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Ce mémoire analyse les trajectoires de sortie de communautés juives ultraorthodoxes. Plus précisément, il cherche à mettre en lumière le processus par lequel certains juifs hassidiques parviennent à s’affranchir de leur communauté d’origine. Dans une recherche alliant entrevues, notes de terrain et observation,notre étude montre comment malgré la présence d’un fort contrôle social au sein de ces communautés ultra-religieuses certains de leurs membres le déjouent. Ce mémoire vise à repérer et à analyser les stratégies d’adaptation et les ruses mises en place par les hassidim pour échapper au contrôle et ainsi enclencher le processus de sortie. À la lumière de la théorie goffmanienne nous montrons comment dans un environnement contrôlant,les individus réussissent à s’aménager des marges de manoeuvre. C’est en se créant des espaces de liberté durant le processus de sortie qu’ils parviennent à avoir les coudées franches pour s’en affranchir définitivement. / This master’s thesis analyses the paths taken by individuals who exit ultraorthodox Jewish communities. More precisely, it illuminates the process by which certain Hasidim take it upon themselves to leave behind the lifestyle and the community in which they were born and raised. My research primarily uses interviews and field notes to show how certain individuals manage to exit such ultra-religious communities despite the presence of strong social controls to prevent leaving. This study examines adjustment strategies and ruses used by Hasidim to avoid religious control and prompt their departure process. Drawing from Goffman’s theory, I will show how in a controlled environment individuals are still able to succeed in creating some marges de manoeuvre. These particular spaces of liberty shaped by each individual allow for the ultimate success of completely leaving the community.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce mémoire analyse les trajectoires de sortie de communautés juives ultraorthodoxes. Plus précisément, il cherche à mettre en lumière le processus par lequel certains juifs hassidiques parviennent à s’affranchir de leur communauté d’origine. Dans une recherche alliant entrevues, notes de terrain et observation,notre étude montre comment malgré la présence d’un fort contrôle social au sein de ces communautés ultra-religieuses certains de leurs membres le déjouent. Ce mémoire vise à repérer et à analyser les stratégies d’adaptation et les ruses mises en place par les hassidim pour échapper au contrôle et ainsi enclencher le processus de sortie. À la lumière de la théorie goffmanienne nous montrons comment dans un environnement contrôlant,les individus réussissent à s’aménager des marges de manoeuvre. C’est en se créant des espaces de liberté durant le processus de sortie qu’ils parviennent à avoir les coudées franches pour s’en affranchir définitivement. / This master’s thesis analyses the paths taken by individuals who exit ultraorthodox Jewish communities. More precisely, it illuminates the process by which certain Hasidim take it upon themselves to leave behind the lifestyle and the community in which they were born and raised. My research primarily uses interviews and field notes to show how certain individuals manage to exit such ultra-religious communities despite the presence of strong social controls to prevent leaving. This study examines adjustment strategies and ruses used by Hasidim to avoid religious control and prompt their departure process. Drawing from Goffman’s theory, I will show how in a controlled environment individuals are still able to succeed in creating some marges de manoeuvre. These particular spaces of liberty shaped by each individual allow for the ultimate success of completely leaving the community.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Submitted by CRISTIANE DO NASCIMENTO BRANDÃO (cristianne.brandao@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T03:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane-N-Brandao-TESE-2017.pdf: 15659193 bytes, checksum: be80bb473c0043c0d66acdc9b491d374 (MD5) / Rejected by Maria Tereza Fernandes Conselmo (maria.conselmo@fgv.br), reason: Cristiane, boa noite. Por favor efetuar os ajustes abaixo: Retirar o logo 2º folha: inserir campo de conhecimento Att. Tereza SRA on 2017-06-28T22:12:32Z (GMT) / Submitted by CRISTIANE DO NASCIMENTO BRANDÃO (cristianne.brandao@gmail.com) on 2017-06-29T00:57:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane-N-Brandao-TESE-2017.pdf: 15653197 bytes, checksum: ac57823c2ba3618cad93a1fd232be40a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Tereza Fernandes Conselmo (maria.conselmo@fgv.br) on 2017-06-29T21:21:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane-N-Brandao-TESE-2017.pdf: 15653197 bytes, checksum: ac57823c2ba3618cad93a1fd232be40a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-30T12:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristiane-N-Brandao-TESE-2017.pdf: 15653197 bytes, checksum: ac57823c2ba3618cad93a1fd232be40a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-29 / Nos últimos anos, não somente o interesse pela mudança climática (MC) tem crescido, como também diversos esforços de adaptação e mitigação têm sido realizados por organizações e governos de todo o mundo. A adaptação aos efeitos adversos das alterações climáticas, bem como a diminuição de ações que intensificam essas mudanças são vitais, a fim de reduzir as incertezas quanto ao futuro da humanidade. No turismo, ações de adaptação e mitigação são necessárias devido ao elevado potencial que esta atividade tem de afetar e ser afetado pelas mudanças climáticas. Nessa pesquisa, buscou-se analisar como os meios de hospedagem do Circuito das Águas Paulista (CAP) tem se adaptado às mudanças climáticas, a partir do significado que os gestores atribuem às experiências. Com base nessas experiências, construiu-se uma teoria substantiva da adaptação à mudança climática. Em um estudo de caso único, de caráter qualitativo, realizado no CAP, cujo principal propulsor do turismo na região é a qualidade da água proveniente de fontes naturais. Grande parte desses municípios passou por racionamento da água e vivenciaram o prejuízo no setor de turismo. Como resultado, a hipótese da teoria substantiva que se mostrou válida foi a percepção da crise hídrica (categoria central), que se refere a crença na mudança climática e nos riscos associados a ela. Para desenvolver qualquer estratégia de adaptação, é necessário que se tenha consciência de que existe uma ameaça à continuidade das operações do negócio. A categoria central possui três propriedades: capacidade de lidar com a mudança climática; adequações estratégicas e fatores financeiros. As propriedades são partes da categoria central e auxiliam a sua definição. O contraste da teoria substantiva com a literatura mostrou que de 10 considerações teóricas, apenas 1 não foi corroborada, o que demonstra ser um resultado significativo para a teoria substantiva da adaptação à mudança climática em meios de hospedagem. A teoria substantiva constatou que o turismo no CAP foi afetado pela crise hídrica, com a redução no fluxo de turista. Percebeu-se claramente que as mudanças climáticas e os eventos climáticos extremos interferem nas decisões de viagem. Ao mesmo tempo, foi relatado que a divulgação na mídia sobre a crise hídrica também afetou o turismo, ocasionando insegurança e prejudicando a imagem do destino turístico. Por fim, verificou-se que o turismo é uma das atividades mais sensíveis à variabilidade climática, pois os destinos turísticos dependem do clima. Espera-se que este trabalho possa colaborar para o entendimento da necessidade de adaptação à mudança climática e aos eventos extremos do clima, em função dos impactos que podem ocasionar aos negócios. / In recent years, not only the interest on Climate Change (CC) has been increasing, but also many adaptation and mitigation efforts have been made by organizations and government around the world to deal with this issue. The adaption to adverse effects of climate change, as well as the reduction of actions that can contribute to these changes are vital to reduce uncertainties about the future of the mankind. Adaptation and mitigation actions have been necessary in face of the tourism potentialities to contribute to, and to be affected by, the climate change. This research sought to analyze how the accommodation sector on the Aguas Paulista Circuit (APC) has adapted to climate change based on the meaning the managers have attributed to certain experiences. By taking these issues into account, a 'substantive theory' of adaptation to climate change has been developed and applied. In this unique case study, essentially qualitative, and carried out in the APC region, it is worth noting that the main driver of tourism in the region has been the quality of water from natural sources. Most of the municipalities belonging to the APC area have faced water rationing; therefore, they have experienced economic losses in the tourism sector. As a result, the hypothesis related to the 'substantive theory' - which proved to be valid – was the fact that the local satakeholders’ perception that the water crisis (central category) is believed by them to be linked to a climate change and to its associated effects. In order to develop any adaptive strategy, it is first necessary to be aware that the observed phenomenon has posed a threat to the continuity of business operations in the region. In this research, the central category has been constituted of three major properties: the ability to cope with the climate change; the strategic adaptations; and, the financial factors. These properties are part of the central category and help to define them. By crisscrossing the ‘substantive theory’ used in the literature, it was observed that out of 10 theoretical considerations, only 1 has not been corroborated; this proves to be a significant finding about the application of substantive theory on climate change adaptations in the accommodation sector. By using the substantive theory, it was found that tourism in the APC region was affected by the water crisis resulting in a reduction in the tourist flow. It was noticed that the climate change and extreme weather events can interfere in travel decisions. At the same time, it was reported that broadcast news on the water crisis also negatively affected tourism sector, causing uncertainty and damaging the image of the tourism destination. Finally, it was found that tourism is one of the most sensitive activities to climate variability; tourism destinations are highly affected by climate factors. It is expected this work can contribute to the understanding on the need to adapt to the climate change and extreme climate events because of the risk to affect business.

Le milieu littoral des espaces insulaires ultra-marins intertropicaux français est doublement impacté par les aléas hydro-climatiques et sismiques naturels, et par les actions anthropiques déstabilisatrices locales ou globales. Le mémoire traite spécifiquement des cas de Wallis & Futuna et de Lifou (archipel des Loyauté) dans le Pacifique sud et de Mayotte dans l’océan Indien. Il aborde, sous une approche pluridisciplinaire, les différentes facettes du potentiel d’adaptation des populations locales aux variations du niveau marin de différents ordres : ponctuel (associés aux vagues de tempêtes et de tsunami) et global (avec la transgression liée au réchauffement climatique mis en évidence par la communauté scientifique). La montée des eaux, qui semble inéluctable à moyen terme, et les risques hydro-climatiques et sismiques (tsunamis) actuels impliquent que les sociétés devront, dans un futur plus ou moins proche, ajuster leur vision des modes d’occupation de l’espace et tout particulièrement celle du domaine littoral sur lequel vit l’essentiel des populations des îles étudiées. Le croisement des différentes approches disciplinaires abordées dans le mémoire permet de proposer des méthodes et des outils novateurs en vue d’une optimisation des stratégies d’adaptation à la montée des eaux. / The coastal environment of French overseas territories is both affected by the hydroclimatic and natural seismic hazards, and local or global destabilizing anthropogenic actions. This PhD deals specifically with cases of Wallis and Futuna and Lifou (Loyalty Islands) in the South Pacific, and Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. In a multidisciplinary approach, it gets onto the different facets of the adaptation potential of local societies when it comes to changes at sea level: occasional (associated with storm waves and tsunami) and global (with sea level rise related to global warming). The sea level rise, that seems inevitable in the medium term, hydro-climatic and seismic (tsunami) risks, means that local societies will probably adjust and organize their territories in a different way, especially coastal area (the most occupied space at the island scale). The different disciplinary approaches crossing can offer innovative tools and methods for optimizing the sea level rise adaptation strategies.

Thesis (M.Sc.(Agriculture (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Understanding the factors that influence farmers' decisions to take preventive measures against natural hazards provides insight that can be used to develop user-specific interventions to support their adaptation processes. The use of Protection Motivation Theory in analysing climate risk adaptation behaviour is driven by the increase in climate change, which is projected to increase the frequency and severity of climate related risks such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts. Given the importance of livestock in rural communities, information about their adaptation must be prioritised; yet, this is not the case, as most climate change adaptation research focus on crop production. The main aim of the study was to analyse the drought risk preparedness of smallholder livestock farmers in the Limpopo Province's Blouberg Local Municipality. The study's specific objectives were to identify and describe the socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder livestock farmers in the Blouberg Local Municipality, as well as to determine the drought coping and adaptation strategies used by them and to evaluate the protection motivation theory components influencing that coping and adaptation behaviour. The study collected primary cross-sectional data from 130 smallholder livestock farmers in the Blouberg Local Municipality using a semi-structured questionnaire. The farmers' drought risk coping and adaptation strategies were described using descriptive statistics, while multiple linear regression was used to test whether protection motivation theory variables influence the adaptation and coping choices of smallholder livestock farmers in Blouberg Local Municipality. According to the findings, smallholder livestock farmers in Blouberg Local Municipality use four measures on average to protect their livestock against drought. With an R2 adjusted of 0.70, protection motivation theory variables explain 70% of the variation in farmer protection motivation. Perceived risk probability, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived costs were significant variables associated with farmers' protection motive. It is recommended that interventions meant to increase drought risk resilience of the farmers should prioritise early warning signals to increase perceived probability of the farmers, create platforms for information exchange to increase perceived severity, teach farmers methods practically to increase perceived self-efficacy and keep the price of utilising measures low to decrease perceived cost / Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre (RVSC)

Les changements climatiques bouleversent toute la planète. Leurs impacts écologiques et socio-économiques sont une menace pour tous les pays, surtout ceux en voie de développement. Depuis 1990, la communauté internationale a pris conscience de ce phénomène et les pays développés sont pointés du doigt pour en être des responsables. Par conséquent, ils doivent fournir des efforts financiers et technologiques pour aider les pays les moins avancés à s’adapter. Aujourd’hui, les changements climatiques représentent un enjeu des relations internationales et sont abordés dans presque toutes les réunions internationales. Cependant, la gouvernance climatique mondiale peine à se mettre en place malgré les efforts accomplis par la communauté internationale. Les conférences sont le théâtre de rapports de force entre les États où prévalent les intérêts nationaux, souvent contradictoires. Les impacts des changements climatiques étant localisés, le Tchad apparaît comme un pays vulnérable, aux conséquences graves : avancée du désert, sécheresse, inondations, perte de biodiversité, appauvrissement des sols et diminution des ressources en eau, qui entrainent la baisse de la production agricole, l’insécurité alimentaire, les maladies, les conflits et les déplacements des populations. Bien que le Tchad soit mobilisé pour lutter contre les changements climatiques, il manque des capacités nécessaires pour relever ce défi. Cette thèse considère la zone sahélienne comme une des plus pertinentes pour l’analyse précise de ces impacts et pour la proposition de stratégies mieux adaptées pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Il s’agit de mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation qui consistent à mettre en œuvre des politiques nationales plus innovantes et plus ciblées, à créer de nouvelles infrastructures dans les secteurs des transports, des télé-communications, de l’énergie, et à impliquer l’ensemble des acteurs concernés. / Climate changes are upseting the whole planet. Their écologic and socio-economic impacts are a real threat for all countries, principally the developping ones. Since 1990, the international community has becoming aware of this and the developped countries are clearly showned as being mainly responsible. Consequently, they have to financially and technologically strive in order to help the less advanced countries to adapt. Nowadays, the climate changes represent a big stake in the inter-national relationships, they are debated in almost all international meetings. However, the world climatic governing is difficult to establish by the international community. The conferences are dominated by the frequent oppositions of the States’ national interests. As the impacts of climate changes are specifically localised, Chad appears as a vulnerable country suffering dramatic conse-quences: progression of desert, dryness, flood, loss of biodiversity, empoverishment of soils and diminishing water ressources which imply the decreasing ot the agricultural production, food unse-curity, deseases, conflicts and deportation of population. Although Chad is mobilised to struggle against climatic changes, it lacks the necessary capacity to confront this challenge. This thesis con-siders the sahelian zone as one of the most relevant to precisely analyse these impacts and for pro-posal of efficient strategies adapted to act against climate changes. It is about measures of mitiga-tion and adaptation which consist in operating more innovative and more targeted national politics, in creating new infrastructures in the sectors of transport, telecommunications, energy and in in-volving all the concerned actors.

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