The paper discusses articulations of personality and communication structures in the lyric: who is speaking in a poem? What is the status of the person who speaks, or the one who is spoken about? Is it the author himself who is speaking, or is it someone else – an autonomous being, completely different and detached from the subject developed in the text? Who is addressed in and by a poem? It is made clear that conventional concepts of Stimmung (mood), Erlebnis (experience), and lyrisches Ich (the ›lyric I‹) should be set aside and the nature of lyric communication should be redetermined. For this purpose, a precise examination of the specific use of personal pronouns in poems is necessary, especially of the pronouns ›I‹, ›you‹ and ›we‹. The indistinct ›lyric I‹ should be substituted by the term ›articulated I‹. The poetic text as a whole is being structured by a superordinate entity, the Textsubjekt (›textual subject‹). Every speaking entity in a poem has a counterpart being addressed by it. Analyzing communication structures in poetry thus means first of all looking for an addressee who is constituted by the text. Only in a second step should we figure out if the address refers to the intended reader.

"Amidst a Bottled Word: Poetry and Prose" includes a variety of different themes, styles, and genre—many reflecting a cynical or ironic tone. This eclectic thesis reflects the wide-ranging interest of its creator. The stories within this collection are a thriller and a work of speculative fiction, the former supernatural and the latter near future or science fiction. In one story, "The Man Behind the Curtain," Val, the older of two young sisters, must protect herself and her sister while enduring a weekend visit to her estranged Grandparents' house, while signs of a mysterious man keep emerging throughout their stay. The futuristic story, "Life.exe," details a man overcoming his own personal dystopia by finding comfort within the arms of an inadvertently purchased robotic companion. Additionally, the poems within the collection deal with failed love, anxiety, isolation, and despair. Finally, the thesis also includes an essay, "The Schism Past Skin," expounding on race, ethnicity and how people make assumptions of others based on appearance.

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v anglickém jazyce This thesis is based on the Kurt Oppert's term "Dinggedicht" (in English "object-poem" or "thing- poem"), through which it views the transformations within the conceptualization of the subject and things in modern poetry. Apart from poems associated with the name of R. M. Rilke, thingness is also seen from the perspective of the functional use of the object in a poem (e.g. a thing as a tool of characterization orironization), whichis related to theuse ofobjects in figurativelanguage - the thing as a part of the metaphor, simile or allegory. As part of the definition of a thing-poem, the thesis also deals with the issue of subject-object relationship, which leads also to the category of a lyrical "I" in the literary theory. The thesis is based on individual poems which represent a concrete, prototypical way of dealing with the subject in poetry. These poems are delimited by the second half of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. The thesis is not based on strictly defined national literature, but it considers the German, French and Czech context in the comparative perspective.

In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries women troubadours in southern France called trobairitz participated in dialogue or debate poems called tensons with male troubadours. Of the nine existing tensons that include a male and a female voice, we will only analyze five tensons with the known identities of both the trobairitz and the troubadour that debate the subject of love, and we will include the following trobairitz tensons in this paper: Alamanda, Isabella, Garsenda, Lombarda and Maria de Ventadorn. We will discuss the thematic elements these five tensons share. Scholars such as Pierre Bec, Peter Dronke and Katharina Wilson note trobairitz' themes vary from those of traditional male troubadours. Troubadours concentrate on the outward or social manifestations of the courtly love game and values, yet trobairitz focus on the intimate, private pleasures of love by deviating from generally accepted courtly love conventions and social behaviors. Since the subject of love is debated in these five tensons, the personal character in these tensons alludes to the trobairitz's life—circumstances and incidents. A trobairitz's personal character is also illustrated in the tenson by her willingness to show personal qualities about a love relationship and as Deborah Perkal-Balinsky calls it "a willingness to deviate from accepted social behavior or perhaps the rules of the game, in an effort to attain the intimate pleasures in a love relationship" (46). The tensons discussed provide valuable information about trobairitz and courtly love—the publicly displayed values of honor, valor and mercy. At times, trobairitz solicit love by revolting against the courtly love rules to win a man. In courtly love tensons, trobairitz use the literary style, courtly vocabulary and courtly values to express both their support and criticism for the system. Through the use of courtly vocabulary, trobairitz conform to the styles developed by troubadours, yet when trobairitz write as female lovers and poets, they also discard the conventions set forth by troubadours, since they are not male lovers and poets. In each tenson the literary mode is man-in-society, and the theme centers around love"”either the praise of it or the blame from lack thereof or both (Hagen 27). In each of the five tensons, there are three common threads in the trobairitz love relationships: (1) in each tenson we see the personal character of the trobairitz; (2) we see them deviate from the accepted social behavior or the rules of the game; and (3) we witness that the trobairitz are usually unhappy with their love relationships. We will examine each tenson individually regarding these three aspects.

本論文主在探討白居易詩與釋道思想之關係，並輔以白居易的生平事蹟及其對詩之認 識與主張 。 第一章：利用史料及白居易之詩文，簡述白居易之家世生平，著作與他對詩文之分類 。 第二章：此章探討白易對詩之認識與主張。 第三章：此章探討白易對佛教之態度及其佛教修養。 第四章：此章探討白易對老莊思想之研究及道教之實行。 第五章：此章分各家對白居易詩之論斷及作者對白居易內心世界之探討以此並作結論 。

This paper is intended to compliment and describe the body of work that has been produced within the time I have been enrolled as a graduate student at Virginia Commonwealth University's Photography and Film department. The paper will include information on both my MFA candidacy presentation as well as a description of the evolution of my artistic endeavors. The main focus of this document is to discuss my formal examination of performance based video works pertaining to the absurd as described by Camus, and later expressed by Samuel Beckett, also the role of the masculine body's physicality within ritualized actions.

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-49) lived at the perfect time to write about several of the most dramatic technological developments ever recorded in history. Up until the nineteenth century, professional scientists were almost the exclusive agents for writing about science. However, during this period, non-professional writers also emerged as important conveyors of popular science news to the public. Though Poe was a lay writer, his popular writing conveyed several of the most important new discoveries of the Industrial Age. He also projected his views about how nineteenth-century technologies might impact civilizations of the future. Poe’s writing offers a key example of a widespread movement of thinkers who attempted to mediate the tensions and debates that were taking place in his lifetime between those who perceived and described the world from either the “Mechanical” or the “Romantic” approach. This study explores the ways that Poe wrote about science in poetry, non-fiction, and fiction. I argue that a review of his earlier science writing helps to unlock several of the enigmatic writings of his culminationg work, Eureka:A Prose Poem. The final chapter of this thesis concludes with an in-depth discussion of Eureka. In Eureka, Poe proposes that man’s literary works are imperfect. However, he contends that the Creator has written and executed a perfect “Plot of the Universe.” Poe attempts to unravel several of its deepest mysteries in a multi-genre work of poetry, history, science, and metaphysics. I argue that modern scholars of literature and science history can gain a clearer view of the ways that the nineteenth-century public received and understood information about science by exploring Poe’s science writing than has been provided in previous historical or literary scholarship.

Les fichiers qui accompagnent mon document on été réalisés avec les logiciels Microsoft Word et Finale. / When We Were Very Young est un recueil de poèmes écrit par A. A. Milne, que j’ai adapté en un cycle de chansons de styles diversifiés, pour le registre de la voix d'un enfant. Mon choix se justifie, d’une part, par le fait que ces poèmes n’ont jamais été adaptés dans leur intégralité et, d’autre part, par ma volonté de redonner à la génération d’aujourd’hui un héritage littéraire mis en une musique nouvelle. En travaillant les divers pastiches stylistiques, j’ai tenté d’élargir mes horizons musicaux, afin de trouver éventuellement ma propre voie. Ma musique est écrite pour être écoutée par un auditoire non averti, tout en visant le raffinement propre à une musique dite savante. La technique d’écriture employée se limite aux langages tonal et modal, de sorte à ne pas trop s’aventurer dans un discours harmonique trop complexe ou d’avant-garde. Par contre, là où je vois place à l’innovation, c’est sur le plan de la forme et de la texture. Tout en gardant un discours harmonique clair, ma démarche de compositeur cherche à briser le cadre rigide d’une forme de chanson à couplets et refrains, et de céder la place à une forme flexible, destinée à soutenir le détail de la prosodie, ainsi que les subtilités littéraires. De nos jours, la musique pour enfants se doit d’être presque simpliste, adaptée à un public estimé non intéressé par des sonorités plus riches et diversifiées. Bien que je conçoive que certains langages musicaux d’avant-garde sont effectivement trop complexes pour une oreille non entraînée, je crois tout de même possible de viser un niveau de composition qui, sans négliger l’auditoire, proposera à celui-ci des couleurs musicales nouvelles et intéressantes. / When We Were Very Young is a collection of poems by A.A. Milne that I have adapted to a stylistically diversified children's songbook. This choice was made for many reasons: first, this cycle has never been put to music in it's entirety; second, to bring our generation a literary heritage in song form. By working on different pastiches, I have attempted to broad my musical horizons, in order to eventually find my own voice. My music is designed to be enjoyed by a musically untrained audience, while aiming for refinement in texture and harmony. Therefore, the composition techniques used are bound to be limited to tonal or modal harmonies, to avoid overly complex progressions and find an innovative approach to texture and form. While keeping a clear harmonic language, my approach as a composer is to break the rigid form of a verse-chorus-verse type song and become more attentive to the prosody and the linguistic subtleties. Today, children's music is considered simple and adapted to a public deemed uninterested by rich and diversified textures. While I understand that many contemporary languages are too complex for an average listener, I believe it is still possible to aim at a compositional level that offers to its audience new and interesting colors.