Osteoporosis is a major public health concern with origins in childhood and is potentially linked to childhood obesity. This study used novel approaches in bone imaging to characterize skeletal development in girls and to assess the influence of whole body and regional soft tissue composition on bone material, structural and geometric properties, the primary determinants of bone strength, controlling for important covariates such as maturation, diet and physical activity. Prospective analyses were conducted to assess associations between measures of total body fat (TBFM) and android fat masses (AFM) and skeletal muscle fat (SMF) content on bone mineral content, density and strength. The results showed that higher TBFM and AFM were inversely associated with changes in cortical bone sites of the femur and tibia. These findings suggest that gains in abdominal adiposity during the pre- and early- pubertal years may contribute to suboptimal bone development and skeletal fragility later in life. The analyses also showed inverse associations between baseline muscle density of the thigh and calf with 2-year changes in bone strength and bone density of the metaphyseal and diaphyseal sites of the femur and tibia. This paradoxical relationship between SMF and bone outcomes was explained by subsequent analyses showing that girls exhibiting larger gains in muscle density experienced larger increases in bone density and strength compared to girls who did not significantly increase muscle density. These findings suggest that fatty infiltration of skeletal muscle contributes to suboptimal bone development in peri-pubertal girls. Further longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine the individual effects of the muscle-bone unit components on 2-year changes in bone strength. These results showed that muscle size contributed to gains in bone strength, independent of its mechanostat effect on BMC. These results underscore the importance of muscle size for promoting bone development and bone strength during growth. A final set of analyses were conducted to examine the effects of dietary fatty acids on bone development. The results of these analyses suggest that while decreasing intakes of AA n-6 FA may benefit bone health, higher intakes n-3 FAs may benefit tibia bone density development in young girls.

Background: The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all segments of our society. While research exists on the physical consequences of obesity, the social implications of childhood obesity require study. Those who are obese are visibly different from their peers and are more likely to experience physical and verbal abuse when compared with their normal weight peers. Objectives: The objectives of the two studies comprising this thesis were to examine, 1) the temporal sequence between adiposity class and bullying involvement, and, 2) to determine whether the relationship between adiposity class and weapon carrying is mediated by bullying. Methods: Objective 1. Participants were administered the Health Behaviour in School-Age Children Survey (HBSC) in 2006 and 2007. Study outcomes were self reports of: 1) physical bullying victimization and perpetration, and 2) relational bullying victimization and perpetration. Relationships between adiposity and the four forms of bullying were investigated in separate analyses using a repeated measures design. Objective 2. A cross-sectional analysis of the health experiences of 7877 Canadian children (11-15 years) using the 2006 HBSC survey was conducted. Relationships between adiposity status and weapon carrying were evaluated using multi-level logistic regression. Mediation by bullying involvement was assessed using standard methods. Results: Objective 1. Adiposity class was shown to precede bullying involvement, with obese males reporting 2-fold increases in both physical and relational victimization, while obese females reported 3-fold increases in perpetration of relational bullying. Objective 2. Results suggest that overweight and obese males report increased odds of weapon carrying compared to their normal weight peers. Among obese males, partial mediation of this relationship was observed by acts of: physical victimization, relational victimization and physical perpetration. No such relationships were observed among female students. Conclusions: Objective 1. Our study demonstrates the importance of adiposity status as a determinant of poor interpersonal relationships. These findings are congruent with previous cross-sectional studies, and confirm that obese youths are at increased risk of social consequences attributable to their appearance. Objective 2. Overweight and obese male students appear to be more likely to carry weapons for defensive and offensive purposes, a behavior mediated in part by bullying involvement. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2009-08-20 14:56:57.616

Adiposity has been linked to impaired respiratory function in adults but whether the distribution of adipose tissue has a differential effect on pulmonary function is still uncertain. Moreover, in children, the relationship between adiposity and lung dysfunction is not clearly understood. A two-stage multivariate analysis was conducted using data from 5604 Canadians aged 6 to 79 years who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). The associations of various anthropometric and skinfold measures with lung function were examined separately in adults and children. After adjustment of covariates, waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness showed the strongest inverse associations with FVC and FEV1 in men. In women, BMI and sum of five skinfolds had the largest impact on pulmonary function. FVC and FEV1 in boys were most affected by waist-to-hip ratio and triceps skinfold. In girls, adiposity was not linked to the lung function testing variables. Adiposity measures have differing effects on respiratory function depending on age and sex group.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caliani_kgms_me_botfm.pdf: 186347 bytes, checksum: c2dbdf526030ad8a050af11011a8beb6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A obesidade é considerada um grave problema da Saúde Pública mundial, apresentando prevalência crescente nas últimas décadas em diversas populações. Entretanto, a concentração da gordura corporal na região abdominal tem se mostrado mais fortemente associada com riscos metabólicos e cardiovasculares e com uma variedade de doenças crônicas. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentais associados à adiposidade abdominal de adultos. Metodologia: foram aplicados: questionário para avaliar as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, Recordatório de 24 horas para obtenção do consumo alimentar, questionário de atividade física cotidiana (IPAQ, versão 8, forma longa) e realizada avaliação da composição corporal através de peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e impedância bioelétrica. Resultados: Foram avaliados 1455 indivíduos, sendo 74,0% do sexo feminino e 73,5% com idade inferior a 60 anos. A maioria referiu ser solteiro/viúvo/divorciado (62,2%), apresentar renda familiar de até seis salários-mínimos (62,0%) e ser analfabeto ou possuir Ensino Fundamental incompleto ou completo (62,2%). Apresentaram alta prevalência de excesso de peso e obesidade (77,7%), circunferência abdominal aumentada (60,5%), e alimentação inadequada (93,4%). A hiperadiposidade abdominal apresentou associação com excesso de peso, renda e estado civil, sendo a baixa renda fator preditor e estado civil solteiro/viúvo/divorciado fator protetor. Conclusão: Na população estudada foi encontrada alta prevalência de excesso de peso, circunferência abdominal aumentada e alimentação de baixa qualidade. Portanto, é essencial a adoção de ações que visem a mudança do estilo de vida com o objetivo de prevenir o aparecimento ou agravamento de doenças crônicas nessa população. / The obesity is considered a serious problem in the Public Health sector world widely, and it has been increasing in several populations over the last decades. However, the adipose tissue concentration around the abdominal area has been strongly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risks and a great number of chronic diseases. Objective: To identify the socioeconomic and behavioral factors related to the abdominal adiposity in adults. Method: a questionnaire was used to evaluate the socioeconomic and demographic conditions, a 24-hour recall was done to obtain information about their dietary habits, a questionnaire about the routine physical activity was applied (IPAQ 8, long form), and an evaluation of the weight, height, abdominal size, bioelectrical impedance was done to check the body composition. Results: a study was conducted among 1455 people, 74,0% females and 73,5% under 60 years old. Most of whom said they were single/widow/divorced (62,2%), with a familiar income up to six basic salary (62,0%), and were illiterate or had or hadn’t graduated from elementary school (62,2%). 77,7% presented a great predominance of overweight and obesity, 60,5% had an increased abdominal circumference and 93,4% had an inadequate dietary. The abdominal hyper adiposity presented to be associated with overweight, income and marital status, since the low income was the predictor and the marital status (single/widow/divorced) was the protector factor. Conclusion: Among the studied population, a high predominance of overweight, increased abdominal circumference and low quality dietary was found. Therefore, it is essential to adopt actions which can change these people’s life style as a way to prevent chronic diseases.

O termo vitamina D compreende um grupo de hormônios esteróides com ações biológicas semelhantes. O método mais acurado para determinar o estado de vitamina D é através dos níveis plasmáticos de 25 hidroxivitamina D [25(OH)D]. A deficiência de 25(OH)D é considerada um problema de saúde pública, tendo como principal causa à baixa exposição solar, idade avançada e doenças crônicas. A deficiência de 25(OH)D é frequente em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) na fase não dialítica. Estudos têm evidenciado que os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D apresentam associação inversa com adiposidade corporal e resistência à insulina (RI) na população em geral e na DRC. O excesso de gordura corporal e o risco de Doença Cardiovascular (DVC) vêm sendo estudados em pacientes com DRC e dentre as complicações metabólicas associadas à adiposidade corporal elevada observa-se valores aumentados de HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) um marcador para RI. Estudos avaliando o perfil da 25(OH)D na DRC na fase não dialítica, especialmente relacionados com a adiposidade corporal e RI são escassos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos de 25(OH)D, RI, e adiposidade corporal em pacientes com DRC na fase não dialítica. Trata-se de um estudo transversal observacional, incluindo pacientes adultos, clinicamente estáveis e com filtração glomerular estimada (FGe) &#8804; 60 ml/min., em acompanhamento regular no Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Tratamento da DRC. Os participantes foram submetidos à avaliação do estado nutricional por antropometria (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferências e dobras cutâneas) e absorciometria de duplo feixe de raios X (DXA); foram avaliados no sangue: creatinina, uréia, glicose, albumina, colesterol total e frações e triglicérides, além de leptina, insulina e 25(OH)D. Níveis séricos < 20ng/dL de 25(OH)D foram considerados como deficiência. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o software STATA versão 10.0, StataCorp, College Satation, TX, USA. Foram avaliados 244 pacientes (homens n=135; 55,3%) com média de idade de 66,3 13,4 anos e de FGe= 29,4 12,7 ml/min. O IMC médio foi de 26,1 kg/m (23,0-30,1) com elevada prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade (58%). A adiposidade corporal total foi elevada em homens (gordura total-DXA= 30,2 7,6%) e mulheres (gordura total-DXA= 39,9 6,6%). O valor mediano de 25(OH) D foi de 28,55 ng/dL (35,30-50,70) e de HOMA-IR foi 1,6 (1,0-2,7). Os pacientes com deficiência de 25(OH)D (n= 51; 20,5%) apresentaram maior adiposidade corporal total (DXA% e BAI %) e central (DXA%) e valores mais elevados de leptina. A 25(OH)D apresentou correlação significante com adiposidade corporal total e central e com a leptina, mas não se associou com valores de HOMA-IR. Estes resultados permitem concluir que nos pacientes DRC fase não dialítica a deficiência de 25(OH)D e a elevada adiposidade corporal são frequentes. Estas duas condições estão fortemente associadas independente da RI; a alta adiposidade corporal total e central estão positivamente relacionadas com RI; 25(OH)H e RI não estão associados nessa população com sobrepeso/obesidade. / The term vitamin D comprises a group of steroid hormones with similar biological actions. The status of vitamin D is most accurately determined by measuring the plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D]. The deficiency of 25(OH)D is considered a public health problem and the main cause is the low sun exposure, advanced age and chronic diseases. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) non dialysis dependent show high prevalence of 25(OH)D deficiency. The 25(OH)D serum levels have been described, in many studies, as being inversely associated with total and abdominal adiposity and insulin resistance. The higher risk for CVD related with excess of body fat have been studied in patients with CKD and the high values of HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance), a marker for insulin resistance (RI), are described as metabolic complication strongly associated with excessive body fat. Nevertheless, studies evaluating the 25(OH)D status in patients with CKD non dialysis dependent, and its association with body adiposity and IR are scarce. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the levels of 25(OH)D, IR and body fat in patients with CKD non dialysis dependent. This is an observational cross-sectional study including adult patients, clinically stable and with estimated glomerular filtration rate (FGE)&#8804; 60 mL/min. The studied population receives regular care at the Interdisciplinary Center for treatment of CKD. Participants underwent assessment of nutritional status by anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index (BMI), circumferences and skinfolds) and by DXA (Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); blood samples were also analysed for creatinine, urea, glucose, albumin, total cholesterol and triglycerides, 25(OH)D, leptin and insulin. Levels of 25(OH)D <20ng/dL were considered deficient. Statistical analyzes were performed using STATA version 10.0 software, StataCorp, CollegeSatation, TX, USA. We evaluated 244 patients (men n= 135; 55.3%) with a mean age of 66.3 13.4 years and eGFR= 29.4 12.7 mL/min. The mean BMI was 26.1 kg/m (23.0 to 30.1) with a high prevalence of overweight/obesity (58%). Total body fat was high in men (total body fat by DXA= 30.2 7.6%) and women (total body fat by DXA= 39.9 6.6%). The median value of 25(OH)D was 28.55 (35.30 to 50.70) ng/dL and HOMA-IR was 1.6 (1.0 to 2.7) and patients with deficiency of 25(OH D n= 51 - 20.5%) had higher total (DXA% and BAI%) and central adiposity (DXA%) and higher levels of leptin. The 25(OH)D showed an inverse correlation with the total and central body fat and leptin, but was not associated with HOMA-IR values. These results allow to conclude that patients with CKD, non dialysis dependent, show deficiency of 25(OH)D and high body adiposity. These two conditions are strongly associated independent of the IR; the high total and central body adiposity is positively related with IR; the 25(OH)H and IR are not associated in this overweight/obese population.

Introdução: A microbiota intestinal possui grande diversidade de bactérias, predominantemente dos filos Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes, com múltiplas funções. A alimentação pode alterar sua composição e função. Alto teor de gordura saturada altera a permeabilidade intestinal, eleva os lipopolissacarídeos e predispõe à inflamação subclínica crônica. Dieta rica em fibras, como a vegetariana, induz elevação de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e benefícios metabólicos. Objetivos: Para analisar a composição da microbiota intestinal de adventistas com diferentes hábitos alimentares e associá-los à inflamação subclínica e resistência à insulina, esta tese incluiu: 1) revisão dos mecanismos que associam a alimentação à microbiota intestinal e ao risco cardiometabólico; 2) verificação da composição da microbiota intestinal segundo diferentes hábitos alimentares e de associações com biomarcadores de doenças cardiometabólicas; 3) avaliação da associação entre a abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila e o metabolismo da glicose; 4) análise da presença de enterótipos e de associações com características clínicas. Métodos: Este estudo transversal incluiu 295 adventistas estratificados segundo hábitos alimentares (vegetariano estrito, ovo-lacto-vegetariano e onívoro). Foram avaliadas associações com dados clínicos, bioquímicos e inflamatórios. O perfil da microbiota foi obtido por sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA (Illumina® Miseq). Resultados: 1) Há evidências de que as relações entre dieta, inflamação, resistência à insulina e risco cardiometabólico são em parte mediadas pela composição da microbiota intestinal. 2) Vegetarianos apresentaram melhor perfil clínico quando comparados aos onívoros. Confirmou-se maior abundância de Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes, que não diferiram segundo a adiposidade corporal. Entretanto, vegetarianos estritos apresentaram mais Bacteroidetes, menos Firmicutes e maior abundância do gênero Prevotella quando comparados aos outros dois grupos de hábitos alimentares. Entre os ovo-lactovegetarianos verificou-se maior proporção de Firmicutes especialmente do gênero Faecalibacterium. Nos onívoros, houve super-representação do filo Proteobacteria (Succinivibrio e Halomonas) comparados aos vegetarianos. 3) Indivíduos normoglicêmicos apresentaram maior abundância de Akkermansia muciniphila que aqueles com glicemia alterada. A abundância desta bactéria correlacionou-se inversamente à glicemia e hemoglobina glicosilada. 4) Foram identificados três enterótipos (Bacteroides, Prevotella e Ruminococcaceae), similares àqueles previamente descritos. As concentrações de LDL-C foram menores no enterótipo 2, no qual houve maior frequência de vegetarianos estritos. Discussão: 1) Conhecimentos sobre participação da microbiota na fisiopatologia de doenças poderão reverter em estratégias para manipulá-la para promover saúde. 2) Apoia-se a hipótese de que hábitos alimentares se associam favorável ou desfavoravelmente a características metabólicas e inflamatórias do hospedeiro via alterações na composição da microbiota intestinal. Sugerimos que a exposição a alimentos de origem animal possa impactar negativamente nas proporções de comunidades bacterianas. 3) Sugerimos que a abundância da Akkermansia muciniphila possa participar do metabolismo da glicose. 4) Reforçamos que a existência de três enterótipos não deva ser específica de certas populações/continentes. Apesar de desconhecido o significado biológico destes agrupamentos, as correlações com o perfil lipídico podem sugerir sua utilidade na avaliação do risco cardiometabólico. Conclusões: Nossos achados fortalecem a ideia de que a composição da microbiota intestinal se altera mediante diferentes hábitos alimentares, que, por sua vez, estão associados a alterações nos perfis metabólicos e inflamatórios. Estudos prospectivos deverão investigar o potencial da dieta na prevenção de distúrbios cardiometabólicos mediados pela microbiota. / Introduction: The gut microbiota has great bacterial diversity, predominantly of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with multiple functions. Diet can alter their composition and function. High amount of saturated fat alters intestinal permeability, raises the lipopolysaccharides and predisposes to low-grade inflammation. High-fiber diet, such as the vegetarian, induces the elevation of short-chain fatty acids and metabolic benefits. Objectives: To analyze the composition of gut microbiota of Adventists with diverse dietary patterns and associate them to the low grade inflammation and insulin resistance this thesis included: 1) review of underlying mechanisms of the association of diet, gut microbiota composition and cardiometabolic risk; 2) analysis of the gut microbiota composition according to different dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases; 3) evaluation of the association between the Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and glucose metabolism; 4) analysis of the presence of enterotypes and associations with clinical characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 295 Adventists stratified according to dietary patterns (strict vegetarian, lacto-ovo-vegetarian and omnivore). Their associations with clinical, biochemical and inflammatory data were evaluated. The microbiota profile was obtained by sequencing 16S rRNA genes (Illumina® Miseq). Results: 1) There are evidences that the relationship among diet, inflammation, insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk are partly mediated by the gut microbiota. 2) Vegetarians showed better clinical profile when compared to omnivores. It was confirmed greater abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which did not differ according to adiposity. However, strict vegetarians had more Bacteroidetes, fewer Firmicutes and higher abundance of genus Prevotella when compared to the other two groups of dietary patterns. The lacto-ovo-vegetarians had higher proportion of Firmicutes especially the genus Faecalibacterium. In the omnivores, there was overrepresentation of the Gammaproteobacteria (Succinivibrio and Halomonas) compared to vegetarians. 3) Normoglycemic individuals had higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila compared to those with abnormal glycemic profile. The abundance of this bacterium was inversely correlated to fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin. 4) Three enterotypes were identified (Bacteroides, Prevotella and Ruminococcaceae), similar to those previously described. LDL-C concentrations were lower in enterotype 2, in which a higher frequency of strict vegetarians was found. Discussion: 1) Knowledge on the involvement of the microbiota in the pathophysiology of diseases could reverse on strategies to manipulate it to promote health. 2) Our data support the hypothesis that dietary patterns could be favorably or unfavorably associated with metabolic and inflammatory processes, via changes in the gut microbiota composition. We suggest that exposure to animal food could negatively impact on the proportions of bacterial communities. 3) We also suggest that the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila can participate in the glucose metabolism. 4) We reinforce that the existence of three enterotypes should not be specific to certain populations/continents. Although the biological significance of these clusters remains unknown, the correlations with lipid profile may suggest their usefulness in the assessment of the cardiometabolic risk. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce the idea that the gut microbiota composition is altered by different dietary patterns, which, in turn, are associated with changes in metabolic and inflammatory profiles. Prospective studies should investigate the potential of diet to prevent microbiota-mediated cardiometabolic disorders.

Introdução - A vitamina D desempenha funções na regulação da homeostase do cálcio e fósforo, diferenciação celular, metabolismo de hormônios e regulação do sistema imune. Sua deficiência em crianças pode ocasionar raquitismo, convulsões e insuficiência respiratória. Objetivo - Determinar a relação entre adiposidade materna e do recém-nascido com as concentrações de vitamina D materna e do cordão umbilical. Metodologia - Foram envolvidas 101 mães e seus respectivos recém-nascidos selecionados no Hospital Maternidade Vila Nova Cachoeirinha, São Paulo. A concentração de vitamina D foi determinada por cromatografia líquida. A composição corporal materna foi determinada por bioimpedância segmentada (InBody®, Coréia do Sul) e a dos recém-nascidos obtida por pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (PEA POD®, USA). Para análise estatística, utilizou-se análise de regressão linear múltipla e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Valores de p <0,05 foram considerados significantes. Resultados - As médias das concentrações de vitamina D da mãe e do cordão umbilical foram de 30,16 (DP=21,16) ng/mL e 9,56 (DP=7,25) ng/mL, respectivamente. As médias das porcentagens de massa gorda das mães e dos recém-nascidos foram de 32,32 (DP=7,74) por cento e 8,55 (DP=4,37) por cento , respectivamente. Foi observada relação positiva entre concentração de vitamina D materna e do cordão umbilical (r=0,210; p<0,04). Não foi observada associação entre adiposidade do recém-nascido e concentração de vitamina D do cordão umbilical, nem entre adiposidade materna e concentrações de vitamina D materna e do cordão umbilical. Conclusão Neste estudo, original na literatura internacional, foi utilizado método de referência, validado, de alta precisão e imparcial na estimativa do percentual de gordura neonatal, nem sempre utilizado em outros estudos. Foi observada relação positiva entre concentração de vitamina D materna e do cordão umbilical. A ausência de associação entre as variáveis analisadas pode ser devido à alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre as gestantes, baixas concentrações de vitamina D nas gestantes e recém-nascidos, alteração do metabolismo da vitamina D e da composição corporal no período da gestação e imaturidade do processo de sequestro da vitamina D pelo tecido adiposo 1 neonatal. Torna-se relevante o desenvolvimento de estudos prospectivos do tipo coorte para avaliar desde o início da gestação a influência da adiposidaidade materna nas concentrações de vitamina D materna e do cordão umbilical. / Introduction - Vitamin D plays a role in the regulation of mineral homeostasis, cell differentiation, hormone metabolism, and regulation of the immune system. Its deficiency can cause rickets in children, convulsions and difficulty breathing. Objective - To determine the relationship between maternal adiposity and the newborn with concentrations of vitamin D maternal and umbilical cord. Methodology- 101 mothers and their newborns were involved. The prevalence of insufficiency (21-29 ng/ml) and deficiency (<20 ng/ml) of vitamin D were determined. The 25(OH)D concentration was analyzed by liquid chromatography, and the umbilical cord blood was collected for up to 10 minutes after childbirth. The maternal nutritional status was assessed by body mass index before pregnancy. Maternal body composition was determined by bioimpedance segmented. Body composition of newborns was obtained by technology plethysmography air displacement. For statistical analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and Pearsons correlation coefficient were used. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results - The mean concentration of vitamin D from the mother and the umbilical cord were 30.16 (SD = 21.16) ng/mL and 9.56 (SD = 7.25) ng/mL, respectively. The observed prevalence of maternal vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 56.44 per cent and 41.58 per cent . Ninety-five percent (95.92 per cent ) and 89.80 per cent of the newborns had vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, respectively. The mean maternal prepregnancy BMI was 27.79 (SD = 5.61) kg/m2. The mean percentages of fat mass of mothers and newborns were 32.32 (SD= 7.74) and 8.55 per cent (SD= 4.37) per cent , respectively. Positive relationship between concentration of vitamin D maternal and cord blood (r=0,248; p<0,013) was observed. No relationship between adiposity newborn and concentration of vitamin D in the umbilical cord, or relationship between maternal adiposity and concentrations of vitamin D maternal and umbilical cord was observed. Conclusion - Despite it is an original study, no relationship between maternal adiposity and concentrations of vitamin D maternal and umbilical cord was observed. It is significant further research to investigate the influence of maternal fat in neonatal body composition and vitamin D concentrations in maternal and cord blood.

Introdução: A neoplasia maligna da mama é a mais frequentes entre as mulheres, respondendo, no Brasil, por 26,3 por cento de todos os cânceres no sexo feminino e por 14 por cento dos óbitos. Sabe-se que a obesidade é também uma doença crônica, que apresenta um panorama epidemiológico crescente, capaz de modificar as concentrações de hormônios esteroides, hormônios do crescimento, que envolve processos inflamatórios crônicos e de baixa intensidade os quais favorecem a proliferação celular e redução da apoptose. Portanto, é plausível que mulheres com câncer de mama que tenham excesso de peso e adiposidade apresentem maior risco para um prognóstico clínico menos favorável. Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da adiposidade sobre a oxidação e as adipocitocinas na neoplasia mamária. Material e Métodos: Estudo observacional do tipo caso-controle, com 101 mulheres com tumor de mama (Caso) e 100 mulheres sem câncer (Controle), selecionadas no Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (Fortaleza-CE), nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Realizou-se avaliações socioeconômicas, clínica (estado de menopausa, uso de terapia de reposição hormonal-TRH, história reprodutiva, amamentação, tabagismo, sedentarismo e história familiar de câncer; estadiamento clínico (EC), tamanho do tumor e presença de linfonodos comprometidos), antropométrica (peso, índice de massa corporal -IMC, circunferência da cintura - CC) e de composição corporal ( por cento Massa Gorda - por cento MG; por cento Massa Magra - por cento MM; Ângulo de fase - AF) por impedância bioelétrica. Após jejum de 12h obteve-se alíquotas de sangue e a partir do plasma analisou-se marcadores de estresse oxidativo [TBARS; LDL(-); anti-LDL(-); 8-OHdG; vitaminas antioxidantes] e adipocitocinas (leptina e adiponectina). Comparação entre os grupos Caso e Controle total e segundo excesso de peso e obesidade foram realizadas por meio dos testes t-Student e Man-Whitney. Modelos de regressão linear simples e múltipla, assim como analises logísticas foram testadas entre variáveis brutas e ajustadas visando identificar associações entre adiposidade e marcadores bioquímicos de estresse oxidativo e adipocitocinas. Todos os testes estatísticos foram realizados no programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.0, onde considerou-se p < 0,05, como nível de significância. Resultados: Os grupos Caso e Controle se mostraram semelhantes em relação aos aspectos socioeconômicos e clínicos. Entre as variáveis antropométricas e de composição corporal apenas a CC (p=0,002) foi maior nas mulheres com tumor de mama. Com relação aos marcadores oxidativos e adipocitocinas, independente da adiposidade e do excesso de peso, o grupo Caso apresentou perfil menos favorável com maiores concentrações plasmáticas de TBARS (p<0,001), LDL(-) (p=0,026), auto-anticorpo anti-LDL(-) (p<0,001) e 8OHdG (p=0,021) e adiponectina (p<0,001) em menores concentrações. Entre as pacientes com tumor de mama, as com excesso de peso mostraram menores concentrações de adiponectina (p=0,018) e maiores de 8OHdG (p=0,02) e leptina (p=0,01), sendo essa adipocitocina 9 associada de modo positivo com CC (p=0,012) e por cento MG (p=0,001). Os nutrientes antioxidantes não se alteraram em função da presença do tumor e tão pouco pelo peso e adiposidade. Entretanto no câncer de mama, retinol e ß-caroteno, estiveram inversamente associados com linfonodos comprometidos (p=0,034) e EC III e IV (p=0,014), respectivamente. O risco de câncer de mama foi maior nos maiores tercis de CC, (OR=2,69; IC=1,33-5,47) TBARS (OR=6,99; IC=2,99-16,32) e Anti-LDL(-) (OR=10,28; IC=4,11-25,75) e nos menores tercis de adiponectina (OR=0,44; IC=0,22-0,91). Conclusão: A adiposidade intensificou as alterações oxidativas e de adipocitocinas promovidas pela neoplasia da mama. A obesidade abdominal aumentou o risco de câncer de mama, bem como as maiores concentrações plasmáticas de marcadores oxidativos, sugerindo prognóstico menos favorável. / Introduction: Breast malignant neoplasm is more frequent among women. In Brazil, it corresponds to 26, 3 per cent of all cancers in the female gender and to 14 per cent of the causes of death. It is well known that obesity is also a chronic disease, which presents an increasing epidemiological panorama, capable of modifying the concentrations of steroids hormones, the growth hormones, which involves chronic and low-intensity inflammatory processes, enabling cellular proliferation and the reduction of apoptosis. Therefore, it is plausible that women with breast cancer who are overweight and have adiposity present a higher risk of a less favorable clinical prognosis. Objective: To evaluate the role of adiposity over oxidation and the adipokines on breast neoplasia. Material and Methods: It was an observational study of the case-control type, with 101 women with a breast tumor (Case) and 100 women without cancer (Control), selected at Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (Fortaleza-CE), in the years of 2011 and 2012. Socio-economic evaluations were accomplished, clinic (menopause, use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), reproductive history, breastfeeding, smoking, sedentarism and family-history of cancer; clinic staging (CS), size of the tumor and presence of affected lymph nodes), anthropometrics (weight, body mass index BMI, waist circumference - WC) and of body composition ( per cent Fat Mass - per cent FM; per cent Lean Mass - per cent LM; Phase Angle - PA) by bioelectrical impedance. After a 12-hour-fasting, blood aliquots were obtained and markers of oxidative stress were analyzed from the plasma [TBARS; LDL(-); ANTI-LDL (-); 8-OHdG, antioxidant vitamins] and adipokines (leptin and adiponectin). The comparison between the groups Case and total Control and according to overweight and obesity were accomplished through the tests t-Student and Man-Whitney. Models of simple and multiple linear regression, as well as logistical analyses were tested among gross and adjusted variables aiming at identifying association between adiposity and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and adipokines. All the statistic tests were accomplished on the statistic program SPSS version 20.0, in which p<0,05 was considered as a level of significance. Results: The groups Case and Control were similar with relation to the socioeconomic and clinic aspects. Among the anthropometric and body composition variables, only CC (p=0,002) was higher in women with breast tumor. With relation to oxidative markers and adipokines, independently from adiposity and overweight, the Case group presented a less favorable profile, with higher plasmatic concentrations of TBARS (p<0,001), LDL (-) (p=0,026), auto-antibody, anti-LDL(-) (p<0,001) and 8OHdG (p=0,021) and adiponectin (p<0,001) in lower concentrations. Among the patients with breast tumor, the overweight ones showed lower concentrations of adiponectin (p=0,018) and higher of 8OHdG (p=0,02) and leptin (p=0,01). This adipokine was associated in a positive way to CC (p=0,012) and FM (p=0,001). The antioxidant nutrients did not alter due to the presence of the tumor or due to weight and 11 adiposity. However, in breast cancer, retinol and beta carotene were inversely associated to affected lymph nodes (p=0,034) and CS III and IV (p=0,014), respectively. The risk of breast cancer was higher in the bigger WC tertiles, (OR=2,69; IC=1,33-5,47) TBARS (OR=6,99; IC=2,99-16,32) and Anti-LDL(-) (OR=10,28; IC=4,11-25,75) and in the smaller adiponectin tertiles (OR=0,44; IC=0,22-0,91). Conclusion: Adiposity intensified oxidative and adipokines alterations promoted by breast neoplasia. Abdominal obesity increased the risk of breast cancer, as well as higher plasmatic concentrations of oxidative markers, suggesting a less favorable prognosis.

Obesity is presently one of the leading preventable causes of mortality and is an increasing issue that affects the workplace. This pilot study investigates the effects of a multidisciplinary obesity management program on employees within a community hospital setting. The purpose of this study is to assess the outcome factors of the intervention and to detect an association between the participants’ biological factors, psychological status, eating behaviors, and lifestyle components to that of their current body weight status. Methods. An evaluation of a tailored obesity management program was conducted in a corporate setting with employees of a large community hospital. The evaluation sought to determine if this program could be efficiently and effectively implemented in this corporate setting. This program also allowed an exploration of those sociological, biological, and behavioral factors that were associated with weight loss. An employee health outcomes assessment visit was used to identify, recruit and enroll overweight employees into a quasi-experimental study designed to evaluate potential impacts of a tailored weight management program. The 6-month intervention included medical assessments, nutritional coaching, activity counseling, and behavioral therapy. The following specific aims were proposed for this dissertation research: Specific Aim 1 sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the multidisciplinary weight loss program to change a series of modifiable health risk factors, body composition, clinical indicators, and biological markers from baseline to 6 months for overweight participants. Specific Aim 2 evaluated factors associated with achieving weight loss and patterns of attrition from the program. Weight and lifestyle factors included onset of obesity, family history, weight loss history, weight loss goals, self-perceptions, physical activity factors, and eating habits/patterns. Within Specific Aim 3, we determined if body composition measurements [body mass index (BMI), weight, basal metabolic rate, fat mass, percent fat, fat free mass, and total body water] correlated with standing or supine measurements of waist, hip, or thigh circumferences. We also investigated if there was a significant difference between recording measurements made in both positions. This aim sought to determine if both sets of position measurements needed to be included for subsequent weight management studies. Results. Forty-six (46) employees, with a mean age of 48.6 +/- 10.9 years and predominately female (91.3%), consented to participate in the pilot intervention, with 26 participants completing the 6 months (response = 50.9%). Statistically significant changes from baseline were seen at 6 months in the 44 participants that continued in the study after enrollment. In the intent to treat analysis, the participants, regardless of completion status, had a clinically significant (p<.0001) mean percent weight loss of 4.1% and a total weight loss of 9.3 pounds, with a corresponding 5.6% mean weight loss in those participants that completed the program. When analyzing predictors of attrition from the program, models indicated significant associations between overall program attrition and an increase in baseline systolic blood pressure (p=0.02), along with decreased compliance with eating three meals per day (p=0.04). Primary attrition (dropout < 3 months) was statistically associated with an increase in baseline systolic blood pressure (p=0.02) and decreased compliance with eating three meals per day (p=0.01). Secondary attrition (dropout between 3-6 months) was associated with decreased compliance with eating three meals per day (p=0.05) and an increase in weight loss expectations during the intervention (p=0.05). The mean absolute difference between the two techniques (standing vs. supine) was 4.14 inches for waist, hip, and thigh measurements combined. An increase in body mass index was associated with a greater magnitude of discrepancy in the measurement between the two techniques for waist circumference (p=0.02). Conclusions. The changes seen following this multidisciplinary intervention were clinically significant and advantageous for the participants. These substantial results suggest that the use of multidisciplinary weight management programs merits further investigation in larger, randomized, controlled trials.

Orientador: Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T05:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raposo_HelenaFonseca_D.pdf: 7490061 bytes, checksum: b7d93ea4b63d773168cdfcbe34c70392 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A proteína de transferência de colesteril éster (CETP) transfere colesterol esterificado (CE) das HDL para as lipoproteínas que contêm apo B, em troca de triglicérides. Assim, a CETP promove a redução dos níveis de HDL-colesterol no plasma, aumentando o risco de aterosclerose. Recentemente, nosso grupo verificou que camundongos transgênicos que expressam a CETP (CETP-Tg) apresentam menor adiposidade que os controles não transgênicos (NTg). Neste trabalho investigamos possíveis mecanismos que expliquem a redução da adiposidade. Camundongos CETP-Tg e controles NTg (C57/BL6 background) foram tratados com dieta padrão desde o desmame até os 5 meses de idade. Camundongos CETP-Tg apresentaram redução nos depósitos de tecido adiposo (~30%). Essa redução da adiposidade não foi compensada por deposição ectópica de lipídeos no fígado ou músculo, nem foi consequência de alteração do balanço de gordura (ingestão vs. excreção). Lipogênese in vivo e em adipócitos isolados (estimada por 3H2O e 14C-acetato) foram similares entre os grupos. A retenção de lipídeos exógenos e a captação de glicose pelo fígado, músculo e tecidos adiposos (estimada após dose oral de 3H-trioleina e injeção IP de 3H-2- deoxiglicose, respectivamente) não evidenciaram nenhuma diferença entre os genótipos. No estado alimentado, a expressão da CETP aumentou (~50%) a lipólise basal in vivo e estimulada por isoproterenol em adipócitos isolados. Coerentemente, os níveis de RNAm para HSL (hormone sensitive lipase) e ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase) estavam aumentados, assim como FATP1 (fatty acid transport protein 1). No tecido adiposo marrom, verificou-se elevação nos níveis de ATGL, FATP1 e UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1). Além disso, o conteúdo protéico do receptor beta 3 adrenérgico também estava aumentado nos extratos de membrana celular de tecido adiposo visceral e marrom dos animais CETP-Tg. A expressão da CETP também elevou em cerca de 10% a taxa metabólica corporal (VO2 e gasto energético). Conclui-se que a CETP altera a expressão e/ou função de proteínas relacionadas à lipólise e termogênese, aumentando o gasto energético global e reduzindo a massa de gordura corporal. Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem uma nova função antiadipogênica para a CETP / Abstract: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma protein that mediates the exchange of triglycerides for esterified cholesterol from HDL to the apoB containing lipoproteins. In this way, CETP promotes reduction of plasma HDLcholesterol and, thus, increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Recently, we found that CETP expressing mice (CETP-Tg) presented less adipose tissue mass than nonexpressing controls. In this work we investigated possible mechanisms to explain these findings. CETP-Tg and non-transgenic (NTg) control mice (C57/BL6 background) were fed with chow diet from weaning to 5 month of age. CETP-Tg mice had reduced visceral and subcutaneous fat depots (~30%) that was not compensated by lipid ectopic deposition and could not be explained by differences in fat intake and excretion. Lipogenesis rates in vivo and in isolated adipocytes (estimated using 3H2O and 14C-acetate) were similar in both CETP-Tg and control mice. Lipid retention and glucose uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissues (estimated after an oral dose of 3H-triolein and IP injection of 3H-deoxiglucose) showed no significant differences between groups. In the fed state, CETP group showed higher (~50%) basal lipolysis rates in vivo and in isoproterenol stimulated lipolysis rates in isolated adipocytes. In accordance, visceral adipose hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) mRNA expression were elevated, as well as fatty acid transport protein (FATP1). In brown adipose tissue, ATGL, FATP1 and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) were increased. Furthermore, beta 3 adrenergic receptor proteins mass were upregulated in visceral and brown adipose tissues membrane extracts. In addition, whole body energy expenditure (measured by respirometry) was found to be elevated in CETP-Tg mice (10%). In conclusion, CETP change expression and function of proteins related to lipolysis and thermogeneis, thus, increasing whole body energy expenditure and resulting in less body fat content. These findings disclose a novel anti-adipogenic role for CETP / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular