Tennessee is experiencing a budget crisis related to the dollar amount per-pupil expended on kindergarten- through 12th-grade education when compared to other states. Public schools across America are operating in a time of increased expectations. Recent legislative initiatives at both the state and federal level have created new systems of testing and performance standards that will hold schools and teachers accountable for students' achievement. Given the rapid changes that are being made, many state policymakers have noted the importance of designing better financial schemes for public schools with sufficient resources to meet the demand for better education; however, funding and accountability are difficult when creating an alignment between the two. Issues surrounding the financing of public education are complicated. Whereas a quality education is universally understood to be an essential component of students' development and social mobility, the specific policies surrounding the allocation of funds to school districts in Tennessee are complex and based on formulas that are often only understood by experts. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the perceptions of various school directors and administrators in both small and large systems across the state as to the best way to fund kindergarten- through 12th-grade education in a more adequate and equitable manner. Data were collected through audio-taped interviews and transcribed for inductive analysis. The participants' perceptions about their level of satisfaction of the current Basic Education Program's (BEP) funding of kindergarten- through 12th-grade education in Tennessee were very favorable. Fewer than 90% of school district officials agreed that there should be an established set of criteria that define a standard of adequacy. Because some schools need more money than others do, participants said this inability to raise sufficient revenue must be addressed through state legislation. All 20 participants stated that equity and adequacy remained a problem in the BEP and each gave suggestions and identified some areas in which to begin correcting the discrepancies. All 20 participants said that they thought the BEP was a much better funding mechanism, overall, than the old Tennessee Foundation Program (TFP) for both large and small systems.

A total of 278 teachers participated in this study. This study was designed to examine how teachers from “distinguished” (high performing) and “needs improvement” (low performing) middle schools perceived the roles of their principals as instructional leaders who could provide schools with the necessary leadership characteristics for school improvement. This study also examined if differences existed among teachers’ perceptions of their principals’ roles based on school type and demographics (gender, age, years of work experience, and educational attainment). The principal leadership questionnaire (PLQ) was used to collect data based on the five factors: identify and articulate vision and provide inspiration, foster acceptance of group goals, provide appropriate model, provide intellectual stimulation, and provide individualized support. Cronbach alpha was used to establish the internal consistency of the instrument. Data were analyzed using mean scores, percentages, t-tests and ANOVA. The findings indicated that the participants had positive perceptions with strongly agreed to agreed responses on most of the questionnaire items indicating that teachers perceived their principals should possess the characteristics associated with instructional leadership. Female participants consistently agreed with higher mean scores on all five PLQ factors than did male participants. The researcher recommended that further research and a longitudinal study be conducted on this topic to examine and compare leadership preparation programs in Georgia and other states across the nation and to determine the long-term effects of instructional leadership roles on student achievement.

In 2003, Mid-County North High School (pseudonym), a large suburban, rather affluent school did not make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) under the No Child Left Behind Act. The school's special education population was unable to meet the proficiency requirements of the Mid-County's state, and as such received a "failing" label from the state. The irony in this is that North High School (NHS) and the Mid-County District have a documented legacy of excellence -even on the very assessments upon which the "failing" assessments were based. This single-site, qualitative case study, was designed to investigate the real-life dilemmas, ethical, professional, and personal, that the school leaders at NHS and in the Mid-County School District encountered after the school did not make AYP. The perceived internal pressures caused by the possible competition of a school leader's personal and professional values, as well as the necessity for leaders to guide their school toward making AYP, were investigated. In addition to internal pressures, the study attempted to uncover the perceived pressures faced by the leaders within the organizational structure of the school and school district, from the community, media and government. In addition, the study was designed to unveil school leaders' reactions to these perceived pressures. This study used semi-structured interviews with 12 school leaders, including central office and building level leaders, as well as teachers, a parent, and a school board member. In addition to interviews, pertinent documents, and artifacts were analyzed. The interview and document data were then coded using a qualitative analysis program, TAMSAnalyzer. The constant comparative method (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) was used to analyze the data in terms of the study's two theoretical frameworks: Turbulence Theory (Gross, 1998) and Multiple Ethical Paradigms (Shapiro and Stefkovich, 2001). The data revealed three dominant themes: (a) Turbulence Happens: School Leaders Are Forced to Respond to Externally Imposed Accountability in the Era of NCLB and AYP; (b) Flight School: School Leaders' Ethical Codes and Experience Prepare them to Navigate Through Turbulence; (c) Pilot to Co-Pilot: School Leaders Communicate, Collaborate, and Innovate to manage the Turbulence of Not Making AYP. / Educational Administration

Background: Every year in the United States approximately half a million youth with special health care needs (SHCN) turn 18. Little is known about how this population fares during the transition to adulthood. Purpose: To examine transitions to adulthood for young adults with SHCN. Methods: Using data from two national longitudinal surveys: the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the Survey of Adult Transitions and Health, I built linear and logistic regression models to evaluate the relationship between having a history of SHCN during childhood and key transitional outcomes during young adulthood (e.g., mental health status, educational attainment, employment, financial independence and subjective indicators of adulthood). A second set of logistic models examined associations between hypothesized risk and protective factors during childhood (e.g. family financial burden, care in a medical home and access to adequate insurance) and physical health outcomes during young adulthood for youth with SHCN. Multivariate models were adjusted for key confounders. Results: The majority of youth with a history of SHCN were doing well during the transition to adulthood. That said, compared to young adults without a history of SHCN, young adults with a history of SHCN were in significantly worse mental health (adjusted OR of experiencing a non-specific psychological disorder 3.90, 95% CI 1.78-8.53) and had significantly lower odds of graduating from high school (adjusted OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.32-0.96), attending college (adjusted OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.38-0.96), and receiving financial assistance from their families (adjusted OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38-0.83). Amongst young adults with a history of SHCN, family financial burden during childhood significantly decreased the odds of being in good physical health during the transition to adulthood. There was limited evidence that receipt of care in a medical home or access to adequate insurance during childhood increased the odds of being in good physical health for young adults with a history of SHCN. Conclusions: These findings have important policy implications for programs serving youth with SHCN. Specifically, mental health and educational services may need to be expanded and more emphasis placed on addressing the non-medical determinants of health, like family financial burden.

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option Nouvelles technologies de l'information" / Le développement exponentiel des réseaux informatiques a largement contribué à augmenter le volume des renseignements personnels disponibles et à remplacer les méthodes désuètes de collecte des renseignements par des méthodes plus rapides et plus efficaces. La vie privée et le contrôle sur les informations personnelles, telles que nous les connaissions il y a quelques décennies, sont des notions difficilement compatibles avec la société ouverte et commerciale comme la nôtre. Face à cette nouvelle réalité menaçante pour les droits et libertés de l'homme, il est essentiel de donner un cadre technique et légal stable qui garantisse un niveau de protection adéquat de ces données personnelles. Pour rester dans le marché ou bénéficier de la confiance des individus, les entreprises et les gouvernements doivent posséder une infrastructure de sécurité informatique efficace. Cette nouvelle donne a tendance à devenir plus qu'une simple règle de compétitivité, elle se transforme en une authentique obligation légale de protéger les données à caractère personnel par des mesures de sécurité adéquates et suffisantes. Ce mémoire aborde justement ces deux points: premièrement, l'étude du développement d'une obligation légale de sécurité et ensuite, l'encadrement juridique de la mise en place d'un programme de sécurisation des données personnelles par des mesures de sécurités qui respectent les standards minimaux imposés par les textes législatifs nationaux et internationaux. / The latest development in information networks largelly contributed to the increasing amount of personal data being collected by the public and private sector and the replacement of old fashioned collection methods by faster and cheaper techniques. Notions of privacy and control of personnal data are not as we used to know them a decade ago and they became somehow incompatible with an open and commercial society in which we live. Facing this new and dangerous reality to fondamental human rights and liberties, it is pressing to give a legal and technical stable framework insuring an adequate level of protection to personnal data. To keep a competitive position in the market and maintain individuals trust in the system, companies and governments must guarantee an efficent security infrastructure. If this feature was until now a strategie advantage, it has become an authentic legal obligation to protect personnal data by suffisant safeguards. The purpose of this work is essentially consider those two statements: the study of the development of a legal obligation to guarantee the security of personnal data and the legal backing for the implementation of a security policy respecting minimal standards imposed by national and international laws.

Summery This thesis deals with the issue of translation Milos Macourek's fairy tales into Polish. The starting point for the analysis is a comparison of two versions of a translation of selected texts. The author of the first one is Marie Erhardtowa, the second version is translated by Herman Grzeszczyk and Andrzej Kulikowski. The first part of the thesis is a theoretical preparation which explains the basic questions of literary translation. The main goal of the practical part of this thesis is to determine the target groups of readers, followed by an analysis of the particular translation issues.The conclusion contains a summary of findings and an assessment of individual translation in terms of adequacy.

The post-apartheid government of 1994 is a product of the ‘Age of Rights’. Statemaking processes and the exercise of state powers is managed by the rule of law based on a constitution. Constitutionally recognised rights, and rights protection institutions, animate a transition from a legacy of Black political exclusion and underdevelopment. Intensifying class stratification and inequality constrain Black’s formal realisation of citizenship rights, placing great pressure on creative interpretation of constitutionally legitimated claims. My thesis examines the rights discourse informing the Constitution, particularly issues about the realisation of social and economic rights. I examine the unfolding of discourses on the right to housing between 1994 to 2008, to illustrate of the complexity of the discourse. Episodic housing protests suggest significant degrees of alienation, marginalisation, and disappointment with expectations of citizenship and the non-realisation of social and economic rights. Housing rights is an issue that will affect the democratic consolidation and political stability prospects of the new political order. I examine the interface between macro-economic policies, budgets, and the realisation of housing rights, and assess the impact of an identifiable configuration of forces expected to play important roles in realising a rights culture and broadening the discourse. My study draws on a spectrum of qualitative, interpretive, and analysis of discourse approaches, using data from: published articles, annual reports and archives, speeches, court proceedings and statements, interviews with persons whose scope of activities impact the unfolding of the concerned rights, namely, representatives of government departments, private sector developers, financing institutions, and civil society formations. My main findings are that few actors in the configuration support the view that the Constitution should be changed to make explicit the state’s obligations on the realisation of social and economic rights. Nevertheless, there are isolated cases of people expressing an absolute entitlement sense of rights --- the state should deliver when demands are made. My conclusions are that considerable political unrest about non-realisation of these rights will persist, but will not cause a collapse of the post-1994 political institutions and processes. More likely, political actors, legal scholars and jurists, will persistently engage the prevailing rights discourse and the variety of institutions acting towards their realisation, without effecting drastic changes to these, but always invoking positions about how they still are suited for a post-apartheid transformation project yet need critical interrogation and improvisation.

I denna studie undersöker jag de svenska och engelska översättningarna av Bonjour tristesse av Françoise Sagan från 1954 och av Le chapeau de Mitterand av Antoine Laurain från 2012 och hur adekvans- eller acceptansinriktade de är (Toury, 1978/1995; Lindqvist 2005). Jag undersöker vilka översättningsstrategier som använts för att översätta abstrakta substantiv och kulturspecifika begrepp med hjälp av Vinay och Darbelnets (1958) och Pedersens (2007) teorier för att urskilja eventuella tendenser och mönster. Slutligen undersöker jag om resultaten kan säga något om de svenska respektive brittiska litterära systemens öppenhet på 2010-talet jämfört med 1950-talet. Resultaten visar att översättningarna av Le chapeau de Mitterand är adekvansinriktade vad gäller båda variablerna medan översättningarna av Bonjour tristesse är adekvansinriktade men vad gäller kulturspecifika begrepp mer acceptansinriktade. Den engelska översättningen från 1950-talet är mindre adekvansinriktad än den från 2010-talet. Det kan vara så att det brittiska litterära systemet har blivit mer öppet och att det svenska systemet fortsätter att vara öppet och att detta påverkat översättarnas översättningsstrategier men den slutsatsen går inte att dra baserat på mitt material och min metod. / In this paper I examine the Swedish and English translations of Bonjour tristesse by Françoise Sagan from 1954 and of Le chapeau de Mitterand by Antoine Laurain from 2012 and if they are acceptable or adequate in Toury’s (1978/1995) terms. Based on the theories of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) and Pedersen (2007)  I examine the strategies of translation that are used by the translators to identify patterns. With the results in hand I analyse if they show signs of openness of the Swedish and British literary system in the 1950s and 2010s. I found that the translations of Le chapeau de Mitterand are adequate based on both variables whereas the translations of Bonjour tristesse are both adequate and acceptable, but still more adequate then the latter. It may be the case that the British system has become more open with time and that the Swedish one remains open and that this has affected the translators strategies, but based on my material and method this conclusion cannot be drawn.

Desde o surto de transmissão oral da doença de Chagas veiculada por caldo de cana em Santa Catarina no ano de 2005, que levou ao reconhecimento deste risco alimentar, demanda-se maior atenção da vigilância sanitária de alimentos para este problema sanitário. Mas é na Região Norte do Brasil que a polpa de açaí é a principal implicada nos novos e sucessivos eventos que aumentam progressivamente o número de pessoas que adoecem e morrem pela doença, agravando a situação epidemiológica, principalmente no estado do Pará que é o principal produtor da fruta. Entre as ações de controle do risco sanitário, que abrangem o exercício repressivo do poder de polícia, estão aquelas que incidem sobre os batedores artesanais de açaí e que tendem a privá-los de continuar a exercer a atividade que os auxilia a superar as vulnerabilidades às quais estão submetidos. Pressupondo que o ordenamento jurídico não exclui o reconhecimento e a proteção desses que aqui são considerados como fornecedores vulneráveis, o objetivo da pesquisa é o de identificar as situações específicas de vulnerabilidades que justificam e tornam exigíveis as normas de proteção especial aos fornecedores envolvidos nas atividades de fornecimento do açaí artesanal. Para isto, fez-se compor um mosaico de vulnerabilidades ecoepidemiológica, socioeconômica e programática com fragmentos obtidos de diversas fontes (jornais e boletins, relatórios de investigação de surtos, estudos epidemiológicos, bases de dados epidemiológicos, consensos científicos, notas técnicas, pesquisas acadêmicas, normas jurídicas, decisões judiciais etc.). Essas vulnerabilidades não são apreendidas por uma vigilância sanitária que insiste em análises de riscos que são insuficientes para abranger e oferecer respostas que as dimensões complexas daquelas merecem. O mosaico revela uma imagem complexa e interdisciplinar dos fornecedores vulneráveis de açaí, de modo que ele também abrange aqueles que são os principais destinatários de seus produtos, os consumidores mais pobres e igualmente vulneráveis. Por meio do método do diálogo das fontes, que privilegia a aplicação simultânea e coordenada das normas de modo a alcançar o máximo possível do atendimento dos mandamentos constitucionais, foi possível identificar possibilidades jurídicas de proteção concomitantes a estes que, apesar de ocuparem os lados opostos da relação de consumo, normalmente encontram-se ligados pelas mesmas ou semelhantes vulnerabilidades. Os resultados revelam que as vulnerabilidades contribuem para o grave quadro epidemiológico da transmissão oral da doença de Chagas, entre elas a vulnerabilidade programática marcada por uma grande fragmentação institucional e setorial, bem como pela manifesta fragilidade estrutural dos órgãos de vigilância sanitária. A superação do quadro de iniquidade em saúde a que estão submetidos os vulneráveis e a injustiça social que recai sobre os batedores artesanais de açaí, exige atenção e cuidados especiais às vulnerabilidades por meio de ações interinstitucionais, intersetoriais e interdisciplinares. Isto precisa envolver uma vigilância sanitária solidária que vá além da racionalidade analítica dos riscos e realize também ações orientadas pela racionalidade complexa dos cuidados com as vulnerabilidades, comprometendo-se efetivamente com a promoção da saúde. / Since the outbreak in the transmission of Chagas disease by the ingestion of sugarcane juice in Santa Catarina (2005), which led to the recognition of this food risk, greater attention was required from sanitary surveillance of food for this sanitary problem. However, it is in the Brazilian Northern Region that açais pulp is the main cause implicated in the newest and successive events that progressively increase the number of people who became ill and died from the disease, aggravating the epidemiological situation, especially in the state of Pará, which is the main producer of the fruit. Among the actions to control the risk of contamination, which include a repressive exercise of police power, there are some which affect the artisanal harvest of açai, and that tend to deprive the harvesters from exercising their activity which helps them to overcome the vulnerabilities that they are submitted to. Assuming that the legal system does not exclude the recognition and protection of those considered vulnerable suppliers, this researchs objective is to identify specific situations of vulnerabilities that justify and make enforceable the special protection norms to the providers involved in the activities of supplying the artisanal acaí. With that in mind, a mosaic of vulnerabilities was composed eco-epidemiological, socioeconomic and programmatic - with fragments obtained from different sources (newspapers, bulletins, outbreak investigation reports, epidemiological studies, epidemiological databases, scientific consensus, technical notes, academic research, legal norms, judicial decisions, etc.). These vulnerabilities are not captured by health surveillance which insists on risk analyzes that are insufficient to encompass and provide answers to the complex dimensions that they deserve. The mosaic reveals a complex and interdisciplinary image of the vulnerable açais suppliers, in a way that it also encompasses those who are the primary recipients of their products, the poorest and equally vulnerable consumers. Through the method of dialogue of the sources that favors the simultaneous and coordinated application of the norms in order to reach the maximum possible fulfillment of the constitutional laws, it was possible to identify legal possibilities of protection concomitant to those that, despite being in opposite sides of the consumption relationship, are usually linked by the same or similar vulnerabilities. The results reveal that the vulnerabilities contribute to serious epidemiological pictures of the oral transmission of Chagas\' disease, among them the programmatic vulnerability is marked by a great institutional and sectoral fragmentation, as well as by the manifested structural fragility of the sanitary surveillance organs. In order to overcome of the iniquity framework in health to which the vulnerable are exposed and the social injustice that falls on the artisanal açais harvesters, it requires special attention and care to vulnerabilities through interinstitutional and interdisciplinary actions. Those requirements involve a solidary sanitary surveillance that goes beyond the analytical rationality of risks and also carries actions guided by the complex rationality of caring about vulnerabilities, effectively committing itself to the promotion of health.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma reflexão sobre a possibilidade de se promover melhorias nas condições de moradias em favelas urbanizadas, através de programas de melhorias habitacionais, analisando suas limitações e potencialidades. Apesar dos avanços obtidos nas favelas com as iniciativas de urbanização e com os instrumentos de garantia de posse da terra, ainda persistem nestas áreas precariedades relacionadas às unidades habitacionais, condição que tem impacto direto na saúde da população. Buscando solucionar estas questões, vêm sendo desenvolvidos, há mais de uma década, programas de melhorias habitacionais em favelas, iniciativas que têm encontrado uma série de dificuldades para sua operacionalização. Neste contexto, a pesquisa propõe um aprofundamento no universo das precariedades habitacionais das moradias em favelas, identificando os problemas mais frequentes e sua incidência. Para esta avaliação, são estudadas três favelas urbanizadas no município de Diadema (SP). Analisa-se, posteriormente, como estas situações vêm sendo enfrentadas pelos programas de melhorias habitacionais, e quais as principais dificuldades e avanços a eles relacionados. Para isso, são considerados programas realizados pelo poder público, ONGs e negócios sociais. Os resultados dos estudos apontam para altos índices de inadequação nas moradias em favelas e identificam como principais fatores que dificultam a implantação dos programas a limitação de recursos, os arranjos produtivos inadequados e o controle urbano. Ao final, são apresentadas algumas recomendações para que os programas de melhorias habitacionais atinjam maior escala e efetividade. / This dissertation presents a reflection on the possibility of promoting improvements in housing conditions in urbanized favelas (or slums?), through housing improvement programs, analyzing their limitations and potentialities. Despite the progress made in the favelas with urbanizing initiatives and land tenure guarantee instruments, still persist in these areas, precariousness related to housing units, a condition that has a direct impact on the health of the population. In order to solve these issues, housing improvement programs in favelas have been developed for more than a decade, initiatives that have encountered a series of difficulties for their operationalization. In this context, the research proposes, firstly, a deepening in the universe of housing precariousness of dwellings in favelas, identifying the most frequent problems and their incidence. For this evaluation, three favelas urbanized in the city of Diadema (SP) are studied. Then, it is analyzed how these situations are being faced by the housing improvement programs, and what are the main difficulties and advances related to them. To this end, are being considered programs performed by the public power, NGOs and social businesses. The results of the studies point to high levels of inadequacy in housing in favelas and identify as main factors that hamper the implementation of the programs the limitation of resources, inadequate productive arrangements and urban control. At the end, some recommendations are presented so that housing improvement programs achieve greater scale and effectiveness.