Bakgrund: Olika forskare har under åren identifierat problem relaterade till inflation, samt även bidragit med förslag på lösningar på dessa. Begreppet Money Illusion är ett välkänt begrepp inom området som tycks vara en del i förklaringen till allmänhetens motvilja att hantera inflationsrelaterade problem. Det är bestämt i Sverige av Riksbanken att inflationen skall vara låg men positiv och inflationsmålet är satt till två procent. Indexerade beräkningsenheter presenteras av Robert Shiller som lösning på kunskaps- och beteendeproblem förknippade med inflation. Han definierar en indexerad beräkningsenhet som ska fungera parallellt med den lokala valutan. Syfte: Syftet är att diskutera förutsättningar för en implementering av nya indexerade beräkningsenheter, som fungerar parallellt med valutan, i Sverige samt att kritiskt granska Robert Shillers teorier om indexerade beräkningsenheter. Genomförande: Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ karaktär och bygger på semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer inom bank- och försäkringsväsendet samt en universitetslektor i nationalekonomi vid Linköpings Universitet. Intervjuerna har utgått från samma intervjumall. Insamlat intervjumaterial har tillsammans med teorier om inflation, indexering och transaktionskostnader legat till grund för analysen. Slutsats: Slutsatsen i uppsatsen är att den låga inflation som råder i Sverige inte ses som ett tillräckligt stort problem för att motivera en mer vida indexering hos privatpersoner. De kostnader som förknippas med indexering, i form av transaktionskostnader, har även underskattats av Robert Shiller vilket gör att hans förespråkande för indexering i låginflationsländer i själva verket högst troligen är en paradox. / Background: Several scientists have, over the years, identified problems related to inflation and contributed with suggestions to solutions. The term Money Illusion is a well-known phenomenon that explains difficulties of separating nominal value from real value. The central bank of Sweden has decided that inflation should be low but positive and the inflation target is set to two percent. Robert Shiller presents Indexed Units of Account as a solution to problems related to inflation depending on knowledge and behavior. He defines an Indexed Unit of Account that is meant to operate in parallel to the local currency. Aim: The aim is to discuss the prerequisites for an implementation of new indexed units of account, which works in tandem with the currency, in Sweden as well as critically examine the theories of indexed units of account made by Robert Shiller. Completion: The thesis is qualitative in nature and is based on semi-structured interviews with people in banking, insurance and a senior lecturer in economics at the University of Linköping. The interviews have assumed the same interview template. Collected interview data, together with theories of inflation, indexing and transaction costs has formed the basis for the analysis. Conclusion: The conclusion in the paper is that the low inflation prevailing in Sweden is not seen as a big enough problem to warrant a more widespread use of indexation by individuals. Robert Shiller has also underestimated the costs associated with indexing, in the form of transaction costs, which most likely means that his advocacy of indexation is a paradox.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική έχει σκοπό να μελετήσει τα δεδομένα στον τομέα αυτό σε σχέση με την Ελλάδα. Τον τρόπο με τον οποίο κατανοείται και εφαρμόζεται το market access στην χώρα από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρείες που δραστηριοποιούνται εδώ. Πιο συγκεκριμένα επιχειρείται μια καταγραφή στους παράγοντες που το επηρεάζουν και στην άποψη την οποία έχουν διαμορφώσει σχετικά με το market access τα άτομα τα οποία ασχολούνται με αυτό. Αρχικά, έγινε μια βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση σε μελέτες της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας σχετικά με το θέμα. Καθώς και μια καταγραφή σε όσους φορείς εμπλέκονται αλλά και σε διαδικασίες. Στη συνέχεια κατασκευάστηκε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο που απευθυνόταν σε άτομα που ασχολούνται με το market access μέσα σε φαρμακευτικές εταιρείες. Τα στοιχεία που συλλέχτηκαν από τα ερωτηματολόγια αναλύθηκαν στη συνέχεια με τη βοήθεια του προγράμματος SPSS. Από την ανάλυση των στοιχείων φαίνεται πως οι εταιρίες έχουν αγκαλιάσει την έννοια του όρου market access και έχουν καταβάλλει φιλότιμη προσπάθεια για την εφαρμογή του στην πράξη. Ωστόσο υπάρχει μεγάλο περιθώριο βελτίωσης καθώς συγκεκριμένες παγίδες και λάθη καθιστούν αδύνατη προς το παρόν την επιτυχή εφαρμογή του. Ο θεσμός του market access και των ΚΑΜ είναι απλά ένας διαφορετικός τρόπος για να περιγράψουμε ολιστικά τη διαδικασία της ιατρικής (και όχι μόνο) επιστημονικής ενημέρωσης και τις σχέσεις με τους πελάτες. Είναι ένα παλαιό μοντέλο για τις άλλες βιομηχανίες, που όμως φαίνεται να γίνεται, στη πραγματικότητα που διαμορφώνεται σήμερα στην αγορά, θεμελιώδες και για τη φαρμακοβιομηχανία. Αρκεί βέβαια να βρεθεί ο σωστός τρόπος να εφαρμοσθεί, αφού προσαρμοσθεί κατάλληλα στις ιδιορρυθμίες που έχει η φαρμακευτική αγορά. / The present thesis aims to study the data in this area in relation to Greece . The manner in which we apply the market access in the country by pharmaceutical companies operating here. More specifically, an attempt to record the factors that affect the argument which have formed on the market access of the people they deal with it.Initially , there was a literature review of studies in the literature on the subject . As a recording and those entities involved and procedures . Then constructed a questionnaire addressed to people dealing with market access within pharmaceutical companies . The data collected from the questionnaires were then analyzed using the program SPSS. The institution of market access and the ΚAM is just another way to describe the process of holistic medicine ( and not only) scientific information and relationships with customers . It is an old model for other industries, but it seems to be , in fact formed on the market today , and essential for the pharmaceutical industry . Suffice sure to find the right way to apply , adapted as appropriate to the quirks that has the pharmaceutical market.

Understanding the determinants of sales success and sales failure has organization wide implications, ranging from an improved salesforce to improved corporate performance. However, a paucity of research on sales failure has resulted in an under-conceptualized field largely built on assumptions. This research proposes to overcome salesforce failure attribution biases by collecting data from the industrial buyer’s perspective. Thirty five post-mortem interviews with procurement decision makers from buying organizations were collected following a failed sales proposal. The context of these failed sales proposals was for multi-year industrial service key account contracts (>$5 Million). The result of this naturalistic inquiry is a model which outlines the determinant attributes of sales failure: price, adaptability and relationship-potential. An experimental design was conducted following this exploratory research in order to test the derived drivers of sales failure and success, as well as provide a trade-off analysis of the three emergent sales proposal themes. Results indicate that a lack of adaptability has the strongest impact on the sales failure outcome variable, as well as buyer characteristics have a potentially moderating impact on the relative trade-off weights between price/adaptability and price/relationship-potential.

SUMMARY The account system for students school‘s attendance The purpose of the created students school‘s attendance account system is to assist teachers in registering, observing and making reports on students school‘s attendance. This work presents the of secondary school students���result attendance account transferred to the informatics system. The system includes the analysis, separable processes, adjustable structured analysis and projections‘methods, which allow dealing with a real problem and analysing it. The available material is possible to be inspected again and again according to requirement and there is possible to make reports, and it accepts necessity corrections. The accumulation of material and undivided other functions, such as the introduction of new material, information are made by teachers and school‘s administration. It is a great help for the administration to control students‘attendance. The informatics system can be possibly replaced, improved a by requests of the administration. The installed operation programs are: „Microsoft SQL Server 2000“, „Microsoft Access 2003“.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamos einamosios sąskaitos nesubalansuotumą nagrinėjančios teorijos ir išskiriami einamajai sąskaitai įtakos turintys veiksniai. Darbe identifikuojamos einamosios sąskaitos saldo pasekmės šaliai bei apibrėžiami einamosios sąskaitos saldo priimtinumo vertinimo metodai teoriniu aspektu. Praktinėje dalyje vertinami Baltijos šalių einamosios sąskaitos saldo priimtinumo pokyčiai išskirtais santykiniais rodikliais bei kriterijais. Šių rodiklių ir kriterijų pagalba išskiriamos pagrindinės Baltijos šalių einamosios sąskaitos saldo priimtinumo problemos. Siekiant įvertinti einamosios sąskaitos saldo priimtinumą vertinant jo poveikio ekonominiams rodikliams mastais atliekama koreliacinė regresinė poveikio ekonominiams rodikliams analizė. Darbe pateikiama einamosios sąskaitos ir BVP rodiklių prognozavimas 2010 ir 2011 metams pasitelkiant kokybinį prognozavimo metodą. / The theories, which explore current account imbalance, are analyzed and excluded the factors of main current account imbalance in bachelor work. In this work is identified sequence of country of current account imbalance and described current account imbalance evaluation in theoretical aspects. In the practice part with relative criteria and indicators is evaluating Baltic countries current account imbalance changes. These criteria and indicators help to distinguish main problems of Baltic countries, of current account imbalance acceptability. To assess the acceptability of the current account balance with respect to its impact on economic performance and scale correlation is carried out regression analysis of the impact of economic indicators. In the work there are giving the current account and GDP indicators forecasting years 2010 and 2011 using a qualitative forecasting method.

There is a numerous of literature on Key Account Management but there is a lack of empirical research supporting the literature, especially regarding the implementation process. This study investigates five companies according to how they manage their customer relationships with main focus on their key customers. The study is based on existing KAM literature and also involves additional factors; change management and global talent management. The purpose of the study is to investigate how KAM can be more successfully implemented in Swedish companies in IT and management industry. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and the interviews were held with Top management at five Swedish IT and management companies in Växjö. The findings show new insights into KAM implementation; Change management and Global talent management were shown to have a direct effect on the success of an implementation, which the existing theory of KAM is not emphasizing. The result of the study is visualized in a model at the end of the study.

A reforming trend is captured showing that countries are shifting from defined benefit pension systems towards defined contribution systems. The reforms have been justified through predictions that the defined benefit systems will not manage to provide good enough pensions to members in the future. The newer defined contribution pension plans often include individual financial accounts where individuals have the possibility to choose how a part of their pension savings should be invested. Sweden was early to introduce such a system, which at the moment provides more than 800 funds to choose from. The aim of this thesis is to capture the market risk associated with these individual investments and does so by using Monte Carlo simulations for six selected pension funds. The method produces forecasts of replacement ratios, pension as percentage of pre-retirement income, for two hypothetical individuals: one who starts to work right after elementary school and one individual who starts a five year education and after graduation starts to work. The results show a slightly lower replacement ratio for the educated individual, which also is associated with a higher probability of ending up with a low replacement ratio. The market risk also varies between the funds, which implies that the funds should be chosen with great care. The study ends with arguments for an increasing paternalism with a carefully considered fund offering, providing fewer funds to choose from than today.

A margin account is a type of brokerage account that allows investors to buy and sell financial securities using credit. The account’s margin requirement is the amount of collateral required, from the investor, to cover the funds or securities extended by the broker to the investor. In Canada, the primary driver of an account’s margin requirement is the account’s Capital Charge [CC] which is calculated using a set of regulatory rules. The regulations are degenerate in that hundreds of valid CCs often exist for a single account. This work outlines a linear optimization model for selecting the minimal CC out of the set of valid CCs for a given margin account. The method proposed is consistent with all of the regulatory requirements and is guaranteed optimal in most cases. Relative to existing methods, the new method produced an average CC reduction of approximately 2% and displayed qualitatively better run-times.

A margin account is a type of brokerage account that allows investors to buy and sell financial securities using credit. The account’s margin requirement is the amount of collateral required, from the investor, to cover the funds or securities extended by the broker to the investor. In Canada, the primary driver of an account’s margin requirement is the account’s Capital Charge [CC] which is calculated using a set of regulatory rules. The regulations are degenerate in that hundreds of valid CCs often exist for a single account. This work outlines a linear optimization model for selecting the minimal CC out of the set of valid CCs for a given margin account. The method proposed is consistent with all of the regulatory requirements and is guaranteed optimal in most cases. Relative to existing methods, the new method produced an average CC reduction of approximately 2% and displayed qualitatively better run-times.

(None) Technical Summary of Thesis: The topic of my thesis is currency crisis. Currency crises have been a recurrent feature of the international economy from the invention of paper money. They are not confined to particular economies or specific region. They take place in developed, emerging, and developing countries and are spread all over the globe. Countries that experience currency crises face economic losses that can be huge and disruptive. However, the exacted toll is not only financial and economic, but also human, social, and political. It is clear that the currency crisis is a real threat to financial stability and economic prosperity. The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the determinants of currency crises for twenty OECD countries and South Africa from 1970 through 1998. It systematically examines the role of economic fundamentals and contagion in the origins of currency crises and empirically attempts to identify the channels through which the crises are being transmitted. It also examines the links between the incidence of currency crises and the choice of exchange rate regimes as well as the impact of capital market liberalization policies on the occurrence of currency crises. The first chapter identifies the episodes of currency crisis in our data set. Determining true crisis periods is a vital step in the empirical studies and has direct impact on the reliability of their estimations and the relevant policy implications. We define a period as a crisis episode when the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index, which consists of changes in exchange rates, reserves, and interest rates, exceeds a threshold. In order to minimize the concerns regarding the accuracy of identified crisis episodes, we apply extreme value theory, which is a more objective approach compared to other methods. In this chapter, we also select the reference country, which a country’s currency pressure index should be built around, in a more systematic way rather than by arbitrary choice or descriptive reasoning. The second chapter studies the probability of a currency exiting a tranquil state into a crisis state. There is an extensive literature on currency crises that empirically evaluate the roots and causes of the crises. Despite the interesting results of the current empirical literature, only very few of them account for the influence of time on the probability of crises. We use duration models that rigorously incorporate the time factor into the likelihood functions and allow us to investigate how the amount of time that a currency has already spent in the tranquil state affects the stability of a currency. Our findings show that high values of volatility of unemployment rates, inflation rates, contagion factors (which mostly work through trade channels), unemployment rates, real effective exchange rate, trade openness, and size of economy increases the hazard of a crisis. We make use of several robustness checks, including running our models on two different crisis episodes sets that are identified based on monthly and quarterly type spells. The third chapter examines the links between the incidence of currency crises and the choice of exchange rate regimes as well as the impact of capital market liberalization policies on the occurrence of currency crises. As in our previous paper, duration analysis is our methodology to study the probability of a currency crisis occurrence under different exchange rate regimes and capital mobility policies. The third chapter finds that there is a significant link between the choice of exchange rate regime and the incidence of currency crises in our sample. Nevertheless, the results are sensitive to the choice of the de facto exchange rate system. Moreover, in our sample, capital control policies appear to be helpful in preventing low duration currency crises. The results are robust to a wide variety of sample and models checks.