Why did Great Britain abolish the transatlantic slave trade in 1807, after a nearly twenty-year social movement campaign to end it? This question still continues to puzzle scholars despite the vast amount of historical research conducted on the subject since the beginning of the twentieth century. In this dissertation, I use social movement theory and a two-tiered empirical approach to examine British slave trade abolition. Systematic qualitative and quantitative analyses of the legislative debates on the slave trade underscores the importance of abolitionists’ rhetorical strategies and the economic utility of Britain’s departure from the trade. A frame analysis of abolitionists’ speeches made during the parliamentary debates suggests that a law to end the slave trade was passed when abolitionist MPs deliberately reframed their ideological campaign to include an increased number of economic pleas in their arguments. Drawing on key aspects of social movement theory, I examine the relationship between resource mobilization, cultural framing and opportunity structures (both political and non-political) and British abolition. My findings suggest that cultural, economic and political factors help to explain why the British slave trade was finally abolished. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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This dissertation examines the conflict over slavery and freedom in Philadelphia from 1820 to 1847. As the northernmost southern city in a state that bordered three slave states, Philadelphia maintained a long tradition of abolitionism and fugitive slave activity. Conflicts that arose over fugitive slaves and the kidnapping of free African-Americans forced Philadelphians to confront the politics of slavery. This dissertation argues that until 1847, Pennsylvania was in effect a slave state. The work of proslavery groups, namely slave masters, their agents, white and black kidnappers, and local, state, and national political supporters, undermined the ostensible successes of state laws designed to protect the freedom of African-Americans in Pennsylvania. Commonly referred to as “liberty laws,” this legislation exposed the inherent difficulty in determining the free or enslaved status of not only fugitive slaves but also African-American kidnapping victims. By studying the specific fugitive or kidnapping cases that inspired these liberty laws, one finds that time and again African-Americans and their allies forced white politicians to grapple with the reality that Pennsylvania was not a safe-haven for African-Americans, regardless of their condition of bondage or freedom. Furthermore, these cases often precipitated into desperate rescues and bloody riots on the streets of Philadelphia; these civil wars in miniature reflected the negotiated and compromised realities of living while black in the city. Ordinary African-Americans living in Philadelphia bore the burden of comity, or friendly relations between states, by practicing what I term “street diplomacy”: the up-close and personal struggles over freedom and slavery that had local, state, and national ramifications. In a larger sense, street diplomacy in Philadelphia magnified the stakes of national comity, i.e. the Union, by showcasing how dividing states by their condition of bondage remained impossible due to permeable geographic borders that fostered perpetual fugitive slave and kidnapping crises. Thus, this dissertation argues that African-Americans and their allies’ struggles with slave-masters, slave-catchers, kidnappers and proslavery politicians disrupted the best efforts of white politicians to maintain a compromised and compromising Union. / History

When Francis Troutman attempted to recapture the Crosswhites, a family of runaway slaves that found a home in Marshall, Michigan, he did not anticipate that a sizeable amount of the community would rebuke him. The event, known as the Crosswhite Affair, placed the runaway family at the heart of the sectional battle over slavery. Troutman’s failed recapture set in motion a chain of events that eventually ended with the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a law despised by many, particularly in the North. It allowed slave catching to become widespread and forced American citizens to actively participate in recapturing runaways or face severe penalties. By connecting the Crosswhite Affair to the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, this dissertation asserts that the plight of runaways forced many Americans to confront slavery, especially when slave hunters prowled the North in search of these freedom seekers. / History

Analisa a participação de homens e mulheres negros no processo de desmonte da escravidão e de conquista da liberdade antes da Abolição e no pós-abolição no município de São Carlos-SP. A historiografia sobre a participação dos negros no processo de extinção do sistema escravista no Brasil vem se tornando cada vez mais vasta e percebendo-os a partir de uma perspectiva não passiva. Mesmo assim, ainda são praticamente desconhecidas as formas pelas quais o negro organizou sua vida após a liberdade. Através da documentação primária, de recursos da história oral e da análise do território urbano de ocupação negra, são cotejados os aspectos culturais, sociais e simbólicos, que permitem conhecer as lutas, conquistas e trajetórias de vida desses sujeitos. Toma por base os principais teóricos da história social que se debruçam sobre a abolição e pós-abolição no Brasil, entre eles, Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos e Walter Fraga Filho. Sendo assim, investiga e analisa as estratégias de sobrevivência da população negra no espaço urbano de São Carlos, com o objetivo de reconstruir suas histórias, partindo da hipótese de participação ativa desses atores no processo de conquista e manutenção da liberdade. / This thesis analyzes black men and women transition from slavery to freedom in the city of São Carlos (São Paulo), before and after abolishing of slavery. The historiography about participation of blacks in Brazil\'s disintegrating slavery is increasingly expanding, also from a non-passive perspective. Even though, the way which blacks organized their life after freedom is still little known. Through primary documentation, oral history resources and black urban territory occupation analysis, cultural, social and symbolic aspects related to struggles, achievements and individual trajectories are highlighted. The analysis is based on social history theorists such as Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos and Walter Fraga Filho, which deal with Brazils abolition and post-abolition. Therefore, assuming that blacks were active in the achievement and maintenance of freedom, in order to rebuild their stories, the thesis investigates and analyzes their strategies of survival in Sao Carlos\'s urban space.

Analisa a participação de homens e mulheres negros no processo de desmonte da escravidão e de conquista da liberdade antes da Abolição e no pós-abolição no município de São Carlos-SP. A historiografia sobre a participação dos negros no processo de extinção do sistema escravista no Brasil vem se tornando cada vez mais vasta e percebendo-os a partir de uma perspectiva não passiva. Mesmo assim, ainda são praticamente desconhecidas as formas pelas quais o negro organizou sua vida após a liberdade. Através da documentação primária, de recursos da história oral e da análise do território urbano de ocupação negra, são cotejados os aspectos culturais, sociais e simbólicos, que permitem conhecer as lutas, conquistas e trajetórias de vida desses sujeitos. Toma por base os principais teóricos da história social que se debruçam sobre a abolição e pós-abolição no Brasil, entre eles, Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos e Walter Fraga Filho. Sendo assim, investiga e analisa as estratégias de sobrevivência da população negra no espaço urbano de São Carlos, com o objetivo de reconstruir suas histórias, partindo da hipótese de participação ativa desses atores no processo de conquista e manutenção da liberdade. / This thesis analyzes black men and women transition from slavery to freedom in the city of São Carlos (São Paulo), before and after abolishing of slavery. The historiography about participation of blacks in Brazil\'s disintegrating slavery is increasingly expanding, also from a non-passive perspective. Even though, the way which blacks organized their life after freedom is still little known. Through primary documentation, oral history resources and black urban territory occupation analysis, cultural, social and symbolic aspects related to struggles, achievements and individual trajectories are highlighted. The analysis is based on social history theorists such as Robert Slenes, Maria Helena Machado, Maria Odila Leite, Sidney Chalhoub, Ana Lugão Rios, Hebe Mattos and Walter Fraga Filho, which deal with Brazils abolition and post-abolition. Therefore, assuming that blacks were active in the achievement and maintenance of freedom, in order to rebuild their stories, the thesis investigates and analyzes their strategies of survival in Sao Carlos\'s urban space.

Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Företag behöver anpassa sig till förändringar i omvärlden för att överleva och för att fortsätta växa. Denna typ av anpassning benämns som strategisk förändring. År 2010 avskaffades revisionsplikten för mindre bolag i Sverige. Nu, sex år senare står branschen inför ytterligare en förändring. Att revisionsverksamheten minskat och att konsultverksamheten inom revisionsbranschen kommit att ta större plats sedan avskaffandet av revisionsplikten kan tydas som en slags förändring, men hur har egentligen The Big Four som dominerar inom revisionsbranschen upplevt denna förändring? Är det en förändring som skett per automatik i samband med lagändringen eller ligger ett strategiskt agerande till grund och kan det således betraktas som att revisionsbyråerna genomgått en strategisk förändring sedan avskaffandet av revisionsplikten? När branschen står inför ytterligare en lagändring 2016 frågas hur The big Fours revisorer förväntar sig att lagändringen kommer påverka byråerna och vilken typ av förändring som revisionsbyråerna kommer genomgå i samband med lagändringen? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att redogöra för hur The Big Fours revisorer i Sverige upplever att revisions- och konsultverksamheten har påverkats sedan lagändringen 2010 samt hur revisorerna förväntar sig att revisions- och konsultverksamheten kommer påverkas i samband med lagändringen 2016, för att vidare analysera revisorernas upplevelser samt förväntningar för att bidra med kunskap om byråerna har eller kommer genomgå en strategisk förändring i samband med lagändringarna. Metod: Uppsatsen är kvalitativt uppbyggd och en flerfallsstudie har använts. Primär datainsamling har skett genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Respondenterna var 10auktoriserade revisorer från åtta av The Big Fours kontor. Slutsats: Uppsatsens författare har genom sitt analysarbete dragit slutsatserna att revisionsbyråerna har genomgått strategiska förändringar sedan lagändringen 2010 och att revisionsbyråerna kommer genomgå ytterligare strategiska förändringar i samband med lagändringen 2016. För att behålla sina positioner på marknaden behöver revisionsbyråerna genomgå strategiska förändringar i samband med att omvärlden ständigt förändras. / Background and problem discussion: In 2010, Sweden abolished the audit requirement for small companies. Now six years later, the industry is facing further adjustments. Companies need to adapt to changes in the environment to survive and continue to grow. This type of adjustment is referred to as strategic changes. That the audit activity is decreasing and consulting activities in the auditing industry have come to take more space since the removal of the audit requirement can be interpreted as a kind of change, but how have The Big Four that dominate the auditing profession experienced this change? Is it a change that has taken place automatically in connection with the amendment or is it a strategic action and can it thus be considered that firms have undergone a strategic change since the abolition of the audit requirement? Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how The Big Four’s auditors in Sweden feel that audit and consulting business has been affected since the amendment in 2010, the auditors’ expectations of how auditing and consulting operations will be affected in connection with the amendment 2016, and to further analyse the auditors’ experiences and expectations to contribute knowledge regarding if the agencies have, or will undergo, a strategic change associated with changes in the law. Method: The essay is qualitatively constructed and multiple case study was used. Primary data collection took place through semi-structured interviews. Respondents were ten accountants from eight of the Big Four’s offices. Conclusion: The essay writers have through their analysis concluded that accounting firms have undergone strategic changes since the amendment in 2010 and that accounting firms will undergo further strategic changes in connection with the amendment in 2016. In order to maintain their positions on the market, accounting firms need to undergo strategic changes when the world is changing.

This thesis is built on the knowledge and experience I learned working with CURB and as a member of L.A. No More Jail, particularly in the ongoing fight against the Mira Loma gender responsive “Women’s Village” Jail expansion, which is part of a larger jail building boom on going in California right now. I write this thesis to engage in the reimagining of justice that abolitionist community organizers, formerly and currently incarcerated people and others who work to challenge the prison industrial complex have been envisioning for California.

Este estudo procura investigar e interpretar a trajetória artística, jornalística, política e intelectual do caricaturista ítalo-brasileiro Angelo Agostini (1843-1910). Sua estréia profissional, em São Paulo, coincide com o início da Guerra do Paraguai, em 1864, e seus últimos trabalhos acontecem quando a República oligárquica está consolidada, em 1908. Agostini assiste à decadência das últimas engrenagens do Império, assentado no trabalho escravo e na grande propriedade da terra e, em seguida, testemunha o advento da República e a nova inserção do Brasil no mercado internacional, através do fornecimento de matérias-primas aos países centrais e da entrada maciça de capitais externos aqui. Esteticamente, ele foi o principal artista gráfico em atividade, no Brasil, na segunda metade do século XIX e realizador de alguns marcos na história da imprensa brasileira, como a Revista Illustrada. Introdutor das histórias em quadrinhos entre nós, deixou como legado uma obra vasta, diferenciada e irregular. No plano político, foi um ativista na luta pela Abolição da escravatura. Nosso propósito é evidenciar como as transformações empresariais e técnicas na atividade de imprensa interferem no trabalho das artes gráficas. Ao mesmo tempo, tentaremos examinar em que consistiu a militância política de Agostini no âmbito jornalístico, quem eram seus parceiros, com quais setores de classe se articulava e qual o significado da campanha abolicionista para uma parcela da elite urbana. / This work intends to research and interpret the artistic, journalistic, political and intellectual career of the Italian-Brazilian cartoonist Angelo Agostini (1843-1910). His professional debut takes place in 1864, in São Paulo, when the Paraguay War was beginning, and his last works are published when the Oligarchic Republic is already consolidated, in 1907. Agostini witnesses the decay of the Brazilian Empire´s last ties - supported by slave work and large landed states. Following that, he also sees the raising of the Republic and Brazil´s new insertion in the international market - supplying raw material to central economies, and the massive income of external capital into the country. Esthetically wise, he was the main graphic artist at work in the second half of the nineteen century in Brazil. He accomplished some deeds in the history of the Brazilian press, such as the Revista Illustrada. Agostini was also the first one to introduce comic narrative into the country and his legacy was a vast artistic creation – although diversified and irregular. In the political field, he was an activist in the struggle for the abolition of slavery. The objective of this study is to point out how business and technical changes in press activities interfere in the final work - the graphic work. Along with that, we also try to investigate how Agostini performed his political action in the journalistic milieu, who his partners were, which class sectors he was connected with, and what the abolitionist campaign meant for a sector of the white urban elite.