Orientador: Eleni Gomes / Resumo: As leveduras são organismos quimiorganotróficos que utilizam principalmente glicose como fonte de energia e carbono. Além da glicose, outros açúcares fermentescíveis se encontram em abundância na natureza e têm sido subaproveitados na indústria, dos quais se destaca a xilose. Para algumas leveduras, como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a utilização de pentoses é limitada pela carência de transportadores de membrana específicos e enzimas intracelulares para a metabolização deste açúcar. Entretanto, algumas leveduras são capazes de utilizar xilose como fonte de carbono e bioconverte-la em produtos como etanol, ácidos orgânicos ou peptídeos. Isso implica na existência de um sistema de transporte e enzimas intracelulares para metabolizala. Neste contexto, a prospecção de enzimas auxiliares despolimerizantes do material lignocelulósico, tais como β-glicosidases e α-L-arabinofuranosidases, também assume função importante para obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis. Além disso, poucos estudos estão disponíveis a respeito da produção de peptídeos bioativos por leveduras, quais podem ser fontes promissoras de produção dos mesmos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho buscou investigar o consumo de xilose, a produção de peptídeos com atividade biológica e a produção de βglicosidases pelas espécies Pichia ofunaensis e Trichosporon multisporon, assim como a produção de α-L-arabinofuranosidases por Aureobasidium pullulans e A. leucospermi. As enzimas foram prospectadas utilizando farelo de trigo como ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Yeasts are chemorganotrophic organisms that mainly use glucose as a source of energy and carbon. In addition to glucose, other fermentable sugars are found in abundance in nature and have been underutilized in the industry, of which xylose stands out. For some yeasts, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the use of pentoses is limited by the lack of specific membrane transporters and intracellular enzymes for the metabolization of this sugar. However, some yeasts are able to use xylose as a carbon source and bioconvert it into products such as etanol, organic acids or peptides. This implies the existence of a transport system and intracellular enzymes to metabolize it. The fermentation of pentoses is an essential step to improve the yield in the production of ethanol and organic acids. In this context, the prospection of depolymerizing auxiliary enzymes of lignocellulosic material, such as β-glycosidases and α-Larabinofuranosidases, also plays an important role in obtaining fermentable sugars. In addition, few studies are available regarding the production of bioactive peptides by yeasts, which can be promising sources of their production. Thus, the present work sought to investigate the consumption of xylose, the production of peptides with biological activity and the production of β-glycosidases by the species Pichia ofunaensis and Trichosporon multisporon, as well as the production of α-L-arabinofuranosidases by Aureobasidium pullulans and A. leucospermi. The enzymes were pro... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Durante las últimas décadas a raíz del crecimiento macroeconómico y los diferentes actos no éticos tanto a nivel mundial como en el Perú, se crea la necesidad de encontrar un mecanismo que permita determinar la transparencia corporativa a través de la divulgación de información. En ese sentido, la presente investigación tiene como propósito principal construir una herramienta de medición de transparencia corporativa aplicado a la realidad peruana. Para la creación del índice de transparencia se utilizó la metodología propuesta por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (con sus siglas en inglés OCDE), la definición de sus componentes se soporta de investigaciones previas y modelos referentes. El resultado de la aplicación del modelo demuestra que el índice de transparencia corporativa del sector agroindustrial tiene un nivel de transparencia bajo con una puntuación de 42.6. Adicionalmente la presente investigación demuestra que si es factible desarrollar un índice de transparencia corporativa aplicado a cualquier sector, existiendo una relación entre el índice de transparencia corporativa y sus dimensiones. Por lo tanto, el uso de esta herramienta puede ser aplicado a cualquier sector económico peruano y los resultados servirán para investigaciones futuras relacionadas principalmente con el análisis de las empresas de otros países. / During the last decades, as a result of macroeconomic growth and different non-ethical acts both globally and in Peru, the need to create a mechanism to determine corporate transparency through the disclosure of both voluntary and mandatory information according to the type of company and the ownership structure. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to build a measurement tool for Corporate Transparency applied to the Peruvian reality. The methodology for the creation of the transparency index will be the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (With its acronym in English OCDE), based on the contributions of previous research, the components of the corporate transparency index were determined. The result of the investigation shows that the corporate transparency index of the agroindustrial sector is low rating scale of 42.6. Aditionally this investigation show that is feasible to develop a corporate transparency index applied to any sector, there is a relationship between the corporate transparency index and its dimensions. Therefore, the use of this tool can also be applied to any Peruvian economic sector and the results will be useful for future research related mainly to the analysis of companies from other countries.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo proponer un Índice de Transparencia Corporativa que pueda aplicarse a cualquier empresa y cualquier sector industrial. Para dicha finalidad, esta propuesta ha sido elaborada mediante la metodología de la OCDE, considerando el reconocimiento internacional que tiene dicha institución. La propuesta de Índice de Transparencia Corporativa analiza seis dimensiones, conformadas por 22 factores y 41 variables. Las dimensiones analizadas se encuentran en base a la definición de Transparencia Corporativa, la cual mantiene un enfoque integral y es definida como las políticas de Gobierno Corporativo que permiten la apertura y el libre flujo de información confiable y de calidad por parte de la empresa hacia sus grupos de interés. Las seis dimensiones son: (a) información general, (b) información comercial, (c) información financiera y contable, (d) gobernanza corporativa, (e) responsabilidad social, y (f) lucha contra la corrupción y comunicación. Es necesario indicar que las tres primeras dimensiones analizan información de carácter general y obligatorio; mientras que, las tres últimas, evalúan información de carácter voluntario. Cabe precisar, que las seis dimensiones analizan información de carácter abierta, obtenida de fuentes de internet. Respecto a la aplicación, este modelo de Índice de Transparencia Corporativa fue aplicado al sector agroindustrial, en la región de La Libertad, analizando información abierta de seis empresas de dicha locación que reportan a la Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores (SMV). Como resultado, el sector agroindustrial ha demostrado que tiene un nivel de Transparencia Corporativa bajo, porque logró un resultado general de 44 puntos de un total de 100; siendo la dimensión información de clientes la de menor nivel de transparencia (6 puntos de un total de 100). / This research is intended to propose a Corporate Transparency rate that may be applied to any corporation and any industrial sector. For such purpose, the proposed Corporate Transparency rate has been prepared under the OCDE methodology, considering the international recognition that this institution has. The proposal of a Corporate Transparency rate analyzes six dimensions, which consist of 21 factors and 41 variables. The analyzed dimensions are based on the definition of Corporate Transparency, which keeps an integral approach and is defined as Corporate Government policies that enable openness and free reliable data flow and quality flow by the corporation towards its interest groups. The six dimensions are: (a) general information, (b) commercial information, (c) financial and accounting, (d) corporate governance, (e) social responsibility, and (f) fighting corruption and communication. It is necessary to indicate that the three first dimensions analyze general and compulsory information, while the next three assess voluntary character information. It is worth mentioning that these six dimensions analyze open character information, obtained from internet sources. Regarding the application, this Corporate Transparency rate was applied to the agroindustrial sector in La Libertad region, analyzing open information of six corporations in said location reporting to the Superintendencia de Mercado de Valores (SMV in Spanish) (Superintendence of the Stock Market). As a result, the agroindustrial sector has proven a low Corporate Transparency level because it obtained a general result of 44 points out of 100. The lowest level of transparency (6 points out of 100) was client information.

Industrial Process S.R.L., ubicada en Lima, Perú, cuenta con una oficina administrativa y un almacén en el distrito de San Borja. Inició operaciones en diciembre de 2006, importando y comercializando repuestos industriales. Es distribuidor oficial en Perú de las marcas Danfoss, Keller, Winters, Dwyer, Aplisens, PR Electronics, Dinel, BrainChild y Baumer. La consultoría tiene como objetivo identificar las causas del descenso de utilidades. Mediante reuniones con el Gerente General y los líderes de la empresa, se elaboró una matriz de priorización del problema, determinando las siguientes causas: inadecuada planificación de compras de productos importados, incremento de compras locales, deficiente coordinación entre logística y ventas, falta de stock de productos y cancelación de pedidos por incumplimiento de fechas de entrega. La gerencia decidió implementar un software ERP para integrar y sistematizar la gestión de logística, almacén, comercial y finanzas. El plan de implementación se desarrollará en cinco meses, mejorando la organización interna, evitando duplicidad de información y generando reportes gerenciales, planificación de compras y proyecciones de ventas basadas en datos históricos y tendencias estadísticas. El presupuesto para la implementación es de S/. 418,140. La inversión es rentable con un VAN de S/ 1,458,427, una TIR de 153.37% y un periodo de recuperación de ocho meses y 27 días en el escenario optimista. En el escenario pesimista, el VAN es S/ 437,939, la TIR es 59.30% y el periodo de recuperación es de un año, diez meses y once días. / Industrial Process S.R.L., located in Lima, Peru, has an administrative office and a warehouse in the San Borja district. The company began operations in December 2006, importing and commercializing industrial spare parts. It is the official distributor in Peru for the brands Danfoss, Keller, Winters, Dwyer, Aplisens, PR Electronics, Dinel, BrainChild, and Baumer. The consultancy aims to identify the causes of the decline in profits. Through meetings with the General Manager and the company leaders, a problem prioritization matrix was developed, determining the following causes: inadequate planning of imported product purchases, an increase in local purchases, poor coordination between logistics and sales, lack of product stock, and order cancellations due to missed delivery dates. Management decided to implement ERP software to integrate and systematize the management of logistics, warehouse, commercial, and finance. The implementation plan will span five months, improving internal organization, avoiding duplication of information, and generating management reports, purchase planning, and sales projections based on historical data and statistical trends. The implementation budget is S/. 418,140. The investment is profitable with an NPV of S/. 1,458,427, an IRR of 153.37%, and a payback period of eight months and 27 days in the optimistic scenario. In the pessimistic scenario, the NPV is S/. 437,939, the IRR is 59.30%, and the payback period is one year, ten months, and eleven days.

Vista del Valle es una empresa agroindustrial creada en el 2014 y dedicada a la producción, transformación y comercio de productos orgánicos certificados; principalmente de frutas y hortalizas. Esta industria y mercado son relativamente nuevos en el Perú y tienen alto potencial de crecimiento debido a la mayor demanda de productos responsables con el medio ambiente y la salud de los consumidores. El principal problema que tiene la empresa es que no cuenta con una estrategia de gestión empresarial sostenible. A pesar de esta situación, el mercado ha fomentado su crecimiento en un 117% en los últimos seis años. Esta falta de estrategia impide que Vista del Valle incremente su tasa de crecimiento a todo el potencial que las oportunidades del mercado ofrecen. Entre las principales causas del problema están la ausencia de una estructura organizacional, ausencia de una gestión financiera, ausencia de una gestión de proveedores y deficiente plan de marketing. Luego de haber identificado el problema y analizado sus causas en coordinación con el Ing. David Arenas (gerente general), se propusieron ocho alternativas de solución. Las mismas que se asociaron a los temas materiales de Vista del Valle vinculados al GRI. Las cuales – después de ser sometidas a los criterios de evaluación de tiempo, costo, efectividad y valor compartido – se prioriza la implementación de las siguientes cuatro: (a) definir e implementar una estructura organizacional; (b) mejorar e implementar el Plan de Marketing y Etiquetado; (c) definir e implementar Plan de Gestión de Proveedores; y, (d) definir e implementar una Política de Gestión Financiera. Estas le permitirán a dicha empresa llegar a cumplir su misión, visión y los objetivos estratégicos definidos a corto, mediano y largo plazo. El plazo de implementación previsto es de dos años. Se concluye que la implementación de indicadores GRI determinados para Vista del Valle permitirá el crecimiento sostenible de la empresa, el control, implementación y mantenimiento del Plan de Gestión Sostenible. / Vista del Valle is an agro-industrial company which become incorporated back in 2014. It dedicated to the production, processing, and trade of certified organic products, mainly greenhouse fruits and vegetables. This industry and market are relatively new in Peru and have high growth potential due to the increased demand for environmentally responsible products and consumer health. The company's main problem is that it does not have a sustainable business management strategy. Despite this situation, the market has encouraged the company to grow by 117% over the past six years. This situation limits the company from increasing its growth rate even further. Among the main causes of the problem are the absence of an organizational structure, absence of financial management, absence of vendor management and poor marketing plan. After identifying the problem and analyzing its causes – in coordination the David Arenas, general manager – eight alternatives of solution were proposed. These were related with Vista del Valles’s material issues and linked to the GRI. From these, after being subject of evaluation criteria of time, cost, effectiveness and share value, the following four were prioritized for implementation: (a) define and implement an organizational structure; (b) improve and implement the Marketing and Labeling Plan; (c) define and implement a Supplier Management Plan; and, (d) define and implement a Financial Management Policy. The selected ones will enable the company to achieve its mission, vision and strategic objectives defined in the short, medium, and long term. The expected implementation period is two years. It is concluded that the implementation of GRI indicators determined for Vista del Valle will allow the sustainable growth of the company, the control, implementation, and maintenance of the Sustainable Management Plan.

La teoría encaminada a explicar el fenómeno coopetitivo sigue sin explicar los factores que condicionan la forma de gestionar las tensiones y conflictos; más aún en el caso ecuatoriano en donde no existen estudios que, desde una perspectiva empírica, aborden la forma en que se manifiesta la paradoja coopetitiva en las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Ante este vacío de conocimiento, la investigación tuvo el propósito de identificar las fuentes de tensiones que surgen durante las interacciones coopetitivas entre Pymes del sector agroindustrial del Ecuador, y conocer los factores que determinan su magnitud, así como las circunstancias que favorecen o dificultan la gestión de dichas tensiones. El estudio fue realizado desde un enfoque cualitativo mediante un estudio de casos múltiples en el que participaron 15 expertos en gestión estratégica y 54 ejecutivos pertenecientes a 25 empresas de los subsectores del banano, cacao, camarón y flores de ese país. Los resultados indican que las tensiones y conflictos que surgen durante las relaciones coopetitivas interempresariales derivan de factores unilaterales propios de cada organización, así como también están influenciadas por circunstancias externas asociadas al sector de actividad y al mercado. La investigación destaca la importancia de fortalecer la capacidad de gestionar las tensiones coopetitivas, incluso en presencia de conflictos, rivalidades e intereses divergentes. Esto implica que las partes interesadas deben desplegar nuevas relaciones basadas en la confianza, el respeto mutuo y el reconocimiento de intereses legítimos con el objetivo de compartir recursos, reducir costos y aprovechar nuevas oportunidades de negocios. Las implicaciones prácticas de los hallazgos resaltan las oportunidades perdidas de crecimiento y mejora continua, escasa creación de valor compartido y mayor vulnerabilidad a las fluctuaciones en los mercados internacionales. / The theory aimed at elucidating the coopetitive phenomenon still falls short in explaining the factors governing the management of tensions and conflicts, above all explaining how the coopetitive paradox manifests in small and medium-sized enterprises. Recognizing this knowledge gap, the research set out to identify the sources of tensions emerging during coopetitive interactions among exporting SMEs in the Ecuadorian agroindustry. The study also sought to understand the factors determining the magnitude of these tensions and the circumstances that facilitate or impede their management. Employing a qualitative approach, this research was carried out using multiple case studies involving fifteen experts in strategic management, and 54 executives from 25 companies in the banana, cocoa, shrimp, and flowers subsectors. The findings reveal that tensions and conflicts arising from coopetitive inter-business relationships stem from organization-specific unilateral factors, as well as by external circumstances associated with sector and market dynamics. The study underscores the significance of enhancing the capacity to manage coopetitive tensions, even in the presence of conflicts, rivalries, and divergent interests. This necessitates stakeholders establishing new relationships grounded in trust, mutual respect, and acknowledgment of legitimate interests, with the objective of resource-sharing, cost reduction, and capitalizing on emerging business opportunities. The practical implications of the findings highlight missed opportunities for growth and continuous improvement, as well as reducing the ability to create shared value, making them more vulnerable to fluctuations in international markets.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que influyeron en las exportaciones de Pisco al mercado de Estados Unidos en el marco del TLC en el periodo del 2002 al 2018. Se describirán los conceptos principales para lograr una mayor comprensión de la presente investigación. Se revisarán los antecedentes del sector pisquero en el Perú y su evolución a lo largo de los años a nivel local e internacional para medir su crecimiento en el mercado de estudio, tanto en volumen como en valor FOB. Asimismo, se revisará teoría de propiedad intelectual para lograr comprobar si es que la denominación de origen Pisco se encuentra dentro de los factores que han influenciado directamente en la exportación del Pisco. Por último, se evaluará la competitividad y el nivel de cuota de mercado del producto en mención frente a su principal competidor, Chile. Los tres objetivos planteados en el presente estudio tienen como propósito comprobar si es que los factores antes mencionados tienen injerencia directa con el tema en estudio y comprobar las hipótesis planteadas, lo cual se probará con la ayuda de un software estadístico y por medio de entrevistas. Para ello, se recopiló información a través de diversas herramientas metodológicas tales como: datos estadísticos de la SUNAT y del portal de Adex Data Trade, y entrevistas a expertos en temas relacionados al sector vitivinícola, en específico en el sector pisquero. / The present investigation aims to determinate the factors that influenced exports of Pisco to the USA market within the framework of the Trade Promotion Agreement in the term from 2002 to 2008. The main concepts will be described to achieve greater compression of the present investigation. The background of the pisco sector in Peru and its evolution over the years at local and international level will be reviewed to measure its growth in the market of study both in volume and in FOB value. Likewise, intellectual property theory will be reviewed, in order to verify whether the Pisco designation of origin is among the factors that have directly influenced the export of Pisco. Finally, the competitiveness and the level of market share will be evaluated of the product in question against its main competitor, Chile. The three principals aims set out in this study are to verify whether the aforementioned factors have direct interference with the subject under study and check the hypotheses, which will be tested with the help of statistical software and interviews. Therefore, information was collected through several methodological tools such as: statistical data of SUNAT, and the portal of Adex Data Trade, and interviews with experts, specifically in the Pisco Sector. / Tesis

A resiliência, conceitualmente, tem sendo vista como a capacidade de reinventar dinamicamente os modelos de negócios e as estratégias, na mesma frequência com que as circunstâncias mudam, ou seja, um recurso para antecipar e se adaptar continuadamente às mudanças que ameaçam a capacidade financeira ou o núcleo de poder das empresas. Levando em consideração o contexto da cana-de-açúcar e o conceito de resiliência foi estabelecido como objetivo principal, desta pesquisa, contribuir para o entendimento de como reconhecer ou identificar uma cadeia de suprimentos resiliente. Para tal, a abordagem metodológica municiou-se da construção de um modelo de simulação da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, para os elos agrícola e industrial. Avaliou-se empiricamente o conceito de resiliência na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar, por meio do Triângulo da Resiliência, proposto por Bruneau et al. (2003). Para este fim, utilizaram-se margens econômicas extraídas do modelo de simulação construído. Foi adaptado e estabelecido uma definição de cadeia de suprimentos resiliente compatíveis com Eventos Perturbadores Identificados de Longo Efeito. Analisou-se a relação da resiliência com os fatores de capacidades e fatores de vulnerabilidades na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Criou-se uma curva de experiência partilhando as reduções de custos específicos, dentro dos elos agrícola e industrial, procurando identificar avanços tecnológicos e caracterizar a aprendizagem responsável. Os resultados apontaram que foi possível identificar uma cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar resiliente pelo método proposto. Identificaram-se as Razões de Progressão, os eventos deflagradores mais significativos, as estratégias adotadas e os resultados das estratégias. Finalmente, compararam-se as fontes de resiliência e alteração de custos e margens identificadas, criando um quadro onde se agregava três naturezas de fatores de influência: tecnológicos, políticos e mercadológicos. Para cada um deles foi detalhado e examinado, criando uma tipologia de fatores capazes de influenciar os custos e margens da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados, também, retratam uma redução de custos ao longo do tempo, com efeitos de curto prazo para a cadeia. O trabalho se destaca pela inovação no método de uso da resiliência, além de sua aplicação inédita na cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar, uma ampliação do conhecimento no desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de gerar margens econômicas, dada certas tecnologias, dentro de uma usina produtora de etanol, açúcar e bioenergia, assim como uma extensiva identificação retrospectiva de todas influências que podem afetar os custos e margens, contribuindo para o maior entendimento da cadeia de suprimentos da cana-de-açúcar. / Conceptually resilience has been seen as the ability to dynamically reinvent business models and strategies at the same frequency as circumstances change, that is, a resource to continually anticipate and adapt to changes that threaten financial capacity or the core of business power. Taking into account the context of sugarcane and theconcept of resilience it was established as themain objective of this research is to contribute to the understanding of how to recognize or identify a resilient supply chain. Therefore, the methodological approach was based on the construction of model of simulationof the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil, for the agricultural and industrial links. The concept of resilience in the sugarcane supply chain was empirically evaluated through the Resilience Triangle proposed by Bruneau et al. (2003). For this purpose, economic margins extracted from the constructed simulation model were used. A resilient supply chain definition that is compatible with Long-Term Identified Disturbing Events has been adapted and established. The relationship among resilience, capacity factors and vulnerability factors in the sugarcane supply chain in Brazil was analyzed. An experience curve has been created by sharing the specific cost reductions within the agricultural and industrial links, seeking to identify technological advances and characterize responsible learning. The results showed that the proposed method can identify the sugarcane supply chain resilience. The Progression Ratios, the most significant triggers, the strategies adopted and the results of the strategies were identified. Finally, the resilience sources, the changes in costs, and the identified margins were compared, creating a framework where three types of influence factors were added: technological, political and market. Each one of them was detailed and examined, creating a typology of factors capable of influencing the costs and margins of the sugarcane supply chain. The results also portray a cost reduction over time, with short-term effects for the chain. The work stands out for its innovation in the method of using resilience, as well as its unprecedent application in the sugarcane supply chain. That means, an expansion of knowledge in the model of a development capable of generating economic margins, due to certain technologiesin an ethanol, sugar and bioenergy plant, as well as an extensive retrospective identification of all influences that may affect costs and margins.This contributes to a better understanding of the supply chain of sugarcane.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiola G_ Nesello Vieira.pdf: 1352690 bytes, checksum: dde9077ce35994c9a408a58112929a03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / The abundant lignocellulosic biomass in agro-industrial waste can be reused as an inexpensive substrate for inducing the production of enzymes such as &#946;-xylosidases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the production of &#946;-xylosidase from Aspergillus fumigatus (PC-7S-2 M), isolated from the Atlantic Forest of the Dog Head State Park (Paraná, Brazil) and later identified by morphological and molecular (ITS) methods. The mesophilic fungus was grown at 28 °C in liquid culture media containing Czapeck and 1% of different agroindustrial residues (w/v): passion fruit peel, Ponkan peel, barley brewing residue, soy flakes and ripe banana peel. Inoculants of 105 conidia ml-1 were incubated for 7 days, filtered and assayed for &#946;-xylosidase intracellular activity obtaining a maximum value of 15 U ml-1 of the enzyme in the presence of barley brewing residue after 4 days of cultivation. Then, it was used a Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) to optimize the production of &#946;-xylosidase, using barley brewing residue as carbon source at a significance level of p<0.10 which generated a predicted model of 245.04 U ml-1. Model validation provided an average optimized result equal to 229.06 U ml-1 for the enzyme. Thus, the production of &#946;-xylosidase increased in 1,500% over the initially obtained for A. fumigatus in the presence of the barley brewing residue, therefore, achieving 93.47% of the predicted model. This finding emphasizes the availability of A. fumigatus &#946;-xylosidase production with possible applications in several biotechnological process. / A biomassa lignocelulósica abundante nos resíduos agroindustriais, pode ser reutilizada como substrato barato para induzir a produção de enzimas, como &#946;-Xilosidases. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a produção de &#946;-Xilosidase de Aspergillus fumigatus (PC-7S-2 M), isolado da Mata Atlântica do Parque Estadual Cabeça do Cachorro (Paraná, Brasil) e posteriormente identificado por métodos morfológicos e moleculares (ITS). O fungo mesofílico foi cultivado à temperatura de 28 °C em meios líquidos de cultura Czapeck, contendo 1% de diferentes resíduos agroindustriais (w/v): casca de maracujá, casca de pokan, bagaço de cevada, flocos de soja e casca de banana madura. Inóculos de 105 conídios mL-1 foram incubados durante 7 dias, filtrados e submetidos a dosagem de &#946;-Xilosidase intracelular, obtendo-se um valor máximo de 15 U ml-1 para a enzima na presença de bagaço de cevada com 4 dias de cultivo. Assim, utilizou-se um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) para otimizar a produção de &#61538;-Xilosidase, usando o bagaço de cevada como fonte de carbono em um nível de significância p < 0,10, o qual gerou um modelo predito de 245,04 U ml-1. A validação do modelo forneceu um resultado otimizado médio igual a 229,06 U ml-1 para a enzima. Assim, a produção de &#946;-Xilosidase aumentou em 1.500% em relação à obtida inicialmente para o fungo A. fumigatus na presença de bagaço de cevada como fonte de carbono (15 U ml-1), permitindo, deste modo, alcançar 93,47 % do modelo predito. Este achado ressalta a viabilidade de produção de &#946;-Xilosidase de A. fumigatus com possíveis aplicações em vários processos biotecnológicos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rice husk is a fairly abundant agro-industrial waste in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, hence the same has been suggested and studied to be used as in lignocellulosic hydrolysis to produce fermentable sugars material. However, processes of hydrolysis in most cases are more expensive and impractical. In this context, this work aimed to study which evaluated acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice hulls to obtain fermentable sugars using some alternative technologies such as ultrasound and supercritical CO2 to increase the yields of sugars. In the acid hydrolysis, the yields obtained at optimized conditions were 113.0 and 162.0 g.kg-1 for conventional and ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis, where the yield obtained by ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis was around 43% higher than for the conventional hydrolysis. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, it was evaluated the use of supercritical CO2 as co-solvent and ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis and the results were compared with conventional procedure. Maximum yield of fermentable sugar obtained was about 16 g.kg-1using conventional or ultrasound-assisted hydrolyses. The yield obtained in the hydrolysis using supercritical CO2 as co-solvent was around 4.2 g.kg-1. Enzymatic hydrolysis using conventional procedure showed to be the best alternative to obtain fermentable sugar from rice hulls since the innovative technologies employed did not lead to better results. For acid hydrolysis, it was possible to obtain high yield using less acid and low temperature, in a manner that ultrasound can be used as a device for process intensification. / A casca de arroz é um resíduo agroindustrial bastante abundante no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, deste modo à mesma vem sendo sugerida e estudada para ser usada como material lignocelulósico em hidrólises para a produção de açúcares fermentescíveis. Entretanto, processos de hidrólises na maioria das vezes não possuem um alto rendimento o que torna o processo ainda mais caro e inviável. Dentro desse contexto o presente trabalho teve o intuito de realizar um estudo onde avaliou hidrólise ácida e enzimática da casca de arroz para a obtenção de açúcares fermentescíveis utilizando algumas tecnologias alternativas, como o banho de ultrassom e CO2 supercrítico para aumentar os rendimentos de açúcares. Os ensaios foram realizados em diferentes condições de temperatura, concentrações de ácido e umidade, pressão e concentrações de enzima do meio. Na hidrólise acida convencional obteve-se um rendimento de 113,0 g.kg-1 e na hidrólise ácida assistida por ultrassom o rendimento foi de 162,0 g.kg-1, com base nesses resultados dos rendimentos de açúcares foi possível concluir que o uso do ultrassom intensificou o processo ocorrendo um aumento do rendimento em cerca de 43% quando comparado com o rendimento de açúcares fermentescíveis da hidrólise convencional. Já na hidrólise enzimática utilizando o CO2 Supercrítico o rendimento foi de 4.2 g.kg-1 enquanto que o rendimento da hidrólise enzimática convencional e assistida por ultrassom foi de 16 g.kg-1, neste caso o uso do CO2 supercrítico não foi uma alternativa promissora, uma vez que a mesma causou uma desnaturação das enzimas causando uma diminuição na eficiência do processo.