Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka den nya rättspraxis som kom år 2010 i 3 § LVU (1990:52) och hur den efterföljs inom Stockholms län. Vidare ska vi även försöka belysa vilken behandling dessa barn och ungdomar bör få och för att kunna besvara detta har vi utgått ifrån tre frågeställningar. Vårt tillvägagångssätt har varit utifrån en rättsdogmatisk metod och en litteraturstudie genom en kvalitativ ansats.  Som hjälp till vår analys och slutsats har vi utgått från den nyinstitutionella organisationsteorin för att förstå och tolka systemet vid implementering av ny rättspraxis.      Vi har utgått ifrån 15 LVU domar från 2013, där ungdomarna har en AST eller en ADHD diagnos. Genom att analysera och tolka dessa domar kan vi besvara vår första frågeställning hur rättspraxisen efterföljs. Resultatet visar på att i två av de 15 fall har rätten tagit hänsyn till rättspraxisen och avslagit ansökan om tvångsvård. I ytterligare två fall har rätten tagit upp och refererat till rättspraxisen men ändå dömt till 3 § LVU och i de övriga elva fallen har rätten varken nämnt eller tagit hänsyn till rättspraxisen.      De andra två frågeställningarna besvaras och styrks genom litteratur och tidigare forskning och resultatet visar på att det är viktigt med tidiga insatser och att barnen och ungdomarna skall få stöd och hjälp från kommunen på frivillig grund. Som placeringsalternativ framkommer det att inledningsvis skall insatserna främst ske i det egna hemmet, fungerar inte det så erbjuds familjehem och HVB-hem.      Enligt bland annat psykologen Hejlskov Elvén (2010) och SKL bör barn och ungdomar med AST och ADHD diagnoser behandlas utifrån en skräddarsydd behandlingsform, då straff som en inlåsning inte är en bra vårdform eftersom dessa barn och ungdomar inte rår för sitt beteende. Det som är centralt och som ligger till grund för besluten om tvångsvård är barnet och ungdomens egna beteende, ett annat socialt nedbrytande beteende. Ett annat socialt nedbrytande beteende är ett beteende som avviker från samhällets normer och som vid ett neuropsykiatriskt funktionshinder inte skall betraktas som ett sådant. För att uppnå bästa vårdform för barn och ungdomar med AST och ADHD diagnos är samverkan mycket viktigt mellan de olika berörda aktörerna då dessa barn och ungdomar ofta faller mellan stolarna. / The aim of the current paper is to investigate the precedent riders to 3 § LVU legislation that emerged in 2010 and how it has been implemented since in Stockholm county.  Moreover we aim to shed light on the type of treatment these young people should receive in order to thrive. To accomplish this we have assumed three research questions to answer.  Our chosen approach is based on a true dogmatic method and through a thorough qualitative literature review. In order to understand and interpret the system appropriately in implementation of the precedent legislation we have applied the new institutionalism organization theory to our analysis and conclusion.      We have based our study on 15 LVU legal cases from 2013, involving young people with ASD or ADHD diagnosis. By interpreting and analyzing these court cases we are able to answer our first research question of how the precedent legislation rider is being implemented in Stockholm County. The result show that in two of fifteen cases the court took the precedent rider legislation into account and rejected applications of compulsory care.  In another two cases even though court has acknowledged and referred to the rider legislation, they have still judged in accordance to the 3 § LVU legislation prior to 2010 rider legislation. Finally in the last eleven cases the court has neither mentioned nor taken into account the precedent rider legislation.      The other two research questions are established and answered through a thorough look at available literature and a review of previous research.  The result demonstrates the importance of early intervention and young people’s voluntarily participation in the support programs that county offers. The studies recommend that support and care should be provided initially in young person’s own home. If unsuccessful a family placement or HVB placement should be considered as a second option.      According to the psychologist HejlskovElvén (2010) and SKL children and young people diagnosed with ASD and ADHD should be treated in accordance of a tailored treatment approach.  Involuntarily care as a punishment is not recommended as these young people are not in control of their behaviour or actions.  Presently involuntarily care is based on the youth’s socially destructive behaviour:  behaviour that deviates from the norms of society and that at a neuropsychiatric disability shall not be considered as such.  To ensure best care for young people diagnosed with ASD and ADHD cooperation between the various actors are vital as it helps to steer clear of the risk of them falling through the cracks as it unfortunately is often the case.

No description available.

Mitt syfte har varit att ta reda på, hur man arbetar praktiskt med barn som har diagnos och som det råder misstankar om.   Metod: När jag skrev den här uppsatsen har jag använt mig av samtalsintervju. Intervjuaren får då göra intervjuer som blir mer personliga än vad enkätintervjuer blir. Resultat och slutsats är att förskollärarens praktiska arbete med barn som har diagnosen ADHD eller som det råder misstankar om, till viss del kännetecknas av metoder som har vetenskaplig grund. Förskollärarens metoder innefattar många olika delar; bemötande, förhållningssätt och barnsyn men också fasta konkreta arbetssätt där ramar, rutiner och bildscheman hjälper barnet i vardagen på förskolan.

Stimulant medications such as D-amphetamine, mixed-salts (75% D- and25% L-) amphetamine; Adderall®, and methylphenidate are first-line treatmentsfor Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In vivo studies havepredominantly focused on these stimulants in the context of drug abuse, andtheir therapeutic mechanistic properties are only theoretical. Previously, in vivotechniques have been limited by poor temporal and spatial resolution, andcharacterizations of these medications in rodent models have not been possibleat low, clinically relevant levels. In order to address these issues, our laboratoryused in vivo high speed chronoamperometric microelectrodes to characterize theeffects of local applications of D-amphetamine, L-amphetamine, D,Lamphetamine,and Adderall® at low levels in the striatum and nucleusaccumbens of 3-6 month old, male Fischer 344 (F344) rats. Our results showedsignificant differences between the faster kinetics of dopamine (DA) releasesignals caused by D,L-amphetamine and the slower kinetics resulting from Damphetamine.These data support that resulting DA concentrations evoked by DandD,L-amphetamine are correlated with the amount of D-amphetamine in thedrug and only the time courses of the signals are affected by L-amphetamine.Additionally, locally applied D- and L-amphetamine caused DA release signalswith similar amplitudes or concentrations of evoked DA; however, the signalswere significantly faster for L-amphetamine. Adderall® caused significantlygreater DA release that lasted over a longer time course compared to DA releasecaused by D- or D,L-amphetamine. These data support the hypothesis thatamphetamine isomers, alone or in combination, interact differently with the DAtransporter (DAT) to subsequently cause reversal of transport of DA out ofpresynaptic membranes of DA neuronal projections. Finally, reversemicrodialysis studies were carried out to assess low levels of D-amphetamine,Adderall® (75% D-, 25% L-amphetamine), methylphenidate, and a new mixedsaltsamphetamine that we referred to as Reverse Adderall (75% L-, 25% Damphetamine)in the striatum of F344 rats. These data reveal a stimulantconcentration-response curve for DA with double plateaus that may be explainedby dual mechanisms of reverse transport of DA through the DAT. In addition,reverse microdialysis of methylphenidate caused DA overflow similar to theeffects of the other stimulants.

Children with ADHD have significant attentional problems that affect their academic performance. Because many of the typical symptoms of ADHD manifest themselves in classrooms, these attentional problems may have an impact on comprehension and its course of development. This is a significant area of interest because the academic success of a child requires being able to recall and comprehend information. Effective comprehension requires being able to understand both causal (why?) and factual (what?) questions. The purposes of this study are use the television viewing methodology and 1) to employ a longitudinal investigation and compare patterns of developmental change among children with ADHD and comparison children in attention and comprehension, 2) examine if cognitive engagement, as indexed by long looks, increases with age for each group, and 3) investigate how look lengths relate to comprehension for each group. Participants were 59 children with ADHD and 101 comparison children. Children viewed two 12-minute episodes of the Rugrats television program at time one and two episodes at time two, approximately 18-months later. Each of the children viewed the television program in one of two viewing conditions, toys-present and toys-absent. Results provide insight into the problems in attention and comprehension experienced by children with ADHD. First, the preciously observed difficulties in sustaining attention with toys-present for children with ADHD are stable across time and a wide age range. Second, as they got older children with ADHD did not exhibit the same increase in time spent in long looks as comparison children. Third, the older high IQ children with ADHD fell behind comparison children in their recall of factual information as they got older. Fourth, as they became older, high IQ children with ADHD did not show improvement in their causal recall with toys present, in contrast to comparison children. Finally, although there was some support for the hypothesis that time spent in long looks is associated with comprehension of the televised material, it did not account for group differences in recall. Several implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Bariatric surgery is a life-altering procedure that leads to substantial weight loss for most patients with obesity. Psychiatric conditions that may interfere with eating behavior and other behavioral prescriptions after surgery are common. Disordered eating is an established risk factor for inferior weight loss but the effects of negative mood and impulsivity are largely unknown. This thesis aims to investigate the prevalence of and associations between these potential risk factors and eating behavior in bariatric surgery patients. Study I assessed the prevalence of adult Attention Deficits/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in bariatric surgery patients. Symptoms of adult ADHD were elevated compared to the normal population and associated with symptoms of disordered eating, anxiety, and depression. Study II investigated whether treatment with Behavioral Activation (BA) could ameliorate binge eating and other symptoms of disordered eating in patients with obesity and Binge Eating Disorder. The results showed that BA was effective in increasing activity levels and improving mood but not in ameliorating binge eating in these patients. Study III was a prospective study on disordered eating, symptoms of depression and anxiety, symptoms of adult ADHD, and alcohol risk consumption before surgery and at follow-up after 12 months. After controlling for age, no variable measured before surgery could predict weight loss after surgery. Disordered eating after surgery was associated with inferior weight loss in men and a subgroup of older female participants. The present thesis concludes that symptoms of adult ADHD are common among bariatric surgery patients and associated with disordered eating. There is no indication that symptoms of adult ADHD are associated with short-term inferior weight loss after surgery. However, adult ADHD may be a risk factor for postsurgical alcohol abuse. The treatment study showed no direct association among activity, mood, and binge eating. BA, while effective in improving mood, was found not to be an effective treatment for BED, at least in the short group format investigated.

Syftet med vår undersökning är att titta närmare på diagnoserna ADHD/DAMP, vilken betydelse den kan ha för det enskilda barnet samt för den pedagogiska verksamheten. För att få en djupare inblick utfördes fem stycken kvalitativa intervjuer där frågorna var halvstrukturerade. Intervjudeltagarna kunde utifrån denna struktur föra fram sina personliga tankar, åsikter och erfarenheter. Intervjudeltagarnas arbetslivserfarenheter varierade, de jobbade på olika ställen i Västerbotten samt hade olika professioner. Detta var ett medvetet val då vi ville få ett bredare perspektiv angående diagnosernas för- och nackdelar.I resultatet framgick det att diagnoserna kan innebära både för- och nackdelar beroende på hur de vuxna i barnets omgivning väljer att tolka vetskapen om en diagnos. Sammanfattningsvis såg intervjudeltagarna att betydelsen av en diagnos främst gynnar det enskilda barnet då vetskapen om den kan innebära att barnet får en större förståelse för sig själv. Med rätt hjälp från omgivningen kan barnet utveckla strategier och metoder som fungerar som verktyg för den personliga utvecklingen. En nackdel med diagnostisering av barn är när syftet med diagnosen glöms bort och istället endast fungerar som en stämpel på barnet. Detta kan resultera i att barnet då inte får den hjälp det behöver för att hitta gynnsamma strategier och metoder, vilket i sin tur kan stjälpa barnet i dess personliga utveckling.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder characterized by increased hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Some theories propose that ADHD is caused by a deficit in inhibitory control, interacting with other executive functions (e.g., emotional control) to lead to behavioural dysfunction. Furthermore, certain brain regions have been found to be involved in executive functions, and several studies have examined the neural correlates of ADHD at broad-based levels. Increased interest has been placed on the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), which is known to play a role in attention and other complex cognitive processes. Thus, to further clarify the nature of the behavioural and cognitive deficits observed in ADHD, and to elucidate potential relationships between these difficulties and their neural substrates with more specificity, volumetric analyses of the ACC were conducted. For this purpose, 10 children with ADHD and 10 matched controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessment. Manual tracing of ACC subregions was conducted using ANALYZE 9.0 (Mayo Clinic), followed by between-group statistical comparisons. Correlation analyses were used to investigate whether ACC subregions were associated with performance on executive functions tasks. It was hypothesized that there would be significant volumetric groups differences between the two groups, and that subregions would have a differential relationship with executive function performance. Results indicated the ADHD group has marginally larger right dorsal ACC volumes relative to controls. Further, between the two groups, brain-behaviour relationships were different. These results provide support for the hypothesis of a delay in neuronal maturation of the ACC in children with ADHD from Spain. / Graduate

Uppsatsen belyser hur det är att som kvinna leva med ADHD då detta är ett relativt outforskat område Syftet med den här studien är att ta reda på hur det är att som kvinna leva med ADHD, hur vardagslivet påverkas samt hur fördomar upplevs och hanteras. Vi vill även ha reda på hur kvinnorna upplever att de hanterar sina känslor samt hur deras känslohantering tar sig i uttryck i deras vardagsliv. Vi har utfört kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta kvinnor som alla fått sin diagnos i vuxen ålder. Kvinnorna har med egna ord berättat hur de upplever att det som kvinna är att leva med ADHD. Det insamlade datamaterialet analyseras med hjälp av Erving Goffman’s stigma-teori som förklarar hur olika attribut hos individen kan göra att denne avviker från mängden. Även Arlie Hochschild’s teori om emotioner som beskriver hur individen hanterar känslor används i denna studie. Resultatet i denna studie visar att vardagslivet påverkas ur en rad olika aspekter för kvinnorna i vår studie. Ett dilemma som fanns hos majoriteten av informanterna var huruvida de skulle berätta om sin diagnos eller inte i rädsla om att bli bemött av fördomar om de berättade. Majoriteten av informanterna upplevde att det fanns fördomar mot ADHD vilket var en anledning till att flertalet av kvinnorna valde att inte berätta för andra om sin ADHD. Endast ett fåtal av informanterna var väldigt öppna med att berätta om sin diagnos då de ville skapa en ökad förståelse för fenomenet ADHD och ville därmed motbevisa de fördomar finns. Flertalet av kvinnorna upplevde att de hade lätt till att känna känslor och beskrev sina känsloliv i liknelse med en berg-och-dalbana som påverkade vardagslivet i högsta grad.

This study examined parenting stress among parents of adolescents with ADHD. The sample comprised 45 adolescents (26 ADHD; 19 Comparison) age 13 to 18 and their parents. The Stress Index for Parents of Adolescents was completed by both mothers and fathers of participating youth. Parents of adolescents with ADHD reported more stress than parents of adolescents without ADHD. Mothers of adolescents with ADHD experience higher levels of stress in all areas. Fathers of adolescents with ADHD experience more total stress and more stress in the Adolescent and Adolescent-Parent Relationship domains. Maternal inattention and adolescent externalizing behaviour mediated the relationship between ADHD status and maternal parenting stress, and ADHD status and adolescent externalizing behaviour were found to predict paternal parenting stress. The results of this study provide strong support for the need to provide parents of adolescents with ADHD with interventions designed to reduce or help them cope with parenting stress.