This study explores which concept of citizenship is typically promoted in ESL programs available to adult immigrants in Canada: citizenship as status, citizenship as identity, citizenship as a set of civic virtues or citizenship as agency. Is there a difference between the stated purpose of ESL programs, the integration and active participation of immigrants in Canadian society through language development, and the actual citizenship learning that occurs in these programs? What influences this? The study traces the historical link between citizenship education and ESL in Canada, and draws on existing research to reveal how citizenship concepts are presented in ESL classrooms. These findings are then matched with data from my textbook analysis, classroom observations and student interviews obtained from two advanced ESL courses offered by COSTI, as an indication of the citizenship learning and the citizenship concepts most likely to be promoted in ESL programs for adult immigrants across Canada.

This study explores which concept of citizenship is typically promoted in ESL programs available to adult immigrants in Canada: citizenship as status, citizenship as identity, citizenship as a set of civic virtues or citizenship as agency. Is there a difference between the stated purpose of ESL programs, the integration and active participation of immigrants in Canadian society through language development, and the actual citizenship learning that occurs in these programs? What influences this? The study traces the historical link between citizenship education and ESL in Canada, and draws on existing research to reveal how citizenship concepts are presented in ESL classrooms. These findings are then matched with data from my textbook analysis, classroom observations and student interviews obtained from two advanced ESL courses offered by COSTI, as an indication of the citizenship learning and the citizenship concepts most likely to be promoted in ESL programs for adult immigrants across Canada.

Η παρούσα έρευνα, πραγματεύεται το μεταναστευτικό φαινόμενο και ειδικότερα τη σημαντικότητα που έχει η γνώση της γλώσσας της χώρας υποδοχής για τους μετανάστες. Η έντονη παρουσία των μεταναστών στην Ελλάδα και οι δυσκολίες που αυτοί αντιμετωπίζουν στον κοινωνικό και εργασιακό τομέα, εξαιτίας της αδύναμης κοινωνικής τους θέσης, ήταν η αφορμή για την πραγματοποίηση της έρευνας. Η αναζήτηση των παραγόντων που θα μπορούσαν να βελτιώσουν την ένταξή τους στη χώρα έστρεψε το προσωπικό ενδιαφέρον στην μελέτη της εκμάθησης της γλώσσας της χώρας υποδοχής. Το μεθοδολογικό εργαλείο που χρησιμοποιήθηκε είναι η ημιδομημένη συνέντευξη και τα ερευνώμενα υποκείμενα είναι μετανάστες, ανεξαρτήτως νομικού καθεστώτος, που κατοικούν στην Ελλάδα. Αναλύοντας τα δεδομένα των συνεντεύξεων, συμπεραίνεται πως η επιρροή της γλώσσας είναι περιορισμένη, καθώς σχετίζεται κυρίως με προσωπικά οφέλη (όπως για παράδειγμα, η αύξηση της αυτοπεποίθησης του μετανάστη), και δεν βοηθά ουσιαστικά, όσο πιστεύεται, στη βελτίωση των συνθηκών ζωής του μετανάστη και την πληρέστερη ένταξή του. Επίσης, εκτός από το ζήτημα της ένταξης, παρατηρήθηκε πως ακόμη και η εκδοχή της γλώσσας που ο μετανάστης μαθαίνει να χρησιμοποιεί, συμβάλλει στην παγίωση της αρχικής του θέσης στην κοινωνία υποδοχής. Αυτό συμβαίνει, επειδή ο γλωσσικός κώδικας που αυτός χρησιμοποιεί διαφέρει από εκείνον της κυρίαρχης - αστικής τάξης, οπότε μιλάμε για κοινωνική αναπαραγωγή. / The present research analyses the immigration phenomenon and more specifically, the importance of the official language´s knowledge of the recipient country for the immigrants. The large presence of immigrants in Greece and the difficulties which they confront in social and labor brenches due to their weak social position, was the starting point of this research project. The search of the agents which could improve their integration in the country made me aim my personal interests into the field of language learning in the recipient country. Semi - structured interviews where used as the methodological tool of the research whose subjects were immigrants living in Greece, regardless of their legal status. By analyzing the results of the interviews, we come to the conclusion that the influence of the language is limited since it is related to personal profits (for example: increase of the immigrants self-confidence feeling) and essentially, does not boost, as it is believed, the immigrant´s life standards´ improvement and his full integration. Moreover, apart from the integration fact, the research also showed that the language stratum which the immigrant acquires and uses, contributes to the settlement of his initial social position in the recipient country. This occurs due to his usage of the language code, which differs from the one used by the dominant - middle class, so it is a question of social reproduction.

La coexistence des services de francisation au Québec pour les personnes immigrantes adultes a fait l'objet de divers enjeux liés notamment au passage des apprenants d'un lieu de formation à un autre (Québec, MICC, 2011a). Dans le but de répondre à ces enjeux et d’harmoniser l'offre de services gouvernementaux en matière de francisation des adultes, le ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (MICC) a élaboré en collaboration avec le ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS), une innovation pédagogique, soit un référentiel commun québécois composé de deux instruments : l’Échelle québécoise des niveaux de compétence en français des personnes immigrantes adultes et le Programme-cadre de français pour les personnes immigrantes adultes au Québec. Le but de notre étude était de mieux comprendre l'implantation du référentiel commun québécois, de faire état des représentations du personnel enseignant en francisation vis-à-vis de cette innovation pédagogique et d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui structurent son implantation. Pour atteindre ces objectifs de recherche, nous avons mené une étude qualitative dans laquelle nous nous sommes appuyée sur le modèle d'implantation de Vince-Whitman (2009) qui identifie douze facteurs facilitant l’implantation d’une politique et d’une pratique. Nous avons accédé aux représentations de douze enseignantes et enseignants en francisation qui œuvrent au MICC et au MELS lors d’entretiens de groupe en leur permettant de s'exprimer sur leurs pratiques pédagogiques et sur leurs impressions du référentiel commun québécois. À l’aide du logiciel QSF NVivo 8, nous avons analysé le contenu des propos de nos participants de recherche. Nos résultats démontrent que le manque appréhendé de ressources – humaines, matérielles et financières, et un manque de temps, de formation et de collaboration professionnelle pourraient représenter des obstacles et nuire à une éventuelle implantation du référentiel commun québécois. À la lumière de ces résultats, nous proposons un cadre de référence composé de sept facteurs d’implantation d’une innovation pédagogique afin de mieux rendre compte d’une réalité spécifique et contemporaine, celle de l'implantation du référentiel commun québécois pour la francisation des immigrants adultes scolarisés. Les écrits scientifiques et nos résultats de recherche démontrent que de diverses formes de soutien, principalement du matériel pédagogique approprié et suffisant, peuvent constituer un facteur-clé dans la réussite de l’implantation d’une innovation pédagogique. / The existence of multiple French second language services in Quebec for adult immigrants has proved to be problematic, especially when students transfer from one institution to another (Québec, MICC, 2011a). In response to this and other similar issues and in order to harmonize government French second language services, the ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles (MICC) developed, in collaboration with the ministère de l'Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport (MELS) a pedagogical innovation composed of two tools: the Échelle québécoise des niveaux de compétence en français des personnes immigrantes adultes and the Programme-cadre de français pour les personnes immigrantes adultes au Québec. This common framework of reference for language is used to describe the achievements of adult immigrant learners in Quebec. This study focuses on the implementation of a pedagogical innovation, in order to gain a greater understanding of the implementation of the Quebec framework of reference, present teacher representations regarding this pedagogical innovation, and identify the key factors that structure its implementation. This qualitative study adopted an implementation model by Vince-Whitman (2009) who identifies twelve implementation factors of a policy and its practice. Our study used as its data collection method group interviews of a total of twelve French second language teachers from the MICC and the MELS. The interviews aimed to collect the comments of these teachers regarding their pedagogical practices and their impressions of the Quebec framework of reference. The software QSF NVivo 8 was used to analyze the content of our participants’ words. Key findings of the study indicate that implementation is challenging due to a number of obstacles, such as the lack of teaching material, human and financial resources, as well as a lack of time, professional training and professional collaborations. In light of these results, we developed a model framework based on seven factors of implementation of a pedagogical innovation in order to account for a specific and contemporary phenomenon, that of the implementation of the Quebec framework of reference for French second language education of adult immigrants. Various studies coupled with our results demonstrate that different types of support, such as appropriate and sufficient pedagogical material, are key elements to consider in ensuring successful implementation of a pedagogical innovation.

Syftet med den här studien var att kvalitativt undersöka L3-motivation hos vuxna invandrare som läser engelska (L3) på komvux i Sverige. Motivation undersöktes i relation till samspelet mellan målgruppens behov och mål, det svenska samhället och engelskans globala status. Den metodologiska utgångspunkten togs först och främst i Dörnyeis L2-motivationssjälvbildssystem (2005) och anpassades till studiens kulturella och sociala ramar. Resultaten indikerar att det är en stor sannolikhet att L3-motivation formas och starkt påverkas av vuxna invandrares invandrarskap och bikulturella identitet som har utvecklats i samband med integration i det svenska samhället. Detta framgår av att det svenska samhället och invandrarskapet ofta uppträder som normgivande när det gäller vuxna invandrares studier i engelska. Deras L3-motivationssjälvbildssystem indikerar dessutom att vuxna invandrares syn på den ideala språkliga självbilden är i kongruens med majoritetssamhällets förväntningar och kunskapsvillkor. Resultaten behöver dock valideras i framtiden genom fler studier och större elevpopulationer. / The purpose of this study is to by a qualitative method investigate L3 motivation in adult immigrants who study English (L3) in Sweden. Motivation was investigated in relation to the interplay between the target group’s needs and goals, the Swedish society, and the global status of English. The methodological framework was based on Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System (2005) and it was adapted to the cultural and social context of the study. The results indicate that there is a probability that immigrant identity (Swe. invandrarskap) and a sort of bicultural identity, which have developed in adult immigrants as side effect in the integrational process in the Swedish society, shape and strongly affect L3-motivation. This is supported by the informants’ interview data in which the Swedish society and the immigrant identity often appear as a normative referent for adult immigrants’ English studies. In addition, their L3 motivational self system indicates that adult immigrants’ perception of the ideal language self is in congruity with the majority society’s expectations on knowledge. However, the results need to be validated through more studies and larger student populations in the future.