The aim of this study was to define the ovarian follicular reserve of wild African elephants in terms of its type of small follicles (SF), its establishment and distribution throughout the ovaries, and the change in numbers of SF in the embryo and fetus as well as throughout prepubertal and adult life. The large elephant population in Zimbabwe provided the opportunity to collect ovaries from elephants culled for management reasons and hunted professionally. In total, gross morphological and histological studies were done on the gonadal ridges from 5 embryos (76–96 days post conception) and ovaries from 11 fetuses (4.8–22.2 months), 29 prepubertal females (2 months–10 years), 24 adult females (11–55 years) and 7 aged females (56–70 years). Specimens were fixed in 4% buffered formalin before a series of 25 ìm thick sections were cut and examined using stereological protocols to count SF numbers in each section and thereby calculate the follicle reserve of the whole ovary. Prior to counting SF numbers, their distribution throughout the ovary was studied and the repeatability of counts was validated. Numbers of SF were highest in mid-term fetuses, lower in fetuses during the second half of gestation, even lower in calves younger than 4½ years, whereas the numbers in calves aged 4½–9 years were significantly higher than those in younger calves, and similar to what they were in late-term fetuses. The numbers of SF were substantially and highly significantly lower in elephant 10–15 years in age compared to calves aged 4½9 years, suggesting a reduction around puberty. Thereafter the ovarian reserve fell steadily until depletion around the age of 70 years. During adult life the ovarian reserve was composed of early-primary (EP) and true-primary (TP) follicles. By 45 years of age only TP follicles remained although these enabled oestrous cyclical activity for many more years; of 7 sets of ovaries recovered from females aged 57–70 years, 6 showed evidence of cyclical activity or pregnancy within the preceding 6 years. The study shows that EP and TP form the follicular reserve from before birth until 45 years, with TP forming the reserve thereafter, which depletes in some old elephants and persists to maximum life span in others. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Orientadora: Eliane Aparecida Galvão Ribeiro Ferreira / Banca: Eliane Santana Dias Debus / Banca: Karin Adriane Henschel Pobbe Ramos / Resumo: Assegurar em ambiente escolar o respeito à diversidade étnico-racial por meio do trabalho com o texto literário dotado de valor estético, tornou-se o objetivo desta pesquisa que acredita no valor emancipatório da literatura para a formação do jovem leitor. Para isso, elegemos as obras do Programa Nacional Biblioteca da Escola, que se destina à formação de leitores do Ensino Fundamental II, cujas obras tratam da temática africana e afro-brasileira. Assim, a partir do levantamento dessas obras no acervo da instituição pesquisada, observamos que as histórias mapeadas eram, em sua maioria, contos e recontos provenientes da tradição oral. A partir desses dados, realizamos o trabalho de recepção com diferentes obras que apresentavam uma dialogia com a temática abordada na obra A tatuagem (2012), de Rogério Andrade Barbosa, incluída no acervo da instituição pesquisada. O trabalho de recepção foi realizado com alunos do 6o ano, do Ensino Fundamental II, de uma escola pública do município de Inúbia Paulista, situado no Estado de São Paulo. Pautamo-nos em pressupostos teóricos da teoria da Estética da Recepção, preconizados por Jauss (1994) e Iser (1996), e no Método Recepcional, de Bordini (1993) e Aguiar (1993) para o desenvolvimento da proposta. Com base nos dados obtidos, verificamos que a obra escolhida promoveu a ampliação do horizonte de expectativas dos alunos participantes, bem como promoveu um olhar mais equânime em ambiente escolar / Abstract: Ensuring in the school environment respect for ethnic-racial diversity by working with the literary text endowed with aesthetic value, became the objective of this research that believes in the emancipatory value of literature for the formation of the young reader. For this, we chose the works of the National Library of the School Program, which is intended for the training of readers of Elementary School II, whose works deal with African and Afro-Brazilian themes. Thus, from the survey of these works in the collection of the institution researched, we observed that the stories mapped were, for the most part, short stories and recounts from the oral tradition. Based on these data, we performed the reception work with different works that presented a dialogue with the theme addressed in Rogério Andrade Barbosa's The Tattoo (2012), included in the collection of the institution researched. The reception work was carried out with students of the 6th grade, Elementary School II, of a public school in the municipality of Inúbia Paulista, located in the State of São Paulo. We call for the theoretical assumptions of the Aesthetics of Reception, recommended by Jauss (1994) and Iser (1996), and in the Receptive Method, by Bordini (1993) and Aguiar (1993) for the development of the proposal. Based on the data obtained, we verified that the chosen work promoted the expansion of the expectations horizon of the participating students, as well as promoted a more equanimous look in the school environment / Mestre

Orientador: Paulo Ottoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T17:05:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duke_DawnAlexis_M.pdf: 3885431 bytes, checksum: 05893b9c5c5bf79a0f78ba79f7b0ff7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 1993 / Resumo: O objetivo principal desde trabalho é analisar as notas do tradutor na tradução do romande nigeriano Things Fall Apart de Chinua Achebe- O Mundo Se Desperta, tradução de Vera Queiroz da Costa e Silva- com a intenção de mostrar como a nota do tradutor, enquanto recurso textual, pode servir para esclarecer, explicar, acrescentar, modificar e diferenciar a traduçã do original. Além de marcar a participação da tradutora na interpretaçao da obra, a intenção é confirmar como o usodo recurso na traduçaõ diverge e diferencia daquele usado na obra: um glossário no final do texto. Este enfoque vai permitir uma análise das notas, mostrando as conseqüências do seu emprego para tratar, não só os aspectos típicos da vida cotidiana do povo Ibo, como também as frases e palavras da lìngua Ibo que o autor inseriu, mas intencionalmente não traduziu na obra. Indo ao encontro de uma abordagem da tradução como transformação e recriação, procurando ilustrar como, através das notas, o tradutor cria uma obra diferente. Esta é uma proposta contrária àquela adotada por alguns teóricos, por exemplo Nida (1964) e Rónai (1975), que defende através das notas do tradutor, a fidelidade textual e a suposta neutralidade da tradutor, noções fundamentais na visão na tradução como substituição de significados estáveis. A análise permite ressaltar como o uso da nota do tradutor assinala para o envolvimento da tradutora no processo de recriação das imagens d vivência Ibo, o que resulta numa outra visão desta vivência, uma criada a apartir da leitura que faz da obra / Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to analyse the Translator's notes in the Brazilian translation, O Mundo Se Despedaça by Vera Queiroz da Costa e Silva, of Things Fall Apart, a Nigerian novel by Chinua Achebe, with the intention of showing how this textual procedure can be used to clarify, explain, amplify, modify and differentiate the translation from the original text. Besides emphasising the participation of the translator in the interpretation of the work, the intention is to confirm how the use of the textual mechanism, the Translator's note, differs from the one used in the work - a glossary at the end of the text. This will permit an analysis of the notes and the consequences af their employment to deal with the typical aspects of Ibo daily life and also the lbo words and phrases the author inserted but deliberately didn't translate io his work. Based on a view of translation as transformation and recreation, we intend to highlight the translator¿s creation of adifferent text.This proposal contradicts the one adopted by some theorists, for example Nida (1964) and Rónai (1975), who seem to defend, through their concept of the Translator's note, the view of translation as substitution of stable meanings. The analysis indicates how the use of the note points to the translator's involvement in the process of recreating images of lbo way of life, which result in another version af this way of life, one based on this translator's reading of the novel / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a simultaneidade crepuscular do espaçotempo unitário de matriz afroameríndia, pensando o lugar, a paisagem, como portas abertas, um espelho das culturas que possibilita a inspiração de símbolos, de suas matrizes ancestrais à arte e cotidiano das cidades e campos. Ao mesmo tempo, possibilita que o contexto tradicional na contemporaneidade auxilie em desdobramentos suscetíveis à superação de situações-limites sociais e educacionais. Uma pretaíndia desaldeada como pesquisadora contou com o primeiro conjunto de pensadores, além dos Situacionistas1 que apoiaram nossa constituição epistemológica, assim como Juana Elbein dos Santos e mestre Didi. O estilo investigativo se apóia na leitura mitohermenêutica de Marcos Ferreira-Santos, atrelados às coorientações de Kabengele Munanga e Carlos Serrano. Milton Santos e Paulo Freire complementam a abordagem apoiando a compreensão e a fundamentação do que podemos chamar de Epistemologias do Sul ou ainda de uma antropologia cabocla. / This work talks about spacetime notion in AfroAmerIndians Thought and the researsh have been doing since author graduate in Geography. In that time the Situacionists thinkers and Henry Lefebvre were composed the eyes of critics theorys of everyday lives with Black Antropology suports. Its a interdisciplinary study that becomes a intersectional researsh between race, class, gender and cultures. We were studing with prof. Kabengele Munanga and Carlos Serrano, about their Cultural Antropology of SubSaarian Africa and the theory of race and racism, especially in Brazil. In Education, the teses chair was in Imaginary Studies with prof. Marcos Ferreira-Santos, so this work became to be suported by Hermeneutics ways of thinking. The foudation of this master work was the Ancestrality, the Orality, the Corporelity, the Word, the Arts and Traditional Crafts. The simbology is, in that dimensions, like messages of its philosophy and comunication, all this concepts are impressed in the territoriality of those communities and in its landscapes that permeates the body until the Arquiteture, the Mitology (cosmology and the cosmogony).

[EN] Disease problems are frequently observed in citrus orchards in Panama, but in most cases their aetiology is unknown. Between 2010 and 2013 a total of 85 plots cultivated with different citrus species of citrus were surveyed in the main production areas in Panamá. Greasy spot, caused by the fungus Zasmidium citri-griseum, was identified as the most prevalent citrus disease in the country. Other fungal pathogens causing foliar and fruit diseases were also identified by the first time in Panamá: melanose caused by Diaporthe citri, postbloom fruit drop and anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, and scab caused by Elsinoë fawcettii. A collection of 42 isolates of Mycosphaerellaceae from different citrus-growing regions in Spain, Morocco, Ghana and Panama were characterized. Strain were identified based on morphological characteristics, growth at different temperatures, ITS sequencing and pathogenicity on citrus plants. The species Amycosphaerella africana was associated with greasy spot of citrus in Spain and Morocco and Z. citri-griseum was identified as the causal agent of greasy spot in Panama, being also associated with the disease in Ghana. The study greasy spot epidemiology in Panama showed that the greatest defoliation of trees orange 'Valencia' affected by the disease occurred in the dry season between December and April. In the study of inoculum dynamics in the leaf litter, the days until complete decomposition of the leaves was related in the model with the accumulated rainfall per week (mm), days with precipitation >1 mm per week (nº) and average relative humidity per week (%). Ascospores released from the leaf litter were related with days until complete decomposition of leaves, days with precipitation >1 mm per week (nº), weekly cumulative rainfall (mm) and average temperature (ºC). Furthermore, the experiment of airborne inoculum showed that the highest levels of Z. citri-griseum inoculum were recorded during April and May, coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. Likewise, the highest values of greasy spot incidence in trap plants were recorded during the months of higher inoculum availability. Disease control experiments confirmed the efficacy of the fungicide fenbuconazole to reduce the severity of greasy spot in grapefruit and sweet orange in Panama. However, harvested yield was not significantly affected by the application of fungicide sprays. / [ES] En las plantaciones de cítricos en Panamá se observan con frecuencia problemas de enfermedades, sin embargo en la mayoría de los casos se desconoce su etiología. Por tal motivo, durante los años 2010 a 2013 se prospectaron un total de 85 parcelas de diversas especies de cítricos en las principales zonas productoras del país. Se diagnosticó a la mancha grasienta, causada por Zasmidium citri-griseum, como la enfermedad más prevalente en los cítricos de Panamá. Se identificaron por primera vez en Panamá también otros patógenos fúngicos causantes de enfermedades foliares y de frutos como Diaporthe citri agente causal de la melanosis, Elsinoë fawcettii agente causal de la roña de los cítricos, Colletotrichum acutatum agente causal de la caída prematura de frutos y antracnosis. Se caracterizó una colección de 42 aislados de Mycosphaerellaceae procedentes de diferentes regiones productoras de cítricos en España, Marruecos, Ghana y Panamá. Los aislados se identificaron a nivel de especie a partir de sus características morfológicas, culturales (fisiológicas), moleculares (región ITS) y patogénicas. Se identificó la especie Amycosphaerella africana asociada a la mancha grasienta de los cítricos en España y Marruecos y Z. citri-griseum como agente causal de la mancha grasienta en Panamá, estando asociada también a la enfermedad en Ghana. En el estudio epidemiológico de la mancha grasienta en Panamá, mostró que la mayor defoliación de los árboles de naranja 'Valencia' afectados por la enfermedad ocurrió en la época seca entre los meses de diciembre a abril. En el estudio de dinámica de la producción de inóculo en la hojarasca, el modelo resultante para los días hasta la descomposición total de las hojas relaciono a las variables climáticas precipitación pluvial acumulada por semana (mm), días con precipitación pluvial >1 mm por semana (nº) y humedad relativa promedio por semana (%). En relación a las ascosporas liberadas a partir de la hojarasca el modelo resultante relaciono a las variables climáticas días hasta la descomposición total de las hojas, días con precipitación pluvial >1 mm por semana (nº), precipitación pluvial acumulada por semana (mm) y la temperatura promedio (ºC). Por otro lado, el experimento de seguimiento del inóculo en el aire, mostró que la mayor disponibilidad de inóculo de Z. citri-griseum ocurre durante los meses de abril y mayo cuando se inicia la estación de lluvias. De igual manera, la mayor incidencia de la mancha grasienta en las plantas trampa coincidió con los meses de mayor disponiblidad de inóculo. No obstante, se registraron infecciones también durante otras épocas del año. En los ensayos de control se confirmó la eficacia del fungicida fenbuconazol, que redujo significativamente la severidad de la mancha grasienta en pomelo y naranja en Panamá. Sin embargo, no se detectó un efecto significativo de los tratamientos sobre el peso de la cosecha de frutos. / [CAT] En les plantacions de cítrics en Panamà s'observen ben sovint problemes de malalties, no obstant això en la majoria dels casos es desconeix la seua etiologia. Per tal motiu, durant els anys 2010 al 2013 es visitaren un total de 85 parcel¿les de diverses espècies de cítrics en les principals zones productores del país. Es diagnosticà la taca greixosa, causada per Zasmidium citri-griseum, com la malaltia més àmpliament distribuïda en els cítrics de Panamà. Es van identificar per primera vegada en Panamà també altres patògens fúngics causants de malalties foliars i de fruits com Diaporthe citri agent causal de la melanosi, Elsinoë fawcettii agent causal de la ronya dels cítrics, Colletotrichum acutatum agent causal de la caiguda prematura de fruits i antracnosi. Es va caracteritzar una col¿lecció de 42 aïllats de Mycosphaerellaceae procedents de diferents regions productores de cítrics a Espanya, El Marroc, Ghana i Panamà. Els aïllats es van identificar a nivell d'espècie a partir de les seues característiques morfològiques, culturals (temperatures), moleculars (regió ITS) i patogèniques. Es va identificar l'espècie Amycosphaerella africana associada al la taca greixosa dels cítrics a Espanya i El Marroc i Z. citri-griseum com a agent causal de la taca greixosa en Panamà, estant associada també a la malaltia a Ghana. En l'estudi epidemiològic de la taca greixosa en Panamà, va mostrar que la major defoliació dels arbres de taronja 'València' afectats per la malaltia va ocórrer en l'època seca entre els mesos de desembre a abril. En el estudi de la dinàmica de la producció d'inòcul en la fullaraca, el model resultant per als dies fins a la descomposició total del les fulles es relacionà amb les variables climàtiques precipitació pluvial acumulada per setmana (mm), dies amb precipitació pluvial >1 mm per setmana (nº) i humitat relativa mitjana per setmana (%). En relació a les ascospores alliberades a partir de la fullaraca, el model resultant relacionà les variables climàtiques dies fins a la descomposició total de les fulles, dies amb precipitació pluvial >1 mm per setmana (nº), precipitació pluvial acumulada per setmana (mm) i la temperatura mitjana (ºC). D'altra banda, l'experiment de seguiment de l'inòcul en el aire, va mostrar que la major disponibilitat d'inòcul de Z. citri-griseum ocorregué durant els mesos d'abril i maig quan s'inicia l'estació de pluges. De la mateixa manera, la major incidència de la taca greixosa en les plantes trampa va coincidir amb els mesos de major disponibilitat d'inòcul. No obstant això, se van registrar infeccions també durant altres èpoques de l'any. En els assajos de control es va confirmar l'eficàcia del fungicida fenbuconazol, que va reduir significativament la severitat de la taca greixosa en pomelo i taronja en Panamà. No obstant això, no es va detectar un efecte significatiu dels tractaments sobre el pes de la collita de fruits. / Aguilera Cogley, VA. (2016). ENFERMEDADES FÚNGICAS DE LOS CÍTRICOS EN PANAMÁ. ESTUDIO PARTICULAR DE LA MANCHA GRASIENTA CAUSADA POR Mycosphaerellaceae [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61447 / TESIS

The GnRH vaccine may offer an alternative to the current immunocontraceptive method in elephant cows which uses native porcine zona pellucida proteins derived from abattoir slaughtered pigs as the immunogen, greatly limiting its availability. The pZP vaccine is stored at -20 °C and must be mixed with an adjuvant before use. The GnRH vaccine Improvac® is commercially available, already contains the adjuvant and can be stored at 4 °C. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) vaccine Improvac® (Pfizer Animal Health, Sandton, South Africa) in the induction of anoestrus in elephant cows. The Improvac® was administered to eight adult, female, healthy, free-ranging elephants, located in Entabeni Private Game Reserve in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Another four cows were left untreated and served as controls. The monitoring of the experimental population was conducted over a twelve-month observation period via non-invasive faecal steroid analysis. Progesterone metabolites in extracted samples were measured by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) to determine luteal activity and thus the effect of the GnRH vaccine on the endocrine correlates. This study started with a three-month control period prior to vaccination when faeces were collected from each study animal, as soon as possible after defecation to ensure positive identification of the individual with its sample. The three-month period was followed by the immunization protocol. The elephants all received a primary, followed by a booster vaccination dose five weeks later. Each dose of 3 ml contained 600 ìg of RnRF-protein conjugate; both treatments were applied via remote delivery. Monitoring continued until the end of the twelve-month observation period. Observations of oestrous behaviour during the twelve-month period were also recorded. The results showed no statistical difference between treated and control females. There was, however, marked individual variation in response to GnRH immunization. This was possibly influenced by physiological and environmental factors such as age, where the youngest cows showed a better response in terms of reduced progestagen secretion; as well as season, where progestagen levels increased 1.3 times during the rainy season compared to the dry season. There was no association between average progestagen concentration and social hierarchy ranking. A high percentage (86.48%) of behaviours that could be related to oestrus coincided with the onset of the luteal phase and a subsequent rise in progestagen concentrations. All the females (treated and control) showed some evidence of ovarian cyclicity during the study, although 75% of the cycles did not fall within the normal 13-17 week oestrous cycle range reported, suggesting that abnormal cycles are a common reproduction irregularity inherent to non-pregnant wild African elephants. Further research to determine the optimal vaccination protocol is indicated in order to obtain consistent responses to the vaccine that will provide an efficient and safe contraceptive for use in female African elephants. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Objective To determine the cardiopulmonary and blood gas status of elephants during chemical capture (immobilisation) with a thiafentanil-azaperone drug combination kept in lateral recumbency. Study design Prospective descriptive study. Animal population Ten free-ranging adult African elephant bulls (estimated weight range 3000 to 6000 kg). Methods Elephants were immobilised using a thiafentanil (15-18 mg) and azaperone (75-90 mg) by darting from a helicopter. Once recumbent, the tidal volume, minute volume, end-tidal carbon dioxide, arterial blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded immediately after instrumentation and at five-minute intervals until T20. Arterial and venous blood gases were analysed at the time of initial instrumentation and at 20 minutes. On completion of the data collection, the thiafentanil was antagonised using naltrexone (10 mg mg-1 thiafentanil). A stopwatch was used to record time to recumbency (dart placement to recumbency) and time to recovery (administering antagonist to standing). Data was checked for normality and was found to be parametric. Data were compared using a one-way analysis of variance and reported as mean (± SD). Results All elephants were successfully immobilised and all physiological variables remained constant with minimal non-significant variation over time. Average time to recumbency was 12.5 minutes. The estimated expiratory tidal volume was 21 (± 6) L breath-1 or 4.8 ± 0.8 mL kg-1, and the measured minute volume was 103 (± 31) L minute-1. The heart and respiratory rates were 49 (±6) beats and 5 (± 1) breaths minute-1, respectively. The mean arterial blood pressure was 153 (± 31) mmHg. The elephants were acidaemic (pH 7.18 ±0.06; bicarbonate ion 20 ±4 mmol L-1; lactate 11 ± 4 mmol L-1), mildly hypoxemic (PaO2 68 ± 15 mmHg) and mildly hypercapnic (PaCO2 52 ± 7 mmHg). Average time to recovery was 2.2 minutes. Conclusion and clinical relevance African elephant bulls can be successfully immobilised using thiafentanil-azaperone. Recumbency was rapid, the cardiopulmonary variables were stable and within acceptable ranges, and recovery was rapid and complete. Mild hypoxaemia and hypercapnia were evident, but does not necessarily require oxygen supplementation. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / MSc / Unrestricted

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The fungal genus Candida is a collection of approximately 150 asporogenous yeast species which are able to cause life-threatening diseases when the normal host defences have been compromised. The most commonly isolated species is Candida albicans (C. albicans), which is a dimorphic fungus that exists in the blastopore and mycelial phase. Factors which are critical for the pathogenicity of Candida are morphological transition between yeast and hyphal forms, thigmotropism, biofilm formation, expression of adhesins, invasins on the cell surface and the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as phospholipases, proteases, and haemolysin.

This thesis is the encounter of a process of academic investigation with a theoretical survey and an artistic practice, which attempts to account for my experience in comprehending, studying and adapting the novel Os Flagelados do Vento Leste, by Cape-Verdean writer Manuel Lopes, to the stage. Concerning its structure, the thesis can be divided into three parts: firstly, I perform a historic survey of Cape Verde and its literature, mainly that which concerns Manuel Lopes and the aspects of Cape-Verdean history that are explored in his novel. Secondly, I seek to achieve a theoretical survey on the topic of adaptation. In this part of my thesis, I broaden the discussion beyond the realm of theater, believing that a discussion on mediatic adaptation should take into consideration all mediums. For this reason, I write about the complex process of adapting from literature to theater or cinema, focusing a lot of my discussion on cinematographic adaptations. Mediatic adaptation as a general process is the focus of my discussion during this part of my thesis, seeking to better comprehend it. Finally, I end this thesis with my adaptation to the stage of Os Flagelados do Vento Leste, which I believe to be the fruit of my academic as well as artistic contribution to this thesis.

Because African American architecture has not been recognized as culturally significant within academia, this thesis is an attempt to expand the architectural discourse. I will do this by answering the question: what is black architecture? To answer this question, we will examine the history of six houses specific to African American architecture: the barrack, the slave cabin, the shotgun house, public housing, the black suburban house, and the gentrified house. I will discuss the repercussions of each style, societal goals in establishing each style, and the policies or laws passed that instigated their creations. Importantly, I will explore how these styles are connected and how each style changed overtime. This historical narrative is not written to produce a survey report on the history of black architecture, but to be a basis to propose a design solution that could be implemented on Wells Avenue in Memphis, TN.