There is widespread concern for the mental well–being of adolescents. Various studies have indicated the deleterious consequences of bullying for both victims and bullies, implying the serious need for interventions to lower the incidence of bullying in schools. Descriptive data must inform the development of intervention programmes. The present study aimed to provide such data and to add to existing research on bullying in South African schools. This quantitative study investigated bullying behaviour in a parallel–medium, multi–racial high school in the North–West Province. The specific research aims were to examine the total incidence of bullying experiences and, specifically, frequency levels of being bullied according to age group and race group. Furthermore, gender differences in frequency levels of individual and group bullying, as well as gender–specific frequency levels of use of direct and indirect bullying tactics were examined. A one–shot cross–sectional survey design was employed. A randomly selected representative sample of 635 learners, comprising 274 boys and 361 girls, completed a self–report survey instrument, the Peer Relation Questionnaire (Neser, Ladikos and Prinsloo 2004), with regard to their bullying experiences. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to calculate frequencies, cross–tabulations and chi–square statistical tests. Results indicated that 52% of participants reported to have been the victims of bullying. A significant difference in distribution of bullying frequency was indicated for race groups, but not for age groups. Black and coloured learners in this school experienced a higher frequency of bullying than white learners, which indicates that racial dynamics has an important impact on bullying behaviour in this school. Bullying frequency in this high school is not significantly lower in senior secondary learners (learners 16 years and older) than in junior secondary learners (learners between 13 and 15 years), as was predicted by literature. In terms of gender differences, boys in this school were found to bully significantly more than girls. Furthermore, group bullying was found to be more prevalent than individual bullying in both genders. In this school boys and surprisingly girls too were shown to favour direct verbal bullying tactics (unpleasant teasing) and direct physical bullying tactics (hitting, kicking or pushing). This finding is a cause for concern as it is contradicted by literature which describes girls as preferring indirect bullying tactics (isolating the victim or threatening harm) to direct physical tactics, indicating that girls in this school use higher levels of physical aggression in bullying than the findings of other literature. The found high incidence levels of being bullied and bullying behaviour trends indicate a need for an anti–bullying intervention in this school, which includes learners of all age and race groups. The study's findings imply that such an intervention should include a focus on bullying of black and coloured learners and address racial dynamics in bullying. Furthermore intervention should address group and individual bullying, as well as the use of direct bullying tactics among both boys and girls, particularly direct physical tactics. Altough these findings are not generalisable to other South African schools, the need for further South African research to investigate unique trends in bullying behaviour is stressed. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

There is widespread concern for the mental well–being of adolescents. Various studies have indicated the deleterious consequences of bullying for both victims and bullies, implying the serious need for interventions to lower the incidence of bullying in schools. Descriptive data must inform the development of intervention programmes. The present study aimed to provide such data and to add to existing research on bullying in South African schools. This quantitative study investigated bullying behaviour in a parallel–medium, multi–racial high school in the North–West Province. The specific research aims were to examine the total incidence of bullying experiences and, specifically, frequency levels of being bullied according to age group and race group. Furthermore, gender differences in frequency levels of individual and group bullying, as well as gender–specific frequency levels of use of direct and indirect bullying tactics were examined. A one–shot cross–sectional survey design was employed. A randomly selected representative sample of 635 learners, comprising 274 boys and 361 girls, completed a self–report survey instrument, the Peer Relation Questionnaire (Neser, Ladikos and Prinsloo 2004), with regard to their bullying experiences. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to calculate frequencies, cross–tabulations and chi–square statistical tests. Results indicated that 52% of participants reported to have been the victims of bullying. A significant difference in distribution of bullying frequency was indicated for race groups, but not for age groups. Black and coloured learners in this school experienced a higher frequency of bullying than white learners, which indicates that racial dynamics has an important impact on bullying behaviour in this school. Bullying frequency in this high school is not significantly lower in senior secondary learners (learners 16 years and older) than in junior secondary learners (learners between 13 and 15 years), as was predicted by literature. In terms of gender differences, boys in this school were found to bully significantly more than girls. Furthermore, group bullying was found to be more prevalent than individual bullying in both genders. In this school boys and surprisingly girls too were shown to favour direct verbal bullying tactics (unpleasant teasing) and direct physical bullying tactics (hitting, kicking or pushing). This finding is a cause for concern as it is contradicted by literature which describes girls as preferring indirect bullying tactics (isolating the victim or threatening harm) to direct physical tactics, indicating that girls in this school use higher levels of physical aggression in bullying than the findings of other literature. The found high incidence levels of being bullied and bullying behaviour trends indicate a need for an anti–bullying intervention in this school, which includes learners of all age and race groups. The study's findings imply that such an intervention should include a focus on bullying of black and coloured learners and address racial dynamics in bullying. Furthermore intervention should address group and individual bullying, as well as the use of direct bullying tactics among both boys and girls, particularly direct physical tactics. Altough these findings are not generalisable to other South African schools, the need for further South African research to investigate unique trends in bullying behaviour is stressed. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in both Afrikaans and English / Religiositeit is 'n antropiese ontisiteit en kinders word in 'n bepaalde geloof opgevoed. 'n Christelik-Protestantse perspektief van godsdiensopvoeding word aangebied. Die betrokke opvoedingsmoveerders en hul verhouding tot mekaar word bespreek. Ter aanduiding van wat jeugdige-wees wesenlik kinder-antropologiese kategoriee beskryf, is, word bepaalde gevolg deur 'n sinkroniese en 'n diakroniese perspektief van godsdienswording. Die hedendaagse jeugdige se leefwereld en gepaardgaande struikelblokke word bespreek. Die taak, die doel, asook relevante religieuse kriteria en essensies van opvoeding word bespreek. Die Afrikaanse Christen-Studentevereniging is een van die opvoedingsmoveerders betrokke by die godsdienswording van sommige jeugdiges. Die oorspronklike struktuur en benaderingswyse van die vereniging, asook die veranderde struktuur en benaderingswyse en die redes daarvoor, word beskryf. Die missie, toekomsvisie en modus operandi van die vereniging word deur hierdie veranderinge geraak. Omdat persone van verskillende denominasies by die vereniging mag aansluit, word 'n oorsig van dogma binne die Christelike geloof gegee, gevolg deur 'n bespreking van ideologies-religieusestrominge wat van belang mag wees. Die vereniging se confessio van 1988, 1992 en 1994 word vergelyk met die oog op die moontlike veranderinge rakende godsdiensopvoeding. 'n Evaluering is onderneem vanuit sowel die struktuurdenke as die sisteemdenke. Hierdie evaluering geskied op drie vlakke. Op die ontologiese vlak word gekyk of die vereniging rekening hou met sekere neaniagogies-antropologiese kategoriee. Op die terrein van die pedagogiese word die realisering van bepaalde opvoedingsessensies, van die verhoudings- en verloopstruktuur en van Protestants-Christelike geestelike volwassenheid as doel ge-evalueer. Die vereniging se bewustheid van sekere bepalende aspekte rakende godsdiensopvoeding, asook die bantering van sommige van die leefwereldprobleme word geevalueer. Die aktualiteit van die werksaamhede word vergelyk met 'n Amerikaanse jeugbedieningsmodel. Op teologiese gebied word moontlike ooreenkomste tussen verskillende Christelike belydenisse aangedui. 'n Christelike evaluering van die werksaamhede van die vereniging word onderneem. Godsdiensopvoeding gaan moontlik in die "nuwe" Suid-Afrika veranderinge ondergaan en daarom word 'n prospektiewe blik op die moontlike rol van die vereniging in die veranderde situasie gebied. / Religiosity is an anthropological onticity and children are educated in a specific religion. A Christian-Protestant viewpoint of religious education is presented. The educational motivators involved, as well as their inter-relatedness, are discussed. To indicate what it means to be a youth, certain childanthropological categories are described, followed by a synchronical and diachronical perspective of religious growth. The influence on the life-world of today's youth and related problems are discussed. The task, aim and relevant religious criteria and essences of education are discussed. The Afrikaanse Christen-studentevereniging is one of the educational motivators involved with certain youths. The orginal structure and attitude of the organisation, as well as the changes in its structure and attitude and the reasons for these changes are described. The organisation's mission and vision, as well as its methods, are affected by these changes. Because people from different denominations can become members of the organisation a cursory description of dogma within the context of the Christian religion is given, followed by a discussion on ideological religious mainstreams that may be of importance. The organisation's confessions of 1988, 1992 and 1994 are compared in view of the probable changes concerning religious education. An evaluation is done from both a structural thinking and systems thinking point of view. This evaluation is conducted on three levels: On an ontological level it is evaluated with regard to what extent the organisation is taking neaniagogical categories into account. on a pedagogical level the realisation of the pedagogical relationship and sequence structures and its essences as well as Christian-Protestant religious maturity as aim are evaluated. The organisation's awareness of certain determining aspects concerning religious education, as well as the handling of some of the lifeworld problems are evaluated. The actuality of the organisation's activities are compared to an American youth program model. On a theological level possible similarities between different Christian confessions are indicated. A Christian evaluation of the organisation's activities is also rendered. Since religious education may undergo certain changes in the new South Africa a prospective view is presented of the possible role the organisation may fulfil. / Education Studies / D.Ed.

An information ecology, in the words of MIT Press, is “a system of people, technologies and values in a local environment” (2000:[online]). This inquiry uses the elements of the information ecology – the interdependent system, its wealth of diversity, the co-evolutionary nature of the relationships within the environment, the leadership of keystone species, and the relationships and technology within its locality – to provide a framework within which to reflect on my learning as a postgraduate student at the Rand Afrikaans University (now the University of Johannesburg). Situated in a postmodern philosophical perspective and informed by constructivism, deconstructionism and critical theory, the phenomenological inquiry uses John Dewey’s model of reflective thought (1933) to examine the reasons for the disparity in the transfer of their new expertise by students who have participated in postgraduate programmes at the University, and to determine the principle factor that led to my incorporating such new skills into my own teaching practice. Evidence of this transfer of skills is presented in the description of an action research intervention that I designed and implemented in teaching basic computer skills to a group of ACE students in 2004. / Mr. G.V. Lautenbach

Lesotho has been a source of migrant labour for many years, with men crossing the borders to work on South African mines. Men left their homes in pursuit of mine work, leaving behind their wives to look after the household. Women would receive remittances from their husbands, which they used to survive, and for the upkeep of the home while husbands were away. As Lesotho is an agricultural society, women were involved in farming for subsistence, with some women being able to sell their produce. Men were the breadwinners and women the housekeepers, according to prevailing gender norms. With the mine retrenchments that took place in the 1980s and 1990s, many men returned to Lesotho, with no job prospects due to the employment deficit in the country. Many women are no longer receiving remittances, and are now looking after their households with their husbands being at home, unemployed. This mini- dissertation delves into the livelihoods of these women whose life circumstances have changed now that their husbands have returned. It looks at the changed gender relations within the household as well as economic strategies of survival that women employ in these trying times, given their culturally determined positions in Basotho society. AFRIKAANS : Lesotho is al ‘n bron van migrasie arbeiders vir baie jare, met mans wat die grense kruis om op die Suid-Afrikaanse myne te gaan werk. Mans het hulle wonings verlaat met die vooruitsig op mynwerk, terwyl hulle eggenote agterbly om na die huishouding om te sien. Vrouens ontvang finansiële hulp van hulle mans, wat hulle gebruik het om te oorleef, en vir die instandhouding van die huis terwyl hulle mans weg was. Aangesien Lesotho ‘n landbou gemeenskap is, was vrouens betrokke in bestaansboerdery, met sommige vroue in staat om produkte te verkoop. Volgens die oorhoofs aanvaarde norm was mans die broodwinners en vrouens die huisopsitters. Hierdie mini-verhandeling kyk dieper na die veranderde lewensomstandighede van vrouens wie se mans teruggekeer het. Dit kyk na die veranderde geslagsverhoudinge binne die huishouding, asook die ekonomiese strategiee van oorlewing wat vrouens toepas in die moeilike omstandighede, veral in die lig van hul kulturele posisies in die Basotho samelewing. Copyright / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Sociology / unrestricted

M.A. / The language needs for non-mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans. The study of Afrikaans by non-mother tongue speakers of Afrikaans is not as simple as it sometimes appears. The aim of this study is to identify the specific language needs of individual learners and whether the course complies with all the requirements or meets all their expectations. The study concentrates specifically on the adult learner who is part of the ABET- programme at RAU. The study further tries to investigate any shortcomings by ways of quantitative and qualitative empirical research. The study seeks to make a valuable contribution by its recommendations to other institutions intending to introduce similar courses. Finally, possible further area of research that need to be explored are highligted.

AFRIKAANS: Gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag op verskeie fronte aktief aan die oorlog deelgeneem. Afgesien van maritieme operasies langs die Afrikaanse kus en die vervoer van personeel en voorrade in Afrika en Europa, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag in drie oorlogsarenas in Oos-Afrika, Noord-Afrika en die Middellandse Seegebied opgetree. Die vraag ontstaan egter: in hoe ‘n mate het die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag hulle van hul taak gekwyt? Was die operasies wat hulle uitgevoer het effektief en in welke mate het hulle ‘n bydrae tot die uiteindellke onderwerping van die Spilmoondhede gelewer? Om ‘n antwoord op hierdie vrae te kry, is die optrede van die verskillende Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmageskaders onder die loep geneem. Operasionele krygsvlugte is ontleed en die bydrae van die lugmag in die oorlog is na waarde geskat. Dit is dus duidelik dat dit hier nie bloot om ‘n chronologiese beskrywing van die rol van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog gaan nie, maar veel eerder om ‘n evaluering van hulle werkswyse, operasionele vernuf en doelmatigheid. Nadat die bydraes van die onderskeie Suid-Afrikaanse eskaders ontleed is, het die ondersoeker tot die volgende slotsom geraak. In die eerste plek het die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag gedurende die oorlog tot ‘n gedugte gevegsmag ontwikkel wat die vyand die stryd op alle terreine met moderne toerusting sou aansê. In die tweede plek het die Lugmag 'n substantiewe bydrae tot die vernietiging van die Spilmoondhede se magte gelewer. In Oos- en Noord-Afrika sowel as in die Middellandse Seegebied het die Suid-Afrikaanse eskaders uitgemunt in die ondersteuning van land- en seemagoperasies terwyl hulle ook instrumenteel in die verkryging van lugsuperioriteit was. Dit was egter nie alleen die eskaders wat aan die oorlogsfront suksesvol was nie. Eweneens het eskaders belas met maritieme verkenningsvlugte en die vervoer van voorrade ook met eer uit die stryd getree. In sy wese handel dit in die geskiedenis om die verhaal van die mens: sy stryd, sy prestasies, sy oorwinnings; ook sy teleurstellings en sy nederlae. Dit is ook waar ten opsigte van die geskiedenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag. Die tydperk onder bespreking gee egter meer blyke van prestasie as teleurstelling, meer blyke van oorwinning as nederlaag met betrekking tot werklike oor logsdeelname maar meer so betreffende persoonlike taakvervulling. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan individuele deursettingsvermoe, ywer, toewyding en idealisme-eienskappe wat dien tot herinnering maar ook tot besieling vir toekomstige geslagte. ENGLISH: The South African Air Force actively participated on different fronts during the Second World War. Apart from maritime operations along the African coast and the transport of personnel and material in Africa and Europe, they also operated in three theatres of war in East Africa, North Africa and the countries bordering the Central Mediterranean. However, the question now arises how effective these operations were and to which extent the South African Air Force contributed towards the ultimate destruction of the Axis Powers. To answer these questions the different operations of the Air Force Squadrons during the war were analized and evaluated. The researcher arrived at the following conclusions: In the course of the war the South African Air Force played a substantial role in the subjugation of the Axis Powers. In Eastern and Northern Africa, as well as in the Mediterranean area, the South African Squadrons excelled in assisting land and sea force operations while they were also instrumental in the attainment of air superiority. At the same time squadrons involved in maritime reconnaissance and transportation also took honours for their efforts. This magnificent record was achieved through supreme courage, fortitude and idealism on the part of the men and women involved. South Africa could therefore be justly proud of the more than 44 000 men who volunteered for service in the South African Air Force during the war. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Jurisprudence / unrestricted

In hierdie studie word ondersoek ingestel na die rolspelers in die Afrikaanse literêre sisteem wat tot kanonisering aanleiding gee. Die literêre sisteem word gekarteer deur die publikasies, resepsie daarvan en openbare debatte daaroor vir die tydperk 2000–2009 te ondersoek. Daar word aandag gegee aan die uitgewersbedryf; mediapraktyke; literêre pryse; vertalings; bloemlesings; literatuurgeskiedenisse; skryfskole; verwerking van literêre werke vir film en die uitvoerende kunste; die impak wat die sensuurwetgewing op die status van skrywers en die bedryf gehad het; leeskringe en ’n aantal kleiner rolspelers soos boeksubsidies, biblioteke, literêre tydskrifte, skrywersverenigings en literêre toerisme. Daar word verder ook aandag gegee aan die wyse waarop hiërargieë in die sisteem tot stand kom, kanonisering bewerkstellig word, knelpunte in die magspel tot uiting kom in veral openbare debatte, en die wyse waarop eksterne faktore op die sisteem inspeel. Die studie wys op die fyn netwerk wat onstaan as verbande tussen verskillende rolspelers in die literêre sisteem van nader ondersoek word. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Information Science / unrestricted

Energy is the main driving force behind all human activities. Energy use is blamed for its contribution to greenhouse gas, environmental degradation among others. Energy efficiency has been identified as an important tool to address these issues. Recognising the important role of energy efficiency, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) introduced policy measures to address energy efficiency at both regional and national levels. South Africa (a member state of SADC) followed by introducing policies, legislation, tax incentives and voluntary measures such as SANS standards and ISO 50001 to address energy use via energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to assess South Africa’s framework pertaining to energy efficiency and determine whether they correspond to the SADC energy frameworks. In this study, it is indicated that energy efficiency does not have a universally acceptable definition. SADC’s frameworks pertaining to energy efficiency are quite vague compared to South Africa’s policy framework. South Africa’s policies, legal frameworks and voluntary instruments correspond with the SADC frameworks and even go beyond these frameworks. It is recommended that SADC’s frameworks should specify measures of attaining energy efficiency within its mandated tools, urge member states to develop legislation as well as voluntary measures as means of attaining energy efficiency. The South African Minister of Energy on the other hand, should fulfil the mandate of the Electricity Regulation Act and the National Energy Act by enacting regulations pertaining to energy efficiency. Incentives for the introduction of voluntary energy efficiency measures should also be developed. / LLM (Environmental law and governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the current South African regulatory framework related to the illegal trade in wildlife, provides the means to regulate the illegal trade in rhino horn effectively. In an effort to combat and eradicate the illegal trade in wild species and parts therein, South Africa has enacted numerous laws and it has ratified various international conservation Conventions. However, with more than 800 rhinos having been killed in 2013 alone, it is doubtful whether these laws and conventions are adequate. The first chapter is an introductory chapter summarising the latest statistics on rhinos fatalities as a result of poaching, an estimate on their numbers as well giving a brief overview of what laws and conventions will be discussed in this study. In the second chapter the historical development of the trade in rhino horn is dissected, who the culprits are and the reason why rhinos are poached for their horn. The third chapter analyses international conventions that have been adopted by South Africa, including conventions such as the Convention on International Trade in Enangered Species, the Convention on Biological Diversity and agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The fourth chapter will focus more on the regional contributions which the African Union and Southern African Developing Community have made in an effort to combat the illegal trade in endangered species and their products such as rhino. The fifth and final chapter discusses South African legislation which comprises of the National Environmental Management Act, National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, National Environmental Management Protected Areas Act and the Criminal Procedure Act so as to determine what influence it has had in the effort to regulate the illegal trade in rhino horn. The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that the South African regulatory framework on paper is indeed adequate enough to regulate and even eradicate the illegal trade in rhino horn. The reason, however, for it’s currently failure is attributable to a lack of enforcement of these measures as a result of a lack of provisions holding entities accountable. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015