The thesis is devoted to the position of rating agencies in the financial markets. The main aim is to predict the position of these companies, which is currently mainly influenced by the European politicians. Politicians criticize them and try to limit their power. The essence of this thesis is to summarize the reasons for their criticism, focusing on reduction of sovereign ratings. Then it's discussed a downgrading the USA and France. For the first time in a history they lost their AAA rating. The last chapter is devoted to the possible position of rating agencies. The first option is the establishment of the European rating agency, the other one is tightening regulation and the last is a situation if the rating agencies were abolished.

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Schizophrenie ist eine komplexe Störung, die sich in einer Vielzahl von Symptomen manifestiert. Diese schließen Änderungen in der subjektiven Wahrnehmung von sich als ein Selbst in der Welt ein, die als Selbststörungen bezeichnet werden. Der erste Artikel ist eine theoretische Beurteilung der experimentellen Paradigmen, die zur Messung von Agency verwendet werden. Es setzt sich auch mit dem Verständnis von scheinbar widersprüchlichen empirischen Befunden bezüglich Störungen von Agency in der Schizophrenie auseinander. Der zweite Artikel beschreibt eine Verhaltensstudie, in der 50 Probanden an einem semistrukturiertes Gespräch teilnahmen. Dieses Gespräch wurde mit einem eigens entwickelten Fragebogen zur Selbststörung durchgeführt, welches auf einer phenomänologischen Auffassung der Selbststörung basiert. Das Ziel dieser Studie war, zu untersuchen, ob Selbststörungssymptome, welche bei der Schizophrenie auftreten, ebenfalls in einer nicht-klinischen Population mit erhöhter Schizotypie zu finden sind. Außerdem sollte bestimmt werden, ob der neue Fragebogen Selbststörungssymptome verlässlich misst. In der Tat zeigte die Messung anhand dieses Fragebogens eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen verschiedenen Bewertern. In der im dritten Artikel beschriebenen Studie wurde bei 26 Probanden Eyetracking verwendet, um zu untersuchen, ob die bei der Schizophrenie zu beobachtenden Defizite bei willentlichen Sakkaden auch bei Personen mit nicht-klinisch erhöhter Schizotypie auftreten. Der Vergleich zwischen willentlichen und visuell geführten Sakkaden ermöglicht die experimentelle Manipulation des Grades an empfundener Agency über die Augenbewegungen. Es ergab eine starke negative Korrelation zwischen der Reaktionszeit bei visuell geführten Sakkaden und dem Grad der Selbststörung. Mit dieser Studie wird zum ersten Mal ein Zusammenhang zwischen Selbststörungssymptomen und Verhalten in einer Augenbewegungsaufgabe nachgewiesen. / Schizophrenia is a complex condition which manifests in a broad variety of symptoms, including alterations in the subjective experience of one as a self within the world, which are termed self disorders. The first paper is a theoretical examination of the experimental paradigms which are used for measuring agency. It also discusses how apparently contradictory empirical findings regarding disorders of agency in schizophrenia can be understood. The second paper refers to a behavioural study of 50 participants using a novel semi-structured interview, based upon a phenomenological conception of self disorder. It addresses whether self disorder symptoms typically found in schizophrenia are also found in a non-clinical high-schizotypy population and whether these symptoms can be measured reliably with this technique. The measurement of self disorders in this format was found to have good inter-rater reliability. The third paper used eye tracking to examine whether the deficits in volitional saccades found in schizophrenia would also be found in 26 non-clinical high-schizotypy subjects. Comparing volitional to visually-guided saccade allows experimental manipulation of the degree of agency over the eye movement that a subject experiences. A strong negative correlation between visually guided saccade latency and self disorder score was found. This is the first time that a link from self disorder symptoms to performance in eye movement tasks has been made.

In this thesis I deal with role of rating agencies in the context of today's financial crisis. In particular, I focus on the segment evaluation of credit rating structured securities, the three largest credit rating agencies. The main part of this work include: financing credit rating agencies and regulation of credit rating agencies in the U.S. and the EU, securitization and the role of rating agencies and analysis of default studies of rating agencies. The last part is the comparison of default rates of structured finance segment by rating notches and comparison of volatility ratings of structured securities by rating notches selected the rating agencies. The time frame I set in the period from 2005 to 2012, which is evident during the financial crisis and its impact on changes in notches and default rates.

Am Beispiel der UdSSR werden formale und inhaltliche Voraussetzungen eines Beitritts eines (noch) "sozialistischen" Staates mit einer Zentralverwaltungswirtschaft zu den beiden wichtigsten internationalen Finanzinstitutionen, Internationaler Währungsfonds und Weltbank (samt deren "Schwester"-Organisationen), diskutiert.

Die jüngste Einrichtung der Weltbankgruppe befasst sich - in Ergänzung zum Internationalen Zentrum für die Beilegung von Investitionsstreitigkeiten (ICSID) - mit dem Schutz grenzüberschreitender (Direkt-)Investitionen durch Garantien gegen Auslandsrisiken. Dabei wirkt sie nicht nur als Abrundung des Schutzes durch bilaterale Investitionsschutzverträge und nationale Investitionsversicherungen, sondern kann auch als Katalysator für eine bessere Kooperation im Nord-Süd-Verhältnis bedeutsam werden.

The thesis focuses on the role of rating agencies in the financial crisis. The aim of the thesis is to judge a rate how much rating agencies contributed to give rise to last financial crisis, began by fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008. A main question is whether rating agencies acted inadvertently or on purpose and which all factors contributed most to result in financial crisis and as well how the rating agencies could influence and cope with these factors. The thesis deals with regulation of rating agencies and their appropriateness too. Rating and its aspects in theoretical way are described in the first part of the work. The real situation of rating industry prior to and in financial crisis is described in the second practical part of the thesis.

How are people who generally see others positively evaluated themselves? We propose that the answer to this question crucially hinges on the content domain: We hypothesize that Agency follows a “zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Agency are perceived as low in Agency themselves. In contrast, we hypothesize that Communion follows a “non-zero-sum principle” and therefore people who see others as high in Communion are perceived as high in Communion themselves. We tested these hypotheses in a round-robin and a half-block study. Perceiving others as agentic was indeed linked to being perceived as low in Agency. To the contrary, perceiving others as communal was linked to being perceived as high in Communion, but only when people directly interacted with each other. These results help to clarify the nature of Agency and Communion and offer explanations for divergent findings in the literature.

The work analyzes market of public relations in the Czech Republic in the period from 2013 to 2015 based on the available data. Data come from research for The Association of PR Agencies (APRA) and from the balance sheets of selected agencies. The main hypothesis says, there is a monopolistic competition on the Czech market of PR agencies, because there is homogenous product, a large number of agencies, no entry barriers and agencies don´t have market power. I tested the hypothesis by calculating the Concentration coefficient and the Herfindahl Hirschman Index. Both methods confirmed the main hypothesis of monopolistic competition in this market. Work also includes the TOP 10 of PR agencies in the Czech market according to turnovers. It shows that the largest agency in the 2013 was Bison & Rose and in 2014 and 2015 it was AMI Communications. I also compared the changes in income and in prices of services by agencies that are members of APRA. So I can say that between the period from 2013 to 2015 there was a 18% growth in income of agencies, which was caused by higher quality of orders and not by raising prices.

Am Beispiel der UdSSR werden formale und inhaltliche Voraussetzungen eines Beitritts eines (noch) "sozialistischen" Staates mit einer Zentralverwaltungswirtschaft zu den beiden wichtigsten internationalen Finanzinstitutionen, Internationaler Währungsfonds und Weltbank (samt deren "Schwester"-Organisationen), diskutiert.