OBJECTIF: L’apoB plasmatique prédit le diabète de type 2 chez l’humain. Une clairance ralentie des triglycérides (TG) favorise la lipotoxicité et la résistance à l’insuline (RI). Nous avons démontré ex vivo que les LDL, forme majeure d’apoB-lipoprotéines, altèrent le stockage des gras dans le tissu adipeux blanc (TAB) humain. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que le lien reliant l’apoB plasmatique à la RI et l’hyperinsulinémie est médié par un retard de clairance des gras diététiques. MÉTHODE/RÉSULTATS: Nous avons examiné la sécrétion d’insuline (SI), puis la RI lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose intraveineux suivi d’un clamp hyperinsulinémique-euglycémique chez des sujets obèses normoglycémiques (N=29, 45%hommes, indice de masse corporelle (IMC)≥27kg/m2, 45-74ans, post-ménopausés). La clairance des TG diététiques a été mesurée suivant l’ingestion d’un repas gras marqué au 13C. La fonction d’une biopsie de TAB (à jeun) a été mesurée comme la capacité à stocker un substrat de 3H-TG. L’apoB était de 1,03±0,05g/L et corrélait avec la RI, la 2ième phase de SI, un délai de clairance des TG diététiques et une réduction de la fonction du TAB. Un retard de clairance des TG diététiques était associé à la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. Une correction pour la clairance des TG diététiques ou la fonction du TAB a éliminé l’association entre l’apoB et la RI et la 2ième phase de SI. CONCLUSION: L’association entre l’apoB plasmatique et la RI et la SI chez les sujets obèses est médiée par une clairance ralentie des gras diététiques et une dysfonction du TAB. / OBJECTIVE: Plasma apoB predicts type 2 diabetes in humans. Delayed TG clearance promotes lipotoxicity and insulin resistance (IR). We demonstrated ex vivo that LDL, the major form of apoB-lipoproteins, impairs human white adipose tissue (WAT) fat storage. We hypothesized that the link between plasma apoB, IR and hyperinsulinemia is mediated through delayed dietary fat clearance. METHODS/RESULTS: We examined insulin secretion (IS) and IR during a intravenous-glucose tolerance test followed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in normoglycemic obese (N=29, 45%men, body mass index (BMI)≥27kg/m2, 45-74yrs, postmenopausal). Dietary TG clearance was measured after the ingestion of a 13C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal. The function of a fasting WAT biopsy was measured as the ability to store a 3H-TG substrate. Plasma apoB averaged 1.03±0.05g/L, and correlated with IR, 2nd phase IS, delayed dietary TG clearance and reduced WAT function. Moreover, delayed dietary TG clearance was associated with higher IR and 2nd phase IS. Correcting for dietary TG clearance or WAT function eliminated the association of plasma apoB with IR and 2nd phase IS. CONCLUSION: The association of plasma apoB with IR and IS in obese subjects is mediated by delayed dietary fat clearance and WAT dysfunction.

L'insulinorésistance, caractérisée par l'incapacité des organes impliqués dans le métabolisme énergétique (tissu adipeux, muscles squelettiques et foie) à répondre à l'insuline, tient une place centrale dans la physiopathologie des complications métaboliques de l'obésité. L'apparition d'une insulinorésistance chez un sujet obèse est plurifactorielle et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués ne sont à ce jour pas complètement élucidés.L'expansion majoritairement hyperplasique du tissu adipeux conduit à une hypoxie et un stress des adipocytes, induisant un relargage accru de cytokines inflammatoires et d'acides gras libres (AGL). Les AGL se fixent eux-mêmes sur les récepteurs toll-like (TLRs) de l'immunité innée, dont l'activation aboutit également à la sécrétion de cytokines inflammatoires. Ces AGL et cytokines, véhiculés par la circulation systémique, contribuent, avec la coopération des macrophages infiltrant le tissu adipeux, au développement d'une inflammation chronique de bas grade. Ainsi, les perturbations de l'homéostasie énergétique, associées à une activation du système immunitaire sont à l'origine d'une atteinte globale de la sensibilité à l'insuline de l'organisme, particulièrement délétère au métabolisme musculaire.Cette étude porte sur le rôle d'un effecteur de l'immunité innée, l'endoribonucléase latente (RNase L), dont l'expression est régulée par les interférons de type I et l'activation, par un oligoadénylate, le 2-5A. La RNase L clive les ARNs cellulaires conduisant à l'inhibition spécifique de l'expression de certains gènes. Nous montrons par ce travail l'implication de la RNase L dans le contrôle de la différenciation cellulaire et la pathogenèse de l'insulinorésistance associée à l'obésité, via la régulation des voies de l'inflammation au niveau des tissus adipeux et musculaire. / Insulin resistance, which is characterized by the incapacity of organs involved in the energetic metabolism (adipose tissue, skeletal muscles and liver) to respond to insulin, has a central place in the pathophysiology of the metabolic complications associated to obesity. The onset of insulin resistance in obese subjects is multifactorial and the molecular mechanisms involved have not yet been completely elucidated.The mainly hyperplasic expansion of white adipose tissue leads to hypoxia and stress in adipocytes, inducing an increased release of inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids (FFA). FFA bind and activate the toll-like receptors (TLR) of the innate immunity system, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. These FFA and cytokines, taken by the systemic circulation, contribute, with the cooperation of macrophages infiltrating the adipose tissue, to the development of a chronic low-grade inflammation. Thus, the disturbances of the energetic homeostasis, associated with an activation of the immune system cause a global impairment of insulin sensitivity of the body, with particularly deleterious effects on muscular metabolism.This study focuses on the role of an effector of innate immunity, the latent endoribonuclease (RNase L). RNase L expression is regulated by type I interferons and is activated by the 2-5A oligoadenylate. RNase L splits cellular RNA, thus leading to the specific inhibition of the expression of certain genes. In this study, we demonstrate the implication of RNase L in the control of cell differentiation and the pathogenesis of obesity-associated insulin resistance, via the regulation of inflammatory pathways in the adipose and muscular tissues.

Le tissu adipeux blanc n'est pas un simple réservoir énergétique, il secrète également de nombreuses molécules appelées adipokines. En condition basale, les adipokines participent à l'homéostasie générale en permettant la régulation de diverses fonctions et voies métaboliques. Au cours du développement de l'obésité, la physiologie du tissu adipeux est fortement perturbée. Cela se traduit par des dysfonctionnements parmi lesquels l'établissement d'un état inflammatoire chronique à bas bruit. Ces perturbations au sein du tissu adipeux concourent à la dysrégulation de l'expression des adipokines, conduisant à un dysfonctionnement de certaines voies métaboliques, au niveau adipocytaire mais aussi au niveau systémique ce qui aboutit à un état d'insulino-résistance pouvant déboucher sur le développement d'un diabète de type 2. De nombreuses études épidémiologiques montrent qu'une carence en vitamine D est associée à diverses pathologies telles que certains cancers, certaines maladies auto-immunes ou maladies cardiovasculaires. Par ailleurs, il existe une corrélation inverse entre les taux plasmatiques de 25(OH)D et la prévalence de l'obésité, de l'hypertension artérielle, et du diabète de type 2. Cependant, le lien de causalité entre carence en vitamine D et obésité n'est à ce jour pas clairement démontré. Le but de cette thèse est donc de mieux comprendre le lien qui existe entre carence en vitamine D, obésité et désordres physiologiques associés. / White adipose tissue is not a simple energy reservoir, it also secretes several molecules called adipokines. In standard conditions, adipokines are involved in general homeostasis permitting the regulation of numerous functions and metabolic pathways. During the development of obesity, adipose tissue physiology is severely disrupted. This results in dysfunction such as low-grade inflammatory status. The accumulation of these disturbances within adipose tissue generates a dysregulation of adipokines secretion. This will have for consequences a failure of some metabolic pathways resulting in insulin-resistant state leading to type 2 diabetes. Several epidemiological studies show a link between vitamin D deficiency and numerous pathologies like cancers, immunity deseases or cardiovascular deseases. In addition, there is an inverse correlation between plasma levels of 25(OH)D and the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. However, the link between vitamin D deficiency and obesity is not well established. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the link between vitamin D deficiency, obesity and physiological disorders associated. For this purpose, we have evaluated vitamin D effects on adipose tissue and adipocyte biology (inflammation, glucose uptake) and subsequently effects of vitamin D supplementation on diet-induced obesity. In a first study in vitro, we have showed an anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D on adipocyte. This effect appears to be VDR-dependant and implies a modulation of NFκB signaling pathway. This study could partly explain le link between vitamine D deficiency and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity.

Background: Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) isolated from the stromal vascular fraction are a source of mesenchymal stem cells that have been shown to be beneficial in many regenerative medicine applications. ASCs are an attractive source of stem cells in particular, due to their lack of immunogenicity. This study examines differences between mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles of ASCs isolated from adipose tissue of five peri-organ regions: pericardial, thymic, knee, shoulder, and abdomen. Results: Flow cytometry showed that the majority of each ASC population isolated from the adipose tissue of 12 donors, with an n = 3 for each tissue type, were positive for MSC markers CD90, CD73, and CD105, and negative for hematopoietic markers CD34, CD11B, CD19, and CD45. Bioenergetic profiles were obtained for ASCs with an n = 4 for each tissue type and graphed together for comparison. Mitochondrial stress tests provided the following measurements: basal respiration rate (measured as oxygen consumption rate [pmol O-2/min], ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, respiratory control ratio, coupling efficiency, and non-mitochondrial respiration. Glycolytic stress tests provided the following measurements: basal glycolysis rate (measured as extracellular acidification rate [mpH/min]), glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and non-glycolytic acidification. Conclusions: The main goal of this manuscript was to provide baseline reference values for future experiments and to compare bioenergetic potentials of ASCs isolated from adipose tissue harvested from different anatomical locations. Through an investigation of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, it was demonstrated that bioenergetic profiles do not significantly differ by region due to depot-dependent and donor-dependent variability. Thus, although the physiological function, microenvironment and anatomical harvest site may directly affect the characteristics of ASCs isolated from different organ regions, the ultimate utility of ASCs remains independent of the anatomical harvest site.

Le diabète de type 2 résulte d’un déséquilibre entre les capacités de sécrétion de l’insuline par les cellules bêta-pancréatiques et son action au niveau de ses tissus cibles. Dans le prédiabète, l’hypersécrétion d’insuline compense l’insulino-résistance et cet état est généralement associé à l’obésité et à l’accumulation de tissu adipeux.L’objectif de ma thèse a été d’étudier la biocommunication entre le tissu adipeux viscéral et la cellule bêta-pancréatique lors du prédiabète et du diabète de type 2, en me focalisant sur deux médiateurs originaux, les isoprostanes et les miARNs. Nous avons observé une diminution de la sécrétion d’isoprostanes par le tissu adipeux péripancréatique au cours de l’obésité chez le rat Zucker fa/fa. Spécifiquement observé dans ce tissu adipeux ectopique, ce résultat s’explique par une induction des principales enzymes antioxydantes et une réduction de l’expression de la sPLA2 IIA chez les animaux obèses. Remarquablement, une des isoprostanes, la 15-F2t-Isoprostane ainsi que son épimère aux concentrations de 10 nM et 10 μM inhibent la sécrétion d’insuline gluco-stimulée dans les îlots pancréatiques isolés de rat Wistar. Cet effet pourrait s’expliquer par la liaison de cette isoprostane avec le récepteur au thromboxane A2, dont l’expression génétique et protéique a été mise en évidence pour la première fois dans les îlots de Langerhans et les cellules bêta. La réduction de l’inhibition de la sécrétion d’insuline chez le rat Zucker fa/fa, par une biocommunication paracrine, pourrait favoriser les mécanismes de compensation bêta-cellulaire. Par ailleurs, la production de miARNs, contenus dans des vésicules extracellulaires, par le tissu adipeux omental a été analysée chez l’homme par small RNAseq. Chez des patients obèses, la production de miARNs est modifiée lors de l’insulino-résistance et du diabète de type 2 avec des conséquences possibles sur la fonctionnalité des cellules bêta. Des miARNs différentiellement exprimés lors du diabète de type 2 pourraient ainsi participer à son apparition et représenter de nouveaux biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques. Pour conclure, ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes de biocommunication entre le tissu adipeux et les cellules bêta-pancréatiques. / Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of an unability of pancreatic beta-cells to meet the insulin demand in its target tissues. During prediabetes insulin hypersecretion compensate for insulin resistance and this state is usually associated with obesity and excess body fat.The aim of my thesis was to study the biocommunication between visceral adipose tissue and pancreatic beta-cells during prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, with a focus on two original mediators, isoprostanes and miRNAs. We observed a decrease in isoprostane secretion by peripancreatic adipose tissue during obesity in Zucker fa/fa rats. In this ectopic adipose tissue, this observation may be related to an induction of some antioxidant enzymes and a reduction of the expression of sPLA2 IIA in obese animals. Remarkably, 15-F2t-Isoprostane as well as its epimer used at concentrations of 10 nM and 10 μM inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets. This effect could be explained by the binding of isoprostanes to the thromboxane A2 receptor, whose gene and protein expression has been demonstrated for the first time in islets and beta-cells. In Zucker fa/fa rats, less inhibition of insulin secretion through a paracrine biocommunication, could favor beta-cell compensatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the production of miRNAs, contained in extracellular vesicles released by omental adipose tissue, was analyzed in humans by small RNAseq. In obese patients, miRNAs production is altered during insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes with possible consequences for beta-cell function. Differentially expressed miRNAs in type 2 diabetes may participate in its development and represent novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. In conclusion, this thesis highlighted new biocommunication mechanisms between adipose tissue and beta-pancreatic cells.

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in nutrient and energy homeostasis. At the time of worldwide pandemy of obesity and consequent metabolic syndrome, a great effort is made to find new treatments with potential to preserve insulin sensitivity, or even counteract development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. There are three principal possibilities how the adipose tissue biology can contribute to this goal: 1) induction of UCP1-dependent energy dissipation in brown adipose tissue; 2) conversion of white adipose depots to brown-like tissue (i.e. "browning"); and 3) stimulation of UCP1-independent thermogenesis in white adipose tissue. This thesis is based on two published works and one article under preparation. Generaly, it is focused on three different approaches targeting the above mentioned processes in adipose tissue of laboratory mouse: 1) diet supplementation with bile acids; 2) combination treatment of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and calorie restriction; and 3) cold exposure. In the experiments with administration of bile (specifically chenodeoxycholic) acid to mice, we confirm specific induction of UCP1 in both brown and subcutaneous white adipose tissue, as well as reversion of obesity in the response to the treatment. Nevertheless, most of the acute beneficial effects are mediated by...

O tecido adiposo perivascular (PVAT) libera substâncias dilatadoras e constritoras, sendo que as dilatadoras se sobrepõem, exercendo efeito anticontrátil. Esse efeito está prejudicado na presença de algumas doenças cardiovasculares. Na insuficiência cardíaca (IC) ocorrem danos ao sistema vascular, todavia nenhum estudo avaliou a função do PVAT na IC. A utilização do treinamento físico (TF) tem sido recomendada com terapia não farmacológica eficiente em promover benefícios ao sistema cardiovascular. As recomendações sugerem que o exercício resistido seja adicionado aos programas de TF para pacientes com IC, podendo, assim, o treinamento combinado (TC; aeróbio e resistido) fornecer benefícios adicionais à saúde cardiovascular. Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o papel do PVAT na reatividade vascular da aorta torácica dos ratos com IC e, após, avaliar a influência do TC na resposta anticontrátil do PVAT da aorta torácica e abdominal de ratos saudáveis e com IC. Ratos Wistar foram submetidos à oclusão da artéria coronária descendente ou falso operado (SO). Após 4 semanas, para o estudo sem TC os animais foram mantidos sem intervenção, e para o estudo que envolvia o TC foram divididos em sedentários (SOs e ICs) e treinados (SOt e ICt, esteira e escada, 5 x/sem., 8 sem.). Anéis da aorta torácica e/ou abdominal com (E+) e sem endotélio (E-), na presença (PVAT+) ou na ausência do PVAT (PVAT-), foram montados em miógrafo de arame e curvas concentração-resposta à fenilefrina (FEN, 10-910-5M) foram realizadas. A IC promoveu aumento da contração FEN nos anéis E+/PVAT- da aorta torácica quando comparado aos SO, e o efeito anticontrátil do PVAT foi prejudicado pela IC nos anéis E+/PVAT+ e E-/PVAT+. O prejuízo no efeito anticontrátil do PVAT foi acompanhado por maior atividade da ECA1 e da expressão dos AT1R, AT2R e MASR no PVAT dos animais com IC. O antagonismo dos AT1R, AT2R e MASR promoveram redução da resposta contrátil nos anéis E+/PVAT- nos IC, nos anéis E+/PVAT+ essa redução foi superior apenas para o antagonismo do AT1R e AT2R. A produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) na aorta torácica e PVAT dos animais IC foi maior que nos SO, acompanhada por uma menor biodisponibilidade de NO. O TC aumentou a capacidade física nos SOt e ICt. Na aorta torácica o TC reverteu parte do prejuízo da função anticontrátil do PVAT, aumentou a expressão do PRDM-16 e ESPST-1 que estavam reduzidos na IC, além disso, melhorou a biodisponibilidade de NO no PVAT pela maior expressão da eNOS, β3-AR e AMPk1/2α, aumentou a concentração de adiponectina e reduziu marcadores pró-inflamatórios. Na aorta abdominal, o efeito anticontrátil do PVAT não estava presente e o TC reverteu a disfunção endotelial dos animais com IC, aumentando a biodisponibilidade de NO e a expressão da eNOS na aorta. Em conclusão, na IC os AT1R e AT2R contribuem tanto para a disfunção endotelial quanto do PVAT, reduzindo a biodisponibilidade de NO e aumentando a produção de ERO. O TC melhorou a função anticontrátil na aorta torácica, por benefícios na via de sinalização α3-AR/Adiponectina/AMPK/eNOS, modificando o perfil morfológico e inflamatório do PVAT. Já na aorta abdominal, o TC melhorou a função vascular, aumentando a biodisponibilidade de NO. / Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) releases dilating and constricting substances, and the dilators overlap, exerting an anti-contractile effect. This effect is impaired in the presence of some cardiovascular diseases. In heart failure (HF) damage to the vascular system occurs, however, no study has evaluated the function of PVAT in HF. The use of physical training (PT) has been recommended with non-pharmacological therapy effective in promoting cardiovascular system benefits. The recommendations suggest that resistance exercise be added to the PT programs for patients with HF, thus, combined training (CT, aerobic and resisted) may provide additional cardiovascular health benefits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of PVAT in the vascular reactivity of the thoracic aorta of HF rats and, after that, to evaluate the influence of CT in the anti-contractile response of PVAT of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of healthy and HF rats. Wistar rats were submitted to descending coronary artery occlusion or false operated (SO). After 4 weeks, for the study without CT, the animals were kept without intervention, and for the study involving the CT were divided into sedentary (SOs and HFs) and trained (SOt and HFt, treadmill and ladder, 5 x/8 sem.). In the presence (PVAT+) or in the absence of the PVAT (PVAT-), thoracic and/or abdominal aorta with (E+) and without endothelium (E-), were mounted on wire myograph and concentration-response curves to phenylephrine, (PHE, 10-9-10-5M) were performed. HF promoted an increase in PHE contraction in the E+/PVAT- rings of the thoracic aorta when compared to SO, and the ani-contratile effect of PVAT was impaired by HF in the E+/PVAT+ and E-/PVAT+ rings. The impairment in the anti-contratile effect of PVAT was accompanied by increased activity of ECA1 and the expression of AT1R, AT2R and MASR in the PVAT of animals with HF. The AT1R, AT2R and MASR antagonism promoted a reduction of the contractile response in the E+/PVAT- rings in the HF, in the E+/PVAT+ rings, this reduction was superior only to the antagonism of AT1R and AT2R. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the thoracic aorta and PVAT of the HF animals was higher than in the SO, accompanied by a lower NO bioavailability. CT increased physical capacity in SOt and HFt. In the thoracic aorta CT reversed part of the impairment of PVAT anti-contratile function, increased the expression of PRDM-16 and ESPST-1 that were reduced in HF, in addition, it improved the bioavailability of NO in PVAT by the greater expression of eNOS, β3-AR and AMPk1/2 α, increased the concentration of adiponectin and reduced proinflammatory markers. In the abdominal aorta, the anti-contratile effect of PVAT was not present and CT reversed the endothelial dysfunction of HF animals, increasing NO bioavailability and eNOS expression in the aorta. In conclusion, in HF, AT1R and AT2R contribute to both endothelial and PVAT dysfunction, reducing NO bioavailability and increasing ROS production. CT improved the anti-contractile function in the thoracic aorta due to benefits in the β3-AR/Adiponectin/AMPK/eNOS signaling pathway, modifying the morphological and inflammatory profile of PVAT. Already in the abdominal aorta, the CT improved the vascular function, the CT improved the vascular function, increasing the bioavailability of NO.

A obesidade, doença multifatorial, ocasiona inúmeros distúrbios no metabolismo lipídico e energético, provocando disfunção na bioenergética mitocondrial. A partir deste fato, o presente estudo teve como hipóteses que: o desequilíbrio na bioenergética mitocondrial e as alterações metabólicas causadas pela obesidade são terapeuticamente modificados com o treinamento físico. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a capacidade oxidativa e conteúdo mitocondrial em tecido adiposo branco, marcadores de doenças cardiosculares (esfingolipídios e N-óxido de trimetilamina, TMAO) e as alterações na composição corporal, desempenho físico e taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) de mulheres com obesidade submetidas a treinamento físico combinado. A casuística do presente trabalho foi composta de 14 mulheres adultas jovens com diagnótico clínico de obesidade (IMC 33±3 kg/m² e idade 35±6 anos). Foram submetidas a um programa de treinamento físico combinado (exercícios aeróbios e força alternadamente, 55 min à 75-90% da frequência cardíaca máxima, 3 vezes por semana, durante 8 semanas). Todas as participantes foram avaliadas antes e após a intervenção com o treinamento, quanto a: composição corporal, TMR, oxidação de substratos (carboidrato e lipídios) e coeficiente respiratório (QR), desempenho físico, capacidade oxidativa (respiração acoplada: VADP/VOLIGO, e respiração desacoplada: VOLIGO/VCCCP) e conteúdo mitocondrial (enzima citrato sintase, CS) em tecido adiposo branco, nível de esfingolípidios, TMAO e precursores plasmáticos. Os dados foram analisados pelo test t pareado ou Wilcoxon (as pacientes foram consideradas controle de si próprio), após determinação da normalidade da amostra, considerado nível de significância p<= 0,05. Após a intervenção (treinamento físico combinado), houve o aumento da TMR, oxidação de lipídios e desempenho físico, com redução da oxidação de carboidratos e QR, mas não houve perda de peso e alteração da composição corporal. Após o treinamento combinado houve, o aumento da atividade da enzima CS (marcador de conteúdo mitocondrial) e redução à respiração desacoplada (VOLIGO/VCCCP). No plasma, o treinamento físico foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de esfingolipídios e TMAO (fatores de risco cardiovasculares). Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre TMR, oxidação de lipídios e desempenho físico com CS e negativamente correlacionado com respiração desacoplada. Concluindo, o treinamento físico em mulheres com obesidade aumentou o metabolismo energético, com aumento da TMR, conteúdo e grau de acoplamento mitocondrial, aumentou o desempenho físico e reduziu fatores de risco cardiovasculares (TMAO), independente da perda de peso. / The obesity, a multifactorial disease, causes various metabolic disorders in lipid and energy metabolism, may induce mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction. From this, the present study hypothesized that: mitochondrial bioenergetics dysfunction and metabolic problems caused by obesity are be therapeutically modified with physical training. Thus, the objective of study was to evaluated: the oxidative capacity and mitochondrial content in white adipose tissue, markers of cardiovascular diseases (sphingolipids and trimethylamine N-oxide, TMAO) and changes of body composition, physical performance and resting metabolic rate (TMR) of obese women submitted to combined physical training. The present study was composed of 14 young women with obesity (BMI 33 ± 3 kg/m² and age 35 ± 6 years old). They underwent a combined physical training program (aerobic exercises and strength alternately, 55 min at 75-90% of maximal heart rate, 3 times a week, for 8 weeks). All participants were evaluated before and after the intervention: body composition, TMR, substrates oxidation (carbohydrate and lipids) and respiratory coefficient (RQ), physical performance, oxidative capacity (by mitochondrial respiration - Couple: VADP/VOLIGO; Uncoupling: VOLIGO/VCCCP) and Citrate Sinthase activity in white adipose tissue, level of sphingolipids, TMAO and precursors from plasma. Data analysis were made by paired t test or Wilcoxon, after normality determination of the sample, with level of significance p <0.05. After intervention with combined physical training, there was an increase in TMR, lipid oxidation and physical performance, reduced carbohydrate oxidation and RQ, but did not cause weight loss and changes of body composition. In adipose tissue, physical activity increased CS activity (mitochondrial content marker) and reduced uncoupling respiration (VOLIGO/VCCCP). In plasma, physical training was able to reduce levels of sphingolipids and TMAO (cardiovascular risk factors). In addition, positive correlations were found between, TMR, lipid oxidation and physical performance with CS and negatively correlation with uncoupling respiration. Therefore, physical training in obese women improve energy metabolism, with increased TMR, content and degree of mitochondrial coupling, increased physical performance and reduced cardiovascular risk factors, regardless of weight loss.

O diabetes melito tipo 2 é uma doença com alta prevalência e suas consequências vão além das doenças cardiovasculares. A fragilidade óssea foi recentemente incorporada à lista de suas complicações. Paradoxalmente, a massa óssea do DM2 é normal ou elevada quando comparada à da população normoglicêmica. Assim, torna-se necessário explorar outras ferramentas capazes de inferir parâmetros de qualidade óssea bem como de outros mecanismos que levam a fragilidade óssea no DM2. O objetivo do trabalho é caracterizar o fenótipo ósseo trabecular em pacientes com DM2 e avaliar a influência do tecido adiposo da medula óssea, do acúmulo de gordura muscular e da resistência à insulina sobre o tecido ósseo. Foram realizados exames de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética de coluna lombar, espectroscopia do músculo sóleo e imagem 3D por ressonância magnética na região proximal da tíbia para avaliação de osso trabecular. Exames de densitometria óssea foram realizados para quantificar a massa óssea e também a composição corporal dos indivíduos estudados. O escore trabecular ósseo (TBS) foi analisado na coluna lombar. Foram realizados exames bioquímicos para identificar alterações em potenciais moduladores da remodelação óssea originados em tecidos mesenquimais não mineralizados. Foram avaliados 3 grupos: controle, obeso e diabético tipo 2. Os resultados mostram que os indivíduos diabéticos não possuem prejuízo de massa óssea, nem alterações no trabeculado ósseo da tíbia proximal. Não foi observada alteração no tecido adiposo da medula óssea e não houve relação deste sítio de armazenamento de gordura com a massa óssea. Os resultados mostraram que a massa gorda e os lipídeos intramusculares tiveram relação negativa com o TBS e a massa magra mostrou relação positiva com a densidade mineral óssea. Possivelmente, este é o primeiro estudo na literatura em que se avaliou a estrutura óssea no diabetes melito tipo 2 por meio de ressonância magnética. Os dados reafirmam não haver alterações quantitativas estruturais óssea nesta condição, indicando que a fragilidade óssea observada em estudos populacionais no DM2 se deve provavelmente a prejuízo na qualidade óssea. Este trabalho reforça que a resistência à insulina não tem efeitonegativo sobre a massa óssea. O CTX, a osteocalcina e a adiponectina parecem ter importante papel na determinação dos parâmetros do trabeculado ósseo / Type 2 diabetes is a high prevalence disease and its complications go beyond the cardiovascular diseases. Bone fragility was recently added to the list of the type 2 diabetes complications. Paradoxically, in type 2 diabetes, the bone mass is normal or elevated in comparison to the normoglycemic subjects. Thus, it is necessary to explore other tools to improve the bone evaluation in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to characterize the trabecular bone phenotype in patients with type 2 diabetes and to evaluate the influence of bone marrow adipose tissue, accumulation of muscle fat and insulin resistance in bone mass. Lumbar spine and proximal tibia magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify bone marrow adipose tissue, 3D imaging by Magnetic Resonance of proximal tibia was used to quantify the trabeculae. Bone densitometry was performed to quantify the bone mineral density and also the body composition. Trabecular bone score (TBS) was measure in lumbar spine. Biochemical tests were carried out to evaluate the potential modulators of bone metabolism. Three groups were evaluated: control, obese and type 2 diabetic. The results show that diabetic individuals have no bone mass impairment and no alterations in the proximal tibia trabeculae. No alteration was observed in the the bone marrow adipose tissue of and there was no relationship of this site of fat storage with the mass. The results showed that fat mass and intramuscular lipids had a negative correlation with TBS, and lean mass showed a positive correlation with bone mineral density. As well as we know, this is the first study in the literature in which the bone structure in type 2 diabetes mellitus was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. These data reaffirm that there are no quantitative structural changes in bone in this condition, indicating that the bone fragility observed in DM2 populational studies is probably due to impairment in bone quality. CTX, osteocalcin and adiponectin seems to have an important role in determining in the trabeculae

Camundongos Swiss, quando submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica (HL), apresentam considerável ganho ponderal e de depósitos adiposos, tornando-se obesos e resistentes à insulina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da dieta HL por 8 semanas no perfil inflamatório, síntese de triacilglicerol (TAG) com ênfase na vias de geração de glicerol-3-fosfato (G3P) e lipólise nos tecidos adiposos brancos (TAB) retroperitoneal (RETRO) e epididimal (EPI) de camundongos. Camundongos Swiss foram alimentados com as dietas: controle (CT) - dieta purificada (AIN-93G); ou HL - dieta AIN-93G modificada contendo 35% de lipídeos (4% de óleo de soja e 31% de gordura suína). Os camundongos alimentados com a dieta HL apresentaram uma maior massa corporal, acompanhada pelo aumento nos tecidos RETRO e EPI, além de desenvolverem resistência à insulina constatada no teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG), hiperglicemia e hiperinsulinemia. O conteúdo protéico da pAKT, avaliado por western blot (WB), e a adiponectina, dosada em homogenados dos tecidos adiposos, estão reduzidos apenas no EPI. Houve aumento na expressão gênica de MCP-1 e PAI-1, e foi observada menor área dos adipócitos no EPI, sem alteração no RETRO dos animais HL. A síntese de novo de ácidos graxos (AG), avaliada pela incorporação de 3H de 3H2O em AG foi maior em ambos os TAB, porém a captação de AG das lipoproteínas circulantes avaliada pela atividade e expressão da lipase lipoproteica (LPL) aumentou no EPI e reduziu no RETRO. A dieta HL induziu aumento na fosforilação do glicerol, avaliada pela atividade e conteúdo da GK que aumentaram nos dois TAB, e maior incorporação de 1-14C-glicerol em TAG no EPI. A captação de glicose in vitro e conteúdo do GLUT- 4, que indicam atividade da via glicolítica foram reduzidos no EPI e RETRO, assim como a gliceroneogênese avaliada pela incorporação de 1-14C-piruvato em TAG, sem alterações na atividade e conteúdo da fosfoenolpiruvato carboxiquinase (PEPCK). A atividade lipolítica basal foi avaliada in vitro pela liberação de glicerol por adipócitos isolados, e não foi alterada pela ingestão de dieta HL, porém quando estimulada por noradrenalina a liberação de glicerol foi menor nos animais HL, assim como as fosforilações da ATGL e HSL e conteúdo do receptor adrenérgico ?3. A dieta HL levou a uma redução no conteúdo de PPAR? e aumento de ATF3 em ambos os tecidos. No EPI houve aumento de pCREB, pSTAT3 e RGS2 em relação aos controles enquanto no RETRO a única diferença encontrada foi a menor pSTAT3. Nossos resultados demonstram que o aumento nos TAB é resultado de maior síntese e captação de AG, e que o G3P necessário para a esterificação a TAG é proveniente principalmente da fosforilação direta do glicerol pela GK; além disso, a reduzida lipólise também parece contribuir para esse quadro. Nos animais HL, o EPI parece ser mais propenso aos efeitos da dieta do que o RETRO / Swiss mice when subjected to high fat diet (HFD), shown considerable weight gain and adipose depots, becoming obese and insulin resistant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HFD diet for 8 weeks in the inflammatory profile, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis with emphasis in glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) generation pathways and lipolysis in retroperitoneal (RETRO) and epididymal (EPI) white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice. Swiss mice were fed with diets: control (CT) - purified diet (AIN-93G); or HFD - purified diet (AIN-93G) plus 35% of fat (4% soybean oil and 31% of lard). Mice fed a HFD diet had a higher body mass, accompanied by an increase in RETRO and EPI tissues, in addition to developing insulin resistance, evidenced by glucose tolerance test (GTT), hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. The protein content of pAKT, accessed by western blot, and adiponectin, measured in WAT homogenates, are reduced only in EPI. There was an increase in gene expression of MCP-1 and PAI-1, and was observed smaller area of adipocytes in EPI, with no change in RETRO of HFD fed animals. De novo synthesis of fatty acids (FA), evaluated by incorporation of 3H from 3H2O in FA was higher in both TAB, but the uptake of FA, from blood lipoproteins, evaluated by the activity and expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was increased in EPI and reduced in RETRO. HFD induced increase in phosphorylation of glycerol, evaluated by the activity and content of glycerolkinase (GyK) which increased in both TAB and greater incorporation of 1-14C-glycerol in the TAG only in EPI. The in vitro glucose uptake and GLUT-4 content, which indicates the activity of the glycolytic pathway were reduced in EPI and RETRO, as well as glyceroneogenesis assessed by the incorporation of 1-14C- pyruvate into TAG without changes in the activity and contents of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). The basal lipolytic activity was evaluated in vitro by glycerol releasing from isolated adipocytes, and was not altered by HFD intake, but when stimulated by noradrenaline glycerol release was lower in HFD animals as well as the phosphorylation of ATGL and HSL and ?3 adrenergic receptor content. HFD led to a reduction in the content of PPAR gamma and an increase in ATF3 in both tissues. In EPI there was an increase in pCREB, pSTAT3 and RGS2 while in RETRO the only difference was reduced pSTAT3. Our results shown that TAB increase is result of increased FA synthesis and uptake, and G3P required for esterification TAG comes mainly from direct phosphorylation of glycerol by GyK; Furthermore, reduced lipolysis also seems to contribute to this scenario. HFD effects seem to be more prominent in EPI than in RETRO