Magister Scientiae - MSc / Our main results are that splay trees are faster for sorted insertion, where AVL trees are faster for random insertion. For searching, skip lists are faster than single class top-down splay trees, but two-class and multi-class top-down splay trees can behave better than skip lists. / South Africa

The aim of this diploma thesis is to create module adjusting of tools for NAHOS information system developed on VÚSSaR FSI VUT Brno a ÚVI FT UTB ZlínTAJMAC - ZPS a.s., where system is applied. Theoretical part contains analysis of preparation activities for tools for manufacturing process – assembling, measuring and adjusting tools. Practical part contains database design and forms for NAHOS system. In this part the SQL language in database system MS Access is used. The solution uses elements of NAHOS system, which are accessible using XML language.

The aim is to develop new adjusting element. There were three versions of engineering design suggested, which were consequently simulated for various materials. Optimal material was chosen and came up to production suggested variants. These variants were consequently implemented to the headlamp and were consequently measured and tested. During measuring was under consideration change of CutOff line position after heat imunity and vibration tests. Result is selection only one material and only one engineering design of adjusting element solution, which warrants easy and fast assembly and confidential adjusting of reflector, for standardization and implementation to recently develop headlamps.

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O presente trabalho avaliou, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares instrumentados pelas técnicas rotatória e Self-adjusting file (SAF®) com uso do NaOCl a 1% como solução irrigadora e o uso do EDTA a 15% e da Quitosana 0,20% como soluções quelantes, e quantificou os íons cálcio removidos pelas diferentes soluções irrigadoras por meio de espectrometria de absorção atômica. Trinta dentes caninos inferiores humanos foram divididos em dois grupos (n=15), de acordo com a técnica de instrumentação utilizada: A - instrumentos FlexMaster® usados na técnica Free Tip Preparation, assegurado alargamento mínimo de 200, até o instrumento # 60.02, irrigados com 1 mL de NaOCl 1% em cada troca de instrumento e B - sistema SAF®, com prévio alargamento manual até o instrumento K #20, aplicação da SAF® por 4 minutos, com fluxo de irrigação pelo sistema VATEA de 5mL/min. Os dentes foram divididos em três subgrupos conforme a irrigação final: G1-NaOCl 1%, G2- EDTA 15% e G3 Quitosana 0,20%. Utilizou-se 5mL de cada solução à 1mL/min. A solução extravasada pelo forame foi coletada e submetida à análise espectrométrica. O EDTA 15% apresentou maior capacidade de remoção de íons cálcio do que a Quitosana a 0,20% (p<0,05) e o NaOCl 1% não removeu íons. Os espécimes foram analisados em MEV. As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas qualitativamente em relação à remoção da camada de smear observada. Não houve diferença entre as instrumentações rotatória e SAF® nos terços dos canais avaliados. Analisadas as interações entre as técnicas utilizadas e aos terços do canal, o EDTA 15% apresentou melhores resultados que a Quitosana 0,20% (p<0,05), sendo ambas as soluções melhores que o NaOCl 1%. Conclui-se que as soluções quelantes testadas foram capazes de remover íons cálcio das paredes dos canais radiculares - com superioridade do EDTA 15% sobre a Quitosana 0,20%, e o NaOCl a 1% não apresentou essa capacidade - e removeram a camada de smear das paredes dos canais radiculares com superioridade do EDTA 15%, sem interferência das técnicas de instrumentação avaliadas rotatória e SAF®. / The present study evaluated, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the cleanness of the root canal walls instrumented by rotary and the self-adjusting file (SAF®) techniques using 1% NaOCl as an irrigating solution and 15% EDTA, 0.20% Chitosan as chelator solutions, and quantified the calcium ions removed by the different irrigants with atomic absorption spectrometry. Thirty human mandibular canine teeth were divided into 2 groups (n=15) according to the instrumentation technique used: A- FlexMaster® instruments used with the Free tip Preparation, assuring a minimal enlargement of 200m, up to a #60 .02 instrument, irrigated with 1mL of 1% NaOCl between each instrument; and B- SAF® system, with previous enlargement to a type K #20 manual instrument, application of SAF during 4 minutes, with VATEA irrigation system at a flow of 5mL/min. The teeth were divided into three subgroups according to the final irrigation protocol: G1- 1% NaOCl, G2- 15% EDTA and G3- 0.20 % Chitosan. Five mL of solution were used at 1mL/min. The solution extruded thru the foramen was collected and submitted to spectrometric analysis. 15% EDTA showed higher calcium ion removal capacity then 0.20% Chitosan (p<0.05) and the 1% NaOCl did not remove ions. The specimens were evaluated by means of SEM. The photomicrographs obtained were qualitatively evaluated in terms of smear layer removal. There was no significant difference between the rotary and SAF® instrumentation systems in the evaluated canal thirds. The interaction techniques used and canals thirds showed that the 15% EDTA revealed better results than the 0.02% Chitosan (p<0.05), and both were better than 1% NaOCl. It can be concluded that the tested chelating solutions removed calcium ions from the root canals walls with better results for 15% EDTA than 0.20% Chitosan; 1% NaOCl did not present this capacity - and removed the smear layer form the root canal walls with better results for 15% EDTA, with no difference between the evaluated techniques rotary and SAF®.

O presente trabalho avaliou, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), a limpeza das paredes dos canais radiculares instrumentados pelas técnicas rotatória e Self-adjusting file (SAF®) com uso do NaOCl a 1% como solução irrigadora e o uso do EDTA a 15% e da Quitosana 0,20% como soluções quelantes, e quantificou os íons cálcio removidos pelas diferentes soluções irrigadoras por meio de espectrometria de absorção atômica. Trinta dentes caninos inferiores humanos foram divididos em dois grupos (n=15), de acordo com a técnica de instrumentação utilizada: A - instrumentos FlexMaster® usados na técnica Free Tip Preparation, assegurado alargamento mínimo de 200, até o instrumento # 60.02, irrigados com 1 mL de NaOCl 1% em cada troca de instrumento e B - sistema SAF®, com prévio alargamento manual até o instrumento K #20, aplicação da SAF® por 4 minutos, com fluxo de irrigação pelo sistema VATEA de 5mL/min. Os dentes foram divididos em três subgrupos conforme a irrigação final: G1-NaOCl 1%, G2- EDTA 15% e G3 Quitosana 0,20%. Utilizou-se 5mL de cada solução à 1mL/min. A solução extravasada pelo forame foi coletada e submetida à análise espectrométrica. O EDTA 15% apresentou maior capacidade de remoção de íons cálcio do que a Quitosana a 0,20% (p<0,05) e o NaOCl 1% não removeu íons. Os espécimes foram analisados em MEV. As fotomicrografias obtidas foram avaliadas qualitativamente em relação à remoção da camada de smear observada. Não houve diferença entre as instrumentações rotatória e SAF® nos terços dos canais avaliados. Analisadas as interações entre as técnicas utilizadas e aos terços do canal, o EDTA 15% apresentou melhores resultados que a Quitosana 0,20% (p<0,05), sendo ambas as soluções melhores que o NaOCl 1%. Conclui-se que as soluções quelantes testadas foram capazes de remover íons cálcio das paredes dos canais radiculares - com superioridade do EDTA 15% sobre a Quitosana 0,20%, e o NaOCl a 1% não apresentou essa capacidade - e removeram a camada de smear das paredes dos canais radiculares com superioridade do EDTA 15%, sem interferência das técnicas de instrumentação avaliadas rotatória e SAF®. / The present study evaluated, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the cleanness of the root canal walls instrumented by rotary and the self-adjusting file (SAF®) techniques using 1% NaOCl as an irrigating solution and 15% EDTA, 0.20% Chitosan as chelator solutions, and quantified the calcium ions removed by the different irrigants with atomic absorption spectrometry. Thirty human mandibular canine teeth were divided into 2 groups (n=15) according to the instrumentation technique used: A- FlexMaster® instruments used with the Free tip Preparation, assuring a minimal enlargement of 200m, up to a #60 .02 instrument, irrigated with 1mL of 1% NaOCl between each instrument; and B- SAF® system, with previous enlargement to a type K #20 manual instrument, application of SAF during 4 minutes, with VATEA irrigation system at a flow of 5mL/min. The teeth were divided into three subgroups according to the final irrigation protocol: G1- 1% NaOCl, G2- 15% EDTA and G3- 0.20 % Chitosan. Five mL of solution were used at 1mL/min. The solution extruded thru the foramen was collected and submitted to spectrometric analysis. 15% EDTA showed higher calcium ion removal capacity then 0.20% Chitosan (p<0.05) and the 1% NaOCl did not remove ions. The specimens were evaluated by means of SEM. The photomicrographs obtained were qualitatively evaluated in terms of smear layer removal. There was no significant difference between the rotary and SAF® instrumentation systems in the evaluated canal thirds. The interaction techniques used and canals thirds showed that the 15% EDTA revealed better results than the 0.02% Chitosan (p<0.05), and both were better than 1% NaOCl. It can be concluded that the tested chelating solutions removed calcium ions from the root canals walls with better results for 15% EDTA than 0.20% Chitosan; 1% NaOCl did not present this capacity - and removed the smear layer form the root canal walls with better results for 15% EDTA, with no difference between the evaluated techniques rotary and SAF®.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T11:30:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-10T11:31:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T11:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Vinicius Caixeta de Sousa - 2016.pdf: 6443318 bytes, checksum: 09bb12a456ef519b05b09ed648a75811 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of complementary protocols of sanitization in the decontamination of infected root canals. Methods: Fifty uniradicular maxilary anterior human teeth were selected. The crowns were removed and the lengths standardized at 16 mm. The specimens were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated at 37 °C for sixty days. Thirty teeth were performed with BioRace instruments until diameter corresponding to #60.02, and then complemented with Self-Adjusting File (SAF); XP-endo Finisher (XPF) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). Ten samples were used as positive control and 10 were not contaminated. Initial and final samples were collected and incubated at 37 °C for a period of 48 hours. The bacterial growth was analyzed in culture, determining the presence or absence of bacteria. The optical density of the culture medium was interpreted by UV spectrophotometry. The specimens were sectioned and prepared for evaluation in SEM. The images of the root surfaces were analyzed and classified by scores according to the presence of debris. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was 5%. Results: The mean optical density (μm) of the sanification protocols showed bacterial reduction in all groups. The experimental groups did not present statistically significant differences (p = 0.196). The analysis of SEM images revealed no significant difference (p = 0.414) between the scores of the groups. Conclusion: Complementary sanitization protocols reduced bacterial contamination. / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de protocolos complementares de sanificação na descontaminação de canais radiculares infectados. Materiais e métodos: Cinquenta dentes humanos anteriores superiores unirradiculares foram selecionados. As coroas foram removidas e os comprimentos padronizados em 16 mm. Os espécimes foram inoculados com Enterococcus faecalis e incubados a 37°C por sessenta dias. Trinta dentes foram preparados com instrumentos BioRace até alcançar o diâmetro correspondente ao #60.02, e a seguir complementados com Self-Adjusting File (SAF); XP-endo Finisher (XPF) e irrigação ultrassônica passiva (PUI). Dez amostras foram usadas como controle positivo e 10 não foram contaminadas. Amostras inicial e final foram coletadas e incubadas a 37°C por um período de 48 horas. O crescimento bacteriano foi analisado em cultura, determinando a presença ou ausência de bactérias. A densidade óptica do meio de cultura foi interpretada por espectrofotometria UV. Os espécimes foram seccionados e preparados para avaliação em MEV. A análise das imagens das superfícies radiculares foram analisadas e classificadas em scores de acordo com a presença de debris. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi utilizado para as análises estatísticas. O nível de significância foi 5%. Resultados: A média da densidade óptica (μm) dos protocolos de sanificação revelou redução bacteriana em todos os grupos. Os grupos experimentais não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significante (p=0,196). A análise das imagens de MEV revelou ausência de diferença significante (p=0,414) entre os scores dos grupos. Conclusão: Os protocolos complementares de sanificação favoreceu a redução da contaminação bacteriana.

Objective : Low back pain (LBP), and in particular sacroiliac joint syndrome, is a significant health concern for both patient and their chiropractor with regards to quality of life and work related musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, chiropractors often utilise mechanical aids to reduce the impact on the chiropractor’s health. It is, however, important to establish whether these mechanical aids are indeed clinically effective, therefore, this study evaluated the Activator Adjusting Instrument (AAI) against an AAI placebo to determine whether this adjusting instrument is an effective aid for both the chiropractor and the patient. Method : This randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial consisted of 40 patients (20 per group), screened by stringent inclusion criteria assessed through a telephonic and clinical assessment screen. Post receipt of informed consent from the patients, measurements (NRS, Revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire, algometer) were taken at baseline, prior to consultation three and at the follow consultation. This procedure occurred with four interventions over a two week period. Results: The AAI group showed clinical significance for all clinical measures as compared to the AAI placebo group which attained clinical significance only for the Revised Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. By comparison there was only a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the algometer readings (p= 0.037). Conclusion : Therefore, it is evident that the AAI seems to have clinical benefit beyond a placebo. However this is not reflected in the statistical analysis. It is, therefore, suggested that this study be repeated with a larger sample size in order to verify the effect on the statistical analysis outcomes.

The aim of this study was to research how teachers describe their knowledge of gifted students and their mathematics education with these students in grades 1-3. Through qualitative interviews eight teachers has been asked how they identify gifted students, how they adjust the education and what support they would need to befriend gifted students in mathematics education. The results indicate that the teachers are aware of the presence of gifted student in mathematics. The methods to identify and adjust teaching varied between the respondents and certain approaches was more favorable than others according to previous research. Common to all the respondents, however, was the desire for additional resource and commitment from the organization to help benefit gifted talents within mathematics. The conclusion is that today ́s teachers needs more knowledge about giftedness, as well as support in order to further promote learning for gifted students within the teaching of mathematics. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur lärare beskriver sina kunskaper om särskilt begåvade elever och sin matematikundervisning med dessa elever i årskurs 1-3. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har åtta verksamma lärare intervjuats om hur de identifierar särskilt begåvade elever, hur de anpassar undervisningen samt vilket stöd lärarna anser sig behöva för att undervisa särskilt begåvade elever i matematik. Resultatet visar att pedagogerna är medvetna om förekomsten av särskilt begåvade elever inom matematiken. Metoderna för att identifiera och därefter anpassa undervisningen varierade mellan respondenterna samt vissa tillvägagångssätt var mer gynnsamma än andra enligt tidigare forskning. Gemensamt för alla respondenter var dock önskan om ytterligare resurser och satsning från organisationen för att kunna hjälpa att gynna särskilt begåvade elever inom matematikundervisningen. Utifrån detta kan man dra slutsatser om att dagens lärare behöver mer kunskap kring särskild begåvning, samt stöttning för att vidare kunna främja lärandet för särskilt begåvade elever inom matematikundervisningen.

The diploma thesis is focused on debt management system. Some facts concerning the classification of debts, right pricing and inventory taking have been clarified in the theoretical part. A provision of debts, adjusting item issues and a write-off of debts have been taken into consideration as well. The practical part of thesis focuses on debt analysis, ways of debt provision used in the given company. One chapter deals with outstanding debts. Finally, debt management system in the company is assessed as well as the suggestion of improvement.