Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-18T00:41:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AméricoJunior.pdf: 3340675 bytes, checksum: da11b7625489c2cdf86c9c66a5c05e72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-18T00:41:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AméricoJunior.pdf: 3340675 bytes, checksum: da11b7625489c2cdf86c9c66a5c05e72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-15 / Nenhuma / A estrutura garantista do Direito Penal, forjada no Estado Liberal de Direito, cumpriu com brilhantismo o seu escopo no decorrer dos tempos, sendo portador de um conteúdo de intervenção máxima para algumas classes sociais e de um conteúdo mínimo para outras. Os direitos fundamentais ou princípios liberais desse ramo jurídico sempre buscaram legitimar e, consequentemente, afastar a essência da discussão concernente a atuação do Direito Penal como um eficiente instrumento de controle social, criminalizando comportamentos inerentes aos indivíduos desprovidos das condições de possibilidade para integrarem materialmente o mundo capitalista, assim como fundamentar a ilegitimidade do mesmo para intervir em face às condutas praticadas pelos indivíduos inseridos no sistema capitalista. Não há dúvida de que, no Estado Liberal de Direito, o Direito Penal liberal exerceu papel imprescindível na efetivação de direitos e garantias fundamentais de primeira dimensão. A indagação que deve ser respondida é: A quem e para quem tem servido o Direito Penal? O Estado Social de Direito no Brasil ainda não foi vivido de modo efetivo. Um rol extenso de direitos fundamentais sociais não passou de uma promessa vazia, de um sonho não vivido. A sociedade mudou, o mundo mundou. A sociedade atual caracteriza-se por uma intensa complexidade, na qual a criminalidade se modernizou, novos interesses relevantes surgiram, enfim, as características da atualidade são completamente diversas das características do momento histórico em que se estruturou o Direito Penal liberal ou garantista. Por que o Direito Penal deve permanecer atrelado ao paradigma liberal-individualista e não deve modernizar-se, adequando-se à nova sociedade para buscar combater com eficiência a nova criminalidade? Entendemos que o Direito Penal extrai sua legitimação não na teoria do bem jurídico, mas sim na teoria da prevenção geral positiva, isto é, a função a ser exercida pelo Direito Penal seria negar a negação gerada pelo comportamento infrator da norma, restabelecendo a validade e a credibilidade da mesma, atuando, portando, contrafaticamente. Em uma sociedade complexa, deve o sistema jurídico-penal contribuir para reduzir a complexidade social. Para que ocorra a modernização ou expansão do Direito Penal, se adequando às peculiaridades da sociedade e da criminalidade na atualidade, torna-se necessária a limitação de determinados direitos e garantias fundamentais individuais. Tal limitação sempre pautada pelos postulados normativos da proporcionalidade e da razoabilidade, tendo sempre como parâmetro o ganho que será conquistado na efetivação de outros direitos e garantias fundamentais, porém, na atual quadra da história, de conteúdo social. Não compactuamos com a supressão de direitos e garantias fundamentais individuais, mas sim, valendo-se dos postulados da concordância prática, da unidade da Constituição, proporcionalidade e razoabilidade, da realização de uma moderna, atual e necessária releitura dos direitos e garantias fundamentais individuais, cotejando as mesmas com a também necessária efetivação do direito fundamental a segurança pública, assim como com a efetivação de inúmeros outros direitos fundamentais sociais. O combate eficiente aos crimes de colarinho branco, contra a ordem econômica e tributária, crimes empresarias e outros, contribuirá para a efetivação de direitos fundamentais de quais classes sociais? Por que tanta resistência no reconhecimento da legitimadade da modernização ou expansão do Direito Penal? Os direitos e garantias fundamentais previstos no texto constitucional significam principios constitucionais e, portanto, em uma sociedade plural e complexa como a atual, é frequente a ocorrência de colisão entre princípios. No tema modernização ou expansão do Direito Penal a essência da discussão é a colisão entre direitos e garantias fundamentais individuais e direitos e garantias fundamentais sociais. A legitimidade ou a ilegitimidade da modernização do Direito Penal deverá ser inferida no caso concreto, tendo como método de aferição o Procedimento da Ponderação desenvolvido por Robert Alexy, assim como os postulados normativos aplicativos da proporcionalidade e da razoabilidade. É imprescindível que o Direito Penal supere o paradigma liberal-individualista, altere seu instrumental material de combate à criminalidade, contribue decisivamente na efetivação de direitos fundamentais sociais, resgate a credibilidade da vontade geral contida na norma violada e reduza a complexidade da sociedade atual. Em qual sociedade queremos viver? Quais os objetivos da República Federativa do Brasil? / The guarantee structure of Criminal Law forged in the Liberal State under the rule of Law has fulfilled greately its scope though years, being a carrier of maximum intervention content for some social classes and minimum for others. The fundamental rights or liberal principles of this legal branch always sought to legitimate and consequently, keep away the essence of discussion, the action of the Criminal Law as an efficient tool of social control, criminalizing behaviour of those with no prossible conditions to integrate the capitalist worldsystem, as well as susbstanciate illegitimacy to intervene in the individual conduct into the capiatlist world-system. There is no doubt that in the Liberal State of Law, Liberal Criminal Law played a key role in effecting essential rights and guarantees of first dimension. To whom has the Criminal Law served? The Social State of Law in Brazil hasn't had its effectiveness yet. A long list of essential social rights was only an empty promise, hope of a worthy life or a dream not lived. Society has changed, world has changed. Today's society is characterized of a high complexity in which crime has ugraded, relevant interests has emerged, finally, the features of the current world is completely different from those in wich Liberal Criminal Law or guarantees have been structured. Why does Criminal Law have to be coupled to liberalindividualist paradigm and must not modernize, suit the new society to fight efficiently the new crime? We understand that Criminal Law does not draw its legitimacy in the theory of legal system, but in the theory of positive general prevention, that is, the role played by Criminal Law would be to deny the negation created by the offending standard's behaviour, restoring its validity and credibility, acting ,therefore, contrafaticamente. In a complex society, the criminal legal system must contribute to reduce social complexity. So that modernization or expansion of criminal law occur, being suitable to society's pecularities and crime in today's world, limitation of some rights and essential individual guarantees is necessary, such limitation based on normative postulates of proportionality and reasonable terms, having as parameter the gain achieved to promote other essential rights and guarantees, however, with social content now. We do not agree with the supression of individual essential rights and guarantees, but yes, making use of postulates of pratical concordance, unity of Constitution, proportionality and reasonableness, achieve a modern, up to dade and necessary rereading of essential individual rights and guarantees, collating them with the need of fundamental rights to the public safety, as well as the effectiveness of many fundamental social rights. The effective fight against white collar crimes, economic and tax policy, corporate crimes and others will contribute to the enforcement of fundamental rights of which social class? What's the reason for such resistance in recognizing the legitimacy of modernization or expansion of criminal law? The essential rights and guarantees enshrined in the Constitution mean constitutional rights, therefore, in a pluralistic and complex society as the current one, it's common the collision between principles. On the topic of criminal law modernization or expansion, the essence of discussion is the collision between individual rights and guarantees, and social rights and guarantees. Legitimacy or illegitimacy of criminal law modernization should be inferred in this case, with measuring method the ponderation procedure developed by Robert Alexy, as well as the normative postulates applications of proportionality and reasonableness. It is imperative that criminal law overcomes liberal-individualist paradigm, changes its instrumental material to fight crime, contributes decisively in the enforcement of fundamental social rights, rescues the credibility of the general will contained in the violated standard and reduces the complexity of today's society. In which society do we want to live?

A gênese, evolução e conteúdo das noções \"moradia adequada\" e \"moradia digna\" foi investigado nas resoluções e relatórios da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU); nos indicadores de habitação e nas Constituições dos países da América Latina; na produção acadêmica compilada em grandes repositórios; nas Sentencias de Tutela da Corte Constitucional da Colômbia. Agentes da política urbana que utilizam indistintamente essas noções, e embora sejam expressões equivalentes, seu abarcamento conceitual se difere. O objetivo desta pesquisa depara por elementos socioespaciais que configurassem a dimensão da dignidade na moradia, e que consideramos que vai mais além do padrão de moradia adequada; tomando o contexto colombiano por referência. Construir a abordagem histórica e institucional do conceito de \"moradia adequada\", determinar fatores socioespaciais que poderiam lesar a integridade do morador que habita em espaços inadequados, e discorrer sobre os elementos diferenciadores, relacionados à moradia adequada e à moradia digna, são os objetivos específicos. Vários âmbitos e agentes foram investigados: a ONU que dita diretrizes mandatórias sobre assentamentos humanos para os países-integrantes, e instaura o indicador \"direito à moradia adequada\", com o Pacto Internacional de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais (PIDESC) de 1991. Os institutos estatísticos de 21 países da América Latina, que alojam metodologia e dados sobre indicadores de habitação, e consideram que o conteúdo da moradia adequada corresponde às variáveis que cada país aplica, mais as do indicador do Pidesc. Essas variáveis de habitação também são conteúdo material do direito à moradia, adjetivada como adequada, digna ou decente, nas constituições vigentes destas nações. A produção acadêmica que afirma que o conteúdo do direito à moradia adequada é a constituída no Pidesc de 1991, e que o problema da habitação deve ser debatido num marco de direitos. A prática jurídica e o entendimento do cidadão sobre o direito à moradia digna observam-se no âmbito social quando o morador interpõe demandas perante um juiz em sentencias de tutela da Corte Constitucional da Colômbia, na forma de fatos que violam o direito à moradia digna e, em certas ocasiões, a dignidade. Pelo que investigamos, nas sentencias, pela relação da dignidade com o espaço, na interação entre os indivíduos, e quando se está em busca de acesso a habitação; para encontrar três objetos de proteção da dignidade instaurados nas sentencias de tutela. Assim, descobrimos elementos socioespaciais recorrentes em uma sentencia quando se debate sobre a violação ao direito à moradia, com os quais poderíamos indagar pela proteção à integridade do homem no espaço, quando se está na busca de recursos espaciais como a moradia: morador vulnerado (demandante); agente vulnerador (demandado); objeto espacial em litígio; pretensão do demandante sobre esse objeto; conduta do vulnerador e elementos nos quais esse escuda a sua conduta; consequências da violação ao direito, observadas como dano à pessoa e dano ao patrimônio; a percepção a respeito das lesões pela violação ao direito à habitação. Esses elementos socioespaciais configuram fatores de observação da dimensão da dignidade na moradia, que - como proposta da tese - nomeamos como a dignidade na experiência espacial. / The genesis, evolution and content of the notions of \"adequate housing\" and \"decent housing\" were researched from ONU\'s resolutions and reports; from housing indicators and constitutions of Latin American countries; from academic production compiled in great repositories, from constitutional court writ judgments for protection of constitutional rights of Colombia. Areas of urban policy that use indistinctively these notions, and even though being equivalent, their conceptual limitation differs. The objective of this research discovers socio- spatial elements that shape the dimension of dignity in housing and that we consider goes beyond the standard of adequate housing; taking the Colombian context as reference. The specific objectives are to build the historical and institutional approach of the concept of \"adequate housing\", to determine socio-spatial factors that could undermine the inhabitant\'s dignity that dwells in inadequate spaces and to expatiate in differentiator elements related to the adequate housing and the decent housing. Several areas were explored: United Nations that dictates mandatory regulations concerning human settlements for country members establishes the indicator \"right to an adequate housing\" with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of 1991. The statistics institutes of 21 countries in Latin America, which hold methodology and data concerning housing indicators, and consider that the content of adequate housing, correspond to the variables that each country applies, plus the elements of the indicator \"adequate housing\" of ICESCR. These habitation variables are also material content of the right to housing, adjectivized as adequate, dignified or decent, in the current constitutions of these nations. The academic production stating that housing must be adequate according to indicators and discussed in a rights framework. The citizen\'s legal practice and understanding of the right to a decent housing is present in the social area with the inhabitant that files a suit before a judge, in Constitutional Court judgments of Colombia, in the form of facts that violate the right to housing, and on certain occasions, dignity. For this reason, we explore judgments due to the relationship between dignity and space, in the interaction between individuals when the access to housing is being pursued; to find three objects of dignity protection introduced in the writ judgments. That is how we discover recurring socio-spatial elements in a writ judgment when the violation of the right to housing is being debated, with which we could inquiry for the protection to the integrity of people in the space, when they are looking for space resources like habitation: undermined inhabitant (claimant); undermining agent (defendant); space object disputed; claimant\'s claim over that object; undermining agent\'s conduct and elements on which he shields his conduct; consequences of violating that right, observed as harm to the person and harm to the heritage; the perception about the injury by violation of the right to housing. These socio-spatial elements shape the factors to observe the dimension of dignity in housing, which, as proposal of this thesis, we denominated as dignity in space experience.

School personnel are concerned that reading gaps of grade 3 and grade 4 students have persisted in 4 rural elementary schools in the southern United States despite the use of ability grouping to improve student reading proficiency scores. Between the 2014-2016 school years, less than 50% of students in grades 3 and grade 4 scored at the proficient level in reading at the 4 target rural schools. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the teachers' and administrators' perceptions regarding the influence of grouping on the reading performance of students in grades 3 and 4. Using Vygotsky's framework, the research investigated teachers' and administrators' perceptions of grouping and nongrouping in relation to students' reading progress, socioeconomic status, and achievement gaps between minority and non-minority students. Using purposeful sampling, interview data were collected from 4 administrators who met the criteria of working in a target site that used ability and nonability grouping. Teacher data came from focus groups, and surveys from 15 teacher participants who met the criteria of being certified in English Language Arts, and assigned to Grades 3 and/or 4 in ability or nonability grouping environments. Using emergent coding, themes supported the findings that assessment strategies are positively and negatively perceived, nonability grouping is preferred, reading achievement is perceived as higher in nonability grouping, and gaps in learning are influenced by socioeconomic status. Based on this research the use of nonability grouping may promote greater positive social change that will enhance student success in reading.

<p>The aim of this study was to describe how the best interest of the child can be constructed in investigations concerning permission for international adopt, where adequate parenthood is investigated. Qualitative research interviews were used as method. Seven investigators from six different sections of the city of Stockholm were interviewed. The information was analysed on the basis of a sociological approach to law and social constructionism.</p><p>The result showed that adequate parenthood is a condition in the interest of the child. Adequate parenthood is specified as the parent’s qualities and possibility to care for an adopted child. It does not depend on material qualifications, it is principally a matter of personal conditions, which can be defined as self-consciousness and the ability to reflect, feel empathy and manage a crisis. An adequate adoptive parent shall also realize the significance of an adoption. Adequate adoptive parents have a stable and lasting relationship and are surrounded by a stable social network.</p><p>The best interest of the child shall mainly be fulfilled by the qualities of the parents, in other words the adequate parenthood. The adoption has to be in the best interest of the child and thereby fulfil the child’s needs. In a family, children need to develop in their own pace and receive support whenever it is needed. In the investigation undertaken by the authorities, the interests of the child can best be looked after with an investigator that possesses adequate knowledge about children, that investigates thoroughly and feel a responsibility towards the child.</p>

The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor.

The aim of this study was to describe how the best interest of the child can be constructed in investigations concerning permission for international adopt, where adequate parenthood is investigated. Qualitative research interviews were used as method. Seven investigators from six different sections of the city of Stockholm were interviewed. The information was analysed on the basis of a sociological approach to law and social constructionism. The result showed that adequate parenthood is a condition in the interest of the child. Adequate parenthood is specified as the parent’s qualities and possibility to care for an adopted child. It does not depend on material qualifications, it is principally a matter of personal conditions, which can be defined as self-consciousness and the ability to reflect, feel empathy and manage a crisis. An adequate adoptive parent shall also realize the significance of an adoption. Adequate adoptive parents have a stable and lasting relationship and are surrounded by a stable social network. The best interest of the child shall mainly be fulfilled by the qualities of the parents, in other words the adequate parenthood. The adoption has to be in the best interest of the child and thereby fulfil the child’s needs. In a family, children need to develop in their own pace and receive support whenever it is needed. In the investigation undertaken by the authorities, the interests of the child can best be looked after with an investigator that possesses adequate knowledge about children, that investigates thoroughly and feel a responsibility towards the child.

Le développement exponentiel des réseaux informatiques a largement contribué à augmenter le volume des renseignements personnels disponibles et à remplacer les méthodes désuètes de collecte des renseignements par des méthodes plus rapides et plus efficaces. La vie privée et le contrôle sur les informations personnelles, telles que nous les connaissions il y a quelques décennies, sont des notions difficilement compatibles avec la société ouverte et commerciale comme la nôtre. Face à cette nouvelle réalité menaçante pour les droits et libertés de l'homme, il est essentiel de donner un cadre technique et légal stable qui garantisse un niveau de protection adéquat de ces données personnelles. Pour rester dans le marché ou bénéficier de la confiance des individus, les entreprises et les gouvernements doivent posséder une infrastructure de sécurité informatique efficace. Cette nouvelle donne a tendance à devenir plus qu'une simple règle de compétitivité, elle se transforme en une authentique obligation légale de protéger les données à caractère personnel par des mesures de sécurité adéquates et suffisantes. Ce mémoire aborde justement ces deux points: premièrement, l'étude du développement d'une obligation légale de sécurité et ensuite, l'encadrement juridique de la mise en place d'un programme de sécurisation des données personnelles par des mesures de sécurités qui respectent les standards minimaux imposés par les textes législatifs nationaux et internationaux. / The latest development in information networks largelly contributed to the increasing amount of personal data being collected by the public and private sector and the replacement of old fashioned collection methods by faster and cheaper techniques. Notions of privacy and control of personnal data are not as we used to know them a decade ago and they became somehow incompatible with an open and commercial society in which we live. Facing this new and dangerous reality to fondamental human rights and liberties, it is pressing to give a legal and technical stable framework insuring an adequate level of protection to personnal data. To keep a competitive position in the market and maintain individuals trust in the system, companies and governments must guarantee an efficent security infrastructure. If this feature was until now a strategie advantage, it has become an authentic legal obligation to protect personnal data by suffisant safeguards. The purpose of this work is essentially consider those two statements: the study of the development of a legal obligation to guarantee the security of personnal data and the legal backing for the implementation of a security policy respecting minimal standards imposed by national and international laws. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) option Nouvelles technologies de l'information"

The financing of public schools in South Africa is dependent on school fees to a great extent. However, the legislative process governing the charging of school fees perpetuates the entrenched inequality in the education system and violates the constitutional rights of those learners who are unable to afford school fees and other educational costs. This study examines the impact of the school funding system on the right to basic education of these learners, who are in most instances black and/or poor.

Le recours à l'arbitrage par les opérateurs du commerce international a une finalité très importante, qui est celle de l'indemnisation appropriée et efficiente du préjudice. En vue d'évaluer celle-ci, notre étude adopte une recherche juridique détaillée en matière de réparation pour aboutir à un résultat satisfaisant concernant le principe le plus adapté en tant que cadre commun de l'opération d'évaluation de l'indemnisation du préjudice par les arbitres internationaux, en mettant notamment la lumière sur l'arbitrage CIRDI et CCI. À cette fin, il était nécessaire de suivre une analyse juridique tant sur les règles fondamentales que contingentes de l'indemnisation dans le souci d'avoir une perspective entière du processus de l'évaluation du quantum du préjudice. Un passage transversal était ainsi inéluctable sur les règles juridiques relatives à la réparation en droit privé français ainsi qu'en système juridique de Common Law. Au demeurant, un examen sur la codification de ces règles a été suivi dans le cadre des instruments internationaux de droit uniforme. Toutes ces réglementations ont inspiré le droit de l'arbitrage et ont servi comme des sources de celui-ci en matière de la réparation. Ces développements nous ont conduits à percevoir que l'indemnisation doit être adéquate en prenant en compte non seulement les préjudices subis, conformément au principe général de l'indemnisation intégrale, mais aussi tous les intérêts lésés. Sachant que certains préjudices ne sont pas mathématiquement évaluables, une indemnisation arbitraire s'impose dans ce cas. Un nouveau concept d' « indemnisation adéquate» du préjudice pourrait alors dans l'avenir s'imposer dans le droit de l'arbitrage international. / Recourse to arbitration on the part of international business operators has a very important aim, which is the appropriate and efficient indemnisation of prejudice. ln order to evaluate this, our study adopts a detailed legal study of reparations to arrive at a satisfactory result concerning the most appropriate principle to be applied at a common framework as a mode of evaluation of the indemnisation of prejudice in international arbitration, focusing the spotlight on ICC and ICSID arbitration. To this end, it is necessary to follow a legal analysis of bath the fundamental and contingent rules of indemnisation in order to gain a complete perspective on the process of the evaluation of the quantum of prejudice. Thus an inevitably recurring feature throughout the thesis was the legal rules of compensation in French private law in addition to the common law legal system. Furthermore, a review of these rules' codification has been followed in the context of international uniform law instruments. Ali these regulations have inspired the arbitration law and served as its sources in reparation matters. These developments have led us to perceive that compensation must be adequate taking into account not only the damages suffered, in accordance with the general principle of full compensation, but also all the interests affected in the knowledge that certain harms are not mathematically evaluable, entailing the necessity in these cases of an arbitrary compensation. Therefore, a new concept of « adequate compensation » for the damage could impose itself in the future in the law of international arbitration.

xiii, 83 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The present study examined the stability (i.e., 4-month and 12-month test-retest reliability) of six selected school-based indices of adequate reading progress. The total sampling frame included between 3970 and 5655 schools depending on the index and research question. Each school had at least 40 second-grade students that had complete Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) data for the time periods in question. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) scores were used to examine school-wide adequate reading progress. The stability of those indices from semester-to-semester and from year- to-year across the 2005-2006, 2006-2007, and 2007-2008 school years was examined. Adequate progress was defined as students improving their instructional recommendation (i.e., reducing their level of risk) or remaining at benchmark (i.e., remaining on track) over a specified period of time. The six indices were as follows: (1) outcome percent established, (2) percent adequate progress, (3) intensive percent adequate progress, (4) strategic percent adequate progress, (5) barely benchmark percent adequate progress, and (6) school-wide high rates of adequate progress. The indices were intended to provide a snapshot of how well a school's reading instruction is meeting student needs. Based on the analysis, the stability coefficients ranged from .10 to .90 indicating that certain indices had higher stability coefficients than others. Overall, the year-to-year indices tended to be more stable that the semester-to-semester indices. Between 143 and 203 schools had school-wide high rates of adequate progress over a two- and three-year period. These findings indicate that schools can be generally effective in helping their students achieve high rates of adequate reading progress and that schools are able to maintain and support high rates of adequate progress for consecutive cohorts of second- grade students. Results are discussed within a broader framework of school effectiveness indices and response to intervention. / Committee in charge: Roland Good, Chairperson, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Edward Kameenui, Member, Educational Methodology, Policy, and Leadership; Kenneth Merrell, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Sara Hodges, Outside Member, Psychology