Background: Additive manufacturing has recently gained cogency as a final part manufacturing technique. The method uses a layer-upon-layer technique to build three-dimensional objects. This technique has many advantages creating new opportunities regarding production. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate cost elements, cost drivers, their weight distribution, and to explore production uncertainties of the additive manufacturing process. The production uncertainty parameters of the explored uncertainties are then evaluated to investigate how some of them impacts the production cost of the case component. Method: The following study have used qualitative data collection methods in terms of interviews together with a pre-study and a sensitivity analysis tool to identify cost impacts of uncertainty parameters. Five primary interviews were performed with employees at the company with relevant knowledge of the studied field. Results: The result shows that the product cost can be divided into two categories of material cost and manufacturing costs, these two categories then have different cost elements that drives cost. The explored uncertainties of the process consist of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. The explored production uncertainty parameter that affects the final product cost the most is the time needed to finish the AM build. Conclusions: Considering production uncertainty is important in order to have reliable and accurate cost estimations. The three explored production uncertainties that have the most significant impact on the final product cost is the yearly machine running time, the SLM machine time needed to finish the component, and reduced manning time in the operations. These three uncertainty parameters should, therefore, have a larger focus than variables that do not have the same impact on the final product cost, to create better cost estimations. / Bakgrund: Additiv tillverkning har på senaste tiden fått slagkraft som en produktionsteknik för slutprodukter. Additiv tillverkning använder en lager på lager teknik för att bygga tre-dimensionella objekt. Denna teknik har många fördelar som skapar många nya produktionsmöjligheter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka kostnadselement, kostnadsdrivare, fördelningen av kostnader och att utforska produktionsosäkerheter inom additiv tillverkning. De utforskade osäkerhetsparametrarna inom processen är sedan studerade för att se hur de påverkar den slutgiltiga produktkostnaden. Metod: Följande studie har använt kvalitativa datainsamlingsmetoder i form av intervjuer tillsammans med en förstudie och ett utvecklat känslighetsanalysverktyg för att identifiera kostnadsförändringar på grund av förändringar i osäkerhetsparametrar. Fem stycken intervjuer har genomförts med anställda på företaget som har relevant kunskap inom området. Resultat: Resultatet visar att produktkostnaden kan delas upp i två kategorier, materialkostnad och tillverkningskostnad. Dessa två kategorier består sedan av olika kostnadselement som driver kostnader. De utforskade produktions osäkerheterna inom processen består av två typer av osäkerheter beskriven i teorin. Den produktionsosäkerhetsparameter som har störst påverkan på produktens slutkostnad är SLM maskintiden som krävs för att bygga komponenten. Slutsatser: Att beakta produktionsosäkerheter i kostnadsuppskattningar är viktigt för att uppskattningarna ska vara tillförlitliga och korrekta. De tre studerade produktionsosäkerheterna som har störst påverkan på den slutgiltiga produktionskostnaden är årlig maskinanvändning, SLM maskintiden som krävs för att bygga komponenten och bemanningstiden för operationerna. Dessa tre osäkerhetsparametrar bör därför ha ett större fokus eftersom de har störts påverkan på slutresultatet.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a fast-growing technology in manufacturing industries. Applications of AM are spread across a wide range of fields. The aerospace industry is one of the industries that use AM because of its ability to produce light-weighted components and design freedom. Since the aerospace industry is conservative, quality control and quality assurance are essential. The quality of the welding is one of the factors that determine the quality of the AM components, hence, detecting faults in the welding is crucial. In this thesis, an automated system for detecting the faults in the welding process is presented. For this, three methods are proposed to find the anomalies in the process. The process videos that contain weld melt-pool behaviour are used in the methods. The three methods are 1) Autoencoder method, 2) Variational Autoencoder method, and 3) Image Classification method. Methods 1 and 2 are implemented using Convolutional-Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks to capture anomalies that occur over a span of time. For this, instead of a single image, a sequence of images is used as input to track abnormal behaviour by identifying the dependencies among the images. The method training to detect anomalies is unsupervised. Method 3 is implemented using Convolutional Neural Networks, and it takes a single image as input and predicts the process image as stable or unstable. The method learning is supervised. The results show that among the three models, the Variational Autoencoder model performed best in our case for detecting the anomalies. In addition, it is observed that in methods 1 and 2, the sequence length and frames retrieved per second from process videos has effect on model performance. Furthermore, it is observed that considering the time dependencies in our case is very beneficial as the difference between the anomalous and the non anomalous process is very small

Det blir viktigare för företag att tillämpa lyckade implementeringar på arbetsplatser. Detta för att kunna matcha den ökande standarden som företag ställs inför. Företaget pressas därför från flera olika fronter. Teknologier kan därför implementeras som en del av industri 4.0. Detta för att skapa ökad kommunikation, säkrare arbetsplatser och en bättre arbetsmiljö för den anställde med högre kompetens. Detta samtidigt som det ska vara gynnsamt ekonomiskt. För att behålla sig plats på marknaden krävs därför utveckling. Implementeringar på arbetsplatsen är en typ av utveckling. Implementeringar kräver dock struktur och planering för att uppnå ett lyckat resultat. Frågeställningen blir därmed hur implementeringen av de nya teknologierna påverkar människorna i företaget. Detta då förändringar som sker drastiskt på arbetsplatsen påverka säkerheten för den anställde då struktur och kunskap kan saknas. Företag behöver därför arbeta parallellt och med samspel av andra teknologier för att inte utsätta den anställde för risker. Det finns ett flertal teknologier att tillämpa vid implementering av industri 4.0 som påverkar den anställde. Dessa teknologier påverkar olika aspekter även sammanhängande och bör därför implementeras med samspel. Att skapa fördelar på arbetsplatsen med hjälp av teknologierna som förbättrad kommunikation ger den anställde möjlighet till att kunna ta del av teknologins fördelar vid implementering. Genom studien har slutsatsen dragits att dessa fem aspekter kommunikation, arbetsmiljö, säkerhet, ekonomi, utbildning/kompetens är de viktigaste påverkande på den anställde vid implementering av industri 4.0. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att studera teknologier inom industri 4.0 för att finna dess påverkan på den anställde vid implementering. För att besvara frågeställningen har studien använt sig av sekundärdata som innefattar vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Teorierna är analyserade och avgränsades under arbetets gång för att presentera en slutsats på frågeställning.

3D-skrivare har många användningsområden och de har blivit vanliga i många industrier.Idag talas det om att denna teknik kan vara en möjlig väg till mer hållbart byggande.Tekniken anses lovande inom byggproduktion bland annat för att det visat sig att den kanreducera materialspillet och ge kortare byggtider. Till viss del används tekniken redan förbyggnadstillverkning, men då främst med betong.Målet med arbetet är att beskriva nuvarande kunskap rörande 3D-printing medträbaserad massa, samt att undersöka möjligheten till att använda en träbaserad massabestående av sågspån, vatten och lignin vid 3D-printing.För att kunna nå målet användes en kombination av litteratursökning och laborativaexperiment. Litteratursökningen användes både för att undersöka tidigare genomförda studiergällande träbaserade material i samband med 3D-printing, samt som inspiration för deingredienser och proportioner som används i de laborativa experimenten.Enbart studier om träbaserad 3D-printing studerades. De testobjekt som togs fram i delaborativa experimenten utvärderades i hållfasthet, dimensionsstabilitet och vidhäftning.Resultaten av det laborativa arbetet tyder på att det framtagna materialet går att extrudera,men att det har låg draghållfasthet. Lagren bands samman bra för samtliga tester, medantryckhållfastheten gav varierande resultat. Högst tryckhållfasthet gavs av den blandning somhade högst andel lignin, samt torkades under längst tid.Slutsatsen är att materialet kan vara till nytta, men att rätt användningsområde börbestämmas, då materialet inte tål alltför stora laster. / 3D printers have many uses and they have become common in many industries. Today, thistechnology is seen as a possible route to more sustainable construction. The technology isconsidered promising in construction engineering, among other things because it has beenshown that it can reduce material waste and provide shorter production times. To someextent, the technology is already being used for building construction, but then mainly withconcrete.The aim of this study is to describe current knowledge regarding 3D printing with woodbasedpulp and to investigate the possibility of using a wood-based pulp consisting ofsawdust, water and lignin for 3D printing.In order to reach the goal, a combination of literature search and laboratory experiments wasused. The literature search was used both to investigate previously conducted studiesregarding wood-pulp based materials in 3D printing and as inspiration for the ingredients andproportions used in the laboratory experiments.Only studies on wood-based 3D printing were studied. The test objects produced in thelaboratory experiments were evaluated in strength, dimensional stability and adhesion. Theresults of the laboratory work indicate that the produced material can be extruded, but that ithas low tensile strength. The layers bonded well for all tests, while the compressive strengthresults varied. The highest compressive strength was given by the mixture with the highestproportion of lignin and the longest drying time.The conclusion is that the material might be useful, but that the correct area of use should bedetermined, as the material cannot withstand excessive loads.Keywords:

During this master thesis a crushing material composite was developed in order to determine if a specific design consisting of a pointy hard phase with a ductile phase in between can reduce the load needed to crush stone and therefor decrease the energy consumption during stone crushing. The steel hard phase (ASP 2012) was printed using an additive manufacturing method called selective laser melting (SLM). A process parameter optimization was performed in order to achieve a dense material and a pre-heated building platform was used to prevent cracking. The hard phase designs were printed and then filled with bronze (JM3 and JM7). The composites and steel references were tested by placing a stone on each sample and applying pressure until the stone broke. After the tests, the loads and the deterioration of the samples was analyzed. The results showed that it was possible to print the hard phase, but some defects like micro cracking were hard to eliminate entirely. Several methods were tested to cast the bronze but the most suitable during this project was melting of the bronze in an induction furnace with vacuum atmosphere. The results from the crushing simulations showed that there was a small difference between the references and the developed macro composites. The composites began to crush stones at lower loads than the references. Nevertheless, due to a large dispersion of the results a statistical difference could not be established.

Sustainable engineering within product development is becoming increasingly important with the ever-growing amounts of resources used to sustain the human way of life in modern times. An effective way of helping to deal with this problem is to reduce the resources used in products and components across the world. This thesis explores the effectiveness of the topology optimization method in achieving significant material reductions whilst maintaining structural strength and integrity when designing an aircraft component. The part is an engine handling mounting bracket which will be optimized to be produced by additive manufacturing, and so restrictions imposed by traditional manufacturing methods are not considered, allowing for larger material reductions to be achieved. The original bracket part was provided by GE Electric, and the computer software Abaqus computer aided engineering with integrated TOSCA was used to solve the problem. Two trials were conducted, with the first being used to gain knowledge and understanding of the optimization features of the software. The basic requirements for the optimized design were that it should be able to withstand four given static load cases without undergoing plastic deformation, and these load cases were applied separately in trial 1 for simplicity. The second trial was conducted with a higher complexity, utilising multi-objective topology optimization which allowed the load cases to be weighted individually whilst being applied simultaneously during optimization. The resulting bracket part that was created with the help of the optimized topology from trial 2 reduced the volume of the original part by over 75%. This also left potential for further material reductions as the optimized part did not undergo plastic deformation when subject to any of the four load cases of the study. In conclusion, topology optimization seems to be extremely helpful when designing components that have clearly defined load cases, producing results that designers and engineers can have confidence in. The method does however have its flaws, such as difficulties in utilising the optimized topology directly to create a computer aided design part file. The post-processing process needed to achieve such a part is also time-consuming although it must be implemented to create a digital part that can be analysed and verified by FEA.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a printing technology which can produce 3-dimensional solid object by adding layers of material from 3D model data. AM has numerous benefits and can bring a new industrial revolution. To have a smooth transition in the technology, organizations must consider involved stakeholders’ interests. However, different stakeholders have different interests and influences. As more affected stakeholders resist adopting new technology as it will affect the firm directly or indirectly. These diverse interests cause barriers to the adoption of technology. This research aims to find out the primary and secondary stakeholders and how they influence each other in the adoption of AM, and what are the barriers caused due to these influences. The two sources of primary data are gathered from the research participants and analyzed thematically. Our findings reveal that the primary stakeholders are material suppliers, regulators bodies, and medical device/pharmaceutical companies and have a high influence on the adoption of AM as these stakeholders are hard to replace and need constant collaboration with each other. The secondary stakeholders are AM designers, insurance companies, educational and training organizations, funding organizations, NGOs. AM designer and insurance companies have less power and influence, while academic and training organizations and NGOs have a high influence since they are knowledge and training providers. Barriers faced in the adoption of AM technology are immature technology, less raw material availability, changes in the regulation, knowledge gap. This study implies that there is immense scope to explore the technology to gain maximum benefits. This study stands to give an understanding of stakeholder involvement, their influence, and their barriers in the adoption of AM technology.

Members of the elderly population is disproportionately prone to experiencing mobility impairment due to their aging bodies and as a result have frail bodies that are at a higher risk of grave injury due to falling. In order to combat this assistive mobility devices such as exoskeletons have been developed to help patients enhance their range of motion. With additive manufacturing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM), becoming a more mainstream form of design, the inclusion of lightweight polymers such as nylon 12 as primary construction materials for these devices has increased. In this thesis computer aided design (CAD) software was used to design a prototype lower body exoskeleton and simulation software was used to give the device the characteristics of Stratasys' nylon 12 carbon fiber FDM material to verify it if could be used as the primary construction material for this device when extruded from a FDM printer on either the XZ or ZX printing plane. From the simulations it was found that the material printed along the XZ plane could create a device that could withstand the weight of an average elderly male patient (200 lbs.) as well as the 35 lbs. of force applied to the device by a linear actuation motor that would be used to extend and contract the exoskeleton leg.

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Additiv tillverkning (AM) är en tillverkningsmetod som skapar komponenter genom att addera material där det tidigare inte fanns, detta möjliggör tillverkning av geometrier som annars hade varit omöjliga eller mycket tidskrävande. Electron Beam Melting är en pulverbaserad AM metod där ett metallpulver smälts samman av en elektronstråle. De två största nackdelarna med pulverbaserad AM är en ojämn yta och inre porositet i tillverkade komponenter. Den grova ytan avhjälps i de fall det behövs genom att efterbehandla komponenter genom skärande bearbetning och porositeten åtgärdas idag med HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing. Arbetet i denna rapport har som syfte att minimera porositeten in situ för att öka tillförlitligheten och repeterbarhet hos materialegenskaperna i EBM-tillverkade komponenter genom optimerandet av smältstrategin. Detta har skett genom ett experiment där fem smältstrategier har använts vid tillverkning av fyra olika utformade provstavar varvid porositeten har granskats i avseendena porandel av ytarea och porfördelning. De fem strategierna var S0, Standard; S1, Enkelriktad ifyllnad före kontur; S2.0, Endast kontur utifrån och in; S2.1, Endast kontur inifrån och ut; S2.2, Som S2.1 utan MultiBeam, och de fyra provstavsutformningarna var ett rätblock, en cylinder, ett rör med 3 mm tjocka väggar och ett timglas. Lägst porositet gavs av S2.1 med en genomsnittlig densitet på 99,993 % och högst gavs av S2.0 med en denistet på 98,63 % där S0 resulterade i en genomsnittlig densitet på 99,94%. / Additive manufacturing (AM) is a manufacturing method that creates components by adding material where there previously was none, this enables fabrication of geometries which otherwise had been impossible or very time consuming. Electron Beam Melting is a powder based AM-method where a metallic powder is melted by an electron beam. The two largest issues with powder based AM is its high surface roughness and internal porosity of manufactured components. The uneven surface is remedied where necessary by making the part larger than its final dimensions and machining it to size while the porosity today is rectified with HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing. This works aims to minimize the porosity in situ in order to improve the reliability and repeatability of the material properties of EBM-manufactured parts through the optimization of the melting strategy. This has been done through an experiment in which five melting strategies have been applied to four different test rods after which the porosity was examined in terms of porosity and pore distribution. The five strategies were S0, Standard; S1, One-way hatch before contour; S2.0, Only contour outside and in; S2.1, Only contour inside and out; S2.2, Like S2.1 without MultiBeam, and the four test bar designs were a cuboid, a cylinder, a tube with 3 mm thick walls and an hourglass. The lowest porosity was given by S2.1 with a mean average density of 99 993% and highest was S2.0 with 98.63% density whereas S0 resulted in a mean average density of 99.94%. / <p>Betyg 2020-08-02</p>