of visitors. In developing a demographic profile of the people who visit zoos, this work considers the motivations and the frequency of visitors. Various factors that influence the viewing patterns of visitors are explored to assess the popularity of exhibits, and the perceptions of visitors relating to animals and enclosures are investigated, to assess the diverse levels of satisfaction. Case studies explore the perceptions and understandings of visitors towards the use of enrichment items, the use of signs and labels, and a hypothetical approach to the feeding of carnivores in zoos. The results are important in that they contribute essential knowledge that describes the perceptions of a wide range of people who visit zoos, along with their expectations, since it is crucial for these institutions to maintain their popularity with the public.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 124-139).

In this study, zoo visitor response to live prey feeding and jaguar response to dead fish feeding were analyzed. Four hundred visitors at Zoo Atlanta and four hundred visitors at Palm Beach Zoo were asked about their attitudes toward feeding live prey to zoo carnivores. Agreement rates were found to be high. Agreement rates at Zoo Atlanta and Palm Beach Zoo were both significantly higher for feeding live fish to penguins than at Edinburgh Zoo as reported in Ings et al. (1997). Zoo Atlanta also had a higher agreement rate for feeding live rabbits to cheetahs in view than Edinburgh Zoo. Both Zoo Atlanta and Palm Beach Zoo had lower agreement rates for feeding live insects to lizards out of view than Edinburgh Zoo. Agreement rates for visitors at Palm Beach Zoo that saw a dead fish to jaguar introduction did not differ significantly from visitors that had not seen the introduction. However, at both US Zoos, agreement rate was higher for visitors that had seen a live prey introduction at a zoo or aquarium in the past. Agreement rate was significantly greater for feeding live fish to jaguars, mice to hawks, and rabbits to cheetahs in view. For Palm Beach Zoo agreement rate was also higher for feeding live rabbits to cheetahs out of view. Stay time did not differ significantly between visitors at Palm Beach Zoo that saw and did not see a dead fish to jaguar introduction. Jaguar activity level, behavioral diversity, fecal corticoids, visibility, and percent time spent in water did not significantly differ between fish introduction and baseline.

M. Tech. Tourism and Hospitality Management / Consumers are beginning to recognize their own footprint on the planet and are becoming both more understanding in their ability to find new travel opportunities and more conscious of the effects their travel will have on the places and people they visit. Therefore, more responsible service providers have seen an increase in this new - and fastest growing - tourism segment. Satisfying consumer demand is certainly not a nice to have; it is a need for survival of the business. So, creating a sustainable future zoo it is evident that adopting a service centric approach has the potential to enhance visitors experience and thus the long term success of the zoo. The goal of the study is to adopt a service centric approach that would enhance vision experience and thus ensure the long term success of the zoo. The finding of this study could assist Pretoria zoo to identify the trends of zoo visitors and helped the zoo to improve their facilities and service to meet the satisfaction of zoo visitors, and ensured the long term success of the zoo.