Orientadores: Angelo Pires do Prado, Thomas Michael Lewinsohn / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:19:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braun_MarinaReiter_D.pdf: 4685052 bytes, checksum: 6fca81032502f6931c9f8333e10b544b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Na presente tese foram descritas dez novas espécies de Agromyzidae endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae. Essas espécies estão distribuídas nas duas subfamílias representadas nos gêneros Melanagromyza, Ophyomyia (Agromyzinae), Calycomyza e Liriomyza (Phytomyzinae). No gênero Melanagromyza, segundo maior da família, foram descritas sete novas espécies. Pela primeira vez foi encontrada nos gêneros Calycomyza, Liriomyza e Ophyomyia a herbivoria de capítulos de asteráceas. Além de aumentar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade do grupo, outra contribuição desta tese é a avaliação da especialização alimentar do grupo, que mantém o padrão da família com uma baixa proporção de generalistas. A partir dos dados de interação desses endófagos construímos uma rede de interações entre quinze espécies de Melanagromyza e suas plantas hospedeiras com o objetivo de avaliar sua estrutura de interações. Esta rede foi testada para investigar a existência de aninhamento e compartimentalização dessas interações. Outras questões investigadas foram a relação entre afinidade morfológica dos herbívoros e sua utilização de recursos, além do parentesco das plantas hospedeiras utilizadas pelas espécies de herbívoros. A estrutura de interações dessa rede possui um padrão bastante compartimentalizado, o que era esperado em interações de herbivoria entre insetos que apresentam alta especialização alimentar. Quanto aos efeitos do parentesco na estruturação da rede de interações, verificamos resultados diferentes para os insetos e as plantas. A classificação das espécies de Melanagromyza conforme sua morfologia genital não teve relação com o grupamento dos herbívoros análise de agrupamento bidirecional. Por outro lado, para as plantas, observamos grande concordância entre a classificação taxonômica das espécies e os grupos formados a partir da análise de agrupamento bidirecional / Abstract: This study describes ten new species of endophagous Agromyzidae of Asteraceae flower-heads. Those species belong to genera of the two subfamilies, respectively Melanagromyza, Ophyomyia (Agromyzinae), Calycomyza and Liriomyza (Phytomyzinae). In Melanagromyza, the second largest genus in the family, seven new species were described. Herbivory of Asteraceae flower-heads was recorded for the first time in Calycomyza, Liriomyza and Ophyomyia. Besides increasing the knowledge of agromyzid diversity, this study contributes to the evaluation of host range patterns in the family, which confirms that most agromyzids are specialized on a plant genus or tribe, with a small percentage of generalistic species. From the feeding records between endophages and their host plants we built an interaction matrix, in order to evaluate their interaction structure. The network shows both a nested and a compartmented pattern, suggesting a compound structure. The structure of the analyzed network has both a nested and a compartmented pattern. Compartmentation is expected for interactions between herbivore insects with such specialized feeding habits. In addition, other issues were investigated in this study: Do morphologically similar herbivore species use the same plants? Are plants used by the same herbivore species phylogenetically related? Regarding the family relationship based on the interactions structure, we found divergent results for insects and for plants. The categorization of Melanagromyza species based on their male genital morphology showed no relation with the herbivore groups based on their host use in a bidirectional cluster analysis. On the other hand, plants showed strong agreement between the taxonomic affinities of the species and the groups based on their shared herbivores in the bidirectional analysis / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Se evaluó las diferencias bioquímicas en el ámbito de la actividades proteolíticas y de la inhibición de la actividad proteolítica ensayas con proteínas de hojas de papa, entre los clones "resistentes" (282LM87B, 220LM87B, 136LM86B y 662LM86B) y "susceptible" (Revolución) a la mosca minadora Liriomyza huidobrensis, Blanchard (Díptera, Agromyzidae), una plaga perjudicial del cultivo de la papa (Solanum tuberosum spp) especialmente en lugares donde el uso de insecticidas es intenso. Las plantas de papa resistentes, y Revolución, fueron sometidas previamente al daño por el ataque de adultos de la mosca minadora (daño por mosca) o por herida con estilete (daño artificial), y para ser evaluados mediante el grado de inducción de las proteínas en las hojas. Entre los clones resistentes, se encontró importantes márgenes de variación de las actividades proteolíticas en las hojas y la inhibición proteolítica de los extractos de larvas por efecto de las proteínas de hojas de los clones 282LM87B y 662LM86B con respecto a Revolución. Las unidades de actividad proteolítica por gramo de proteína de las de hojas (ug-') y las unidades de actividad proteolítica de larvas (U) fueron 20,5 ug-' y 0.05 U con 282LM87B; 20.83 ug-' y 0,12 U con 662LM86B y 17,5 ug-' y 0,25 U con Revolución, respectivamente. Mediante ensayos de zimografía para determinar isoinhibidores de proteasas se encontró dos bandas, de 63 y 105 kDa de peso molecular aproximado, expresados mayormente entre los clones resistentes. Este ensayo determinó una diferenciación visual importante entre los clones resistentes con el susceptible. Se siguió el nivel de expresión de la banda de 105 kDa entre plantas de diferentes edades (20-80 días) dañadas artificialmente y en el cual se observó disminución en el nivel de su expresión en plantas de más de 60 días. Se discute la correlación de los niveles mayores de actividad proteolítica y de la inhibición de la actividad proteolítica hallados en los clones resistentes, especialmente en 282LM87B, con el atributo de la resistencia a la mosca minadora. Palabras claves: Sólanum tuberosum, mosca minadora, zimografia, plantas resistentes.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T14:09:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_DescricaoComparacaoMorfologica.pdf: 19304304 bytes, checksum: 8305fe217d27c64e34406845a43d9958 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2017-06-26T14:09:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_DescricaoComparacaoMorfologica.pdf: 19304304 bytes, checksum: 8305fe217d27c64e34406845a43d9958 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T14:09:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_DescricaoComparacaoMorfologica.pdf: 19304304 bytes, checksum: 8305fe217d27c64e34406845a43d9958 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A família Agromyzidae é composta por mosca fitófagas de grande semelhança morfológica. A terminália masculina é a principal estrutura que auxilia na identificação das espécies. No entanto, a terminália feminina tem sido negligenciada por muitos trabalhos até agora. Neste estudo, foram descritas as terminálias femininas de 27 espécies em 9 gêneros de Agromyzidae (Japanagromyza Sasakawa, Melanagromyza Hendel, Calycomyza Hendel, Galiomyza Spencer, Liriomyza Mik, Nemorimyza Frey, Phytoliriomyza Hendel, Phytomyza Fallén, Pseudonapomyza Hendel) depositados no Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) e na Coleção Entomológica do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG). Os abdomens das fêmeas foram clareados em KOH 10%, dissecados e a terminália feminina foi desenhada utilizando um microscópio acoplado a uma câmara lucida. O formato do nono esternito abdominal, a forma das espermatecas e o número de cerdas marginais foram importantes características para a identificação das espécies. O formato e comprimento da guia de ovos foi importante na identificação das subfamílias de Agromyzidae (Agromyzinae e Phytomyzinae). Algumas considerações sobre os caracteres similares foram baseadas nas hipóteses de relacionamento filogenético entre os gêneros da família Agromyzidae. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos neste estudo possam auxiliar na identificação de espécimes fêmeas de agora em diante. / Agromyzidae is a family of phytophagous flies with great morphological similarity. The male terminalia is the main structure that helps in the identification of the species. However, the female terminalia has been largely neglected by most of the works until now. In this study, the female terminalia of 27 species in 9 genera of Agromyzidae (Japanagromyza Sasakawa, Melanagromyza Hendel, Calycomyza Hendel, Galiomyza Spencer, Liriomyza Mik, Nemorimyza Frey, Phytoliriomyza Hendel, Phytomyza Fallén, Pseudonapomyza Hendel) have been described which were deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) and in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG). Female abdomens were cleared in 10% KOH, dissected and the female terminalia were drawn using a microscope with camera lucida. The shape of the ninth abdominal segment, the spermathecae and the number of marginal cerdae were important characteristics to identify each species. The shape and length of the egg guides were useful to identify both subfamilies of Agromyzidae (Agromyzinae and Phytomyzinae). Some considerations about similar characteristics have been based in hypothesis for the phylogenetic relationship among genera of the family Agromyzidae. It is expected that the results of this study will be useful for the identification of female specimens from now on.

Se evaluó las diferencias bioquíinicas en el ámbito de la actividades proteolíticas y de la inhibición de la actividad proteolítica ensayas con proteínas de hojas de papa, entre los clones "resistentes" (282LM87B, 220LM87B, 136LM86B y 662LM86B) y "susceptible" (Revolución) a la inosca ininadora Lirionzyza hmidobrensis, Blanchard (Díptera, Agromyzidae), una plaga perjudicial del cultivo de la papa (Solarium tuberosunz spp) especialmente en lugares donde el uso de insecticidas es intenso. Las i plantas de papa resistentes, y Revolución, fueron sometidas previamente al daño por el ataque de adultos de la mosca minadora (daño por mosca) o por herida con estilete (daño artificial), y para ser evaluados mediante el grado de inducción de las proteínas en las hojas. Entre los clones resistentes, se encontró importantes márgenes de variación de las actividades proteolíticas en las hojas y la inhibición proteolítica de los extractos de larvas por efecto de las proteínas de hojas de los clones 282LM87B y 662LM86B con respecto a Revolución. Las unidades de actividad proteolítica por gramo de proteína de las de hojas (ug-') y las unidades de actividad proteolítica de larvas (U) heron 20,5 ugeyl 0.05 U con 282LM87B; 20.83 ug-'y 0,12 U con 662LM86B y 17,5 ug-'y 0,25 U con Revolución, respectivamente. Mediante ensayos de zimografía para determinar isoinhibidores de proteasas se encontró dos bandas, de 63 y 105 kDa de peso molecular aproximado, expresados mayosinente entre los clones resistentes. Este ensayo determinó una diferenciación visual iinpoitante entre los clones resistentes con el susceptible. Se siguió el nivel de expresión de la banda de 105 kDa entre plantas de diferentes edades (20-80 días) dañadas artificialinente y en el cual se observó disminución en el nivel de su expresión en plantas de más de 60 días. Se discute la correlación de los niveles mayores de actividad proteolítica y de la inhibición de la actividad proteolítica hallados en los clones resistentes, especialmente en 282LM87B, con el atributo de la resistencia a la mosca minadora. Palabras claves: Solanum tuberosum, mosca minadora, zimografía, plantas resistentes.

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae) also known as yellow bells, has a native distribution from Northern Argentina, central America, Mexico and the Southern USA. In many warm climatic regions of the world, T. stans is commonly planted as an ornamental plant because of its yellow flowers, hence the name yellow bells, and pinnate foliage. As a result, this evergreen shrub has wide distribution in the tropical and subtropical parts of the western hemisphere. As is the case in many other parts of the world, T. stans was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental plant, but escaped cultivation and now invades roadsides, urban open spaces, watercourses, rocky sites in subtropical and tropical areas of five South African provinces; Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape and neighboring countries. Tecoma stans has the potential of extending its range because its seeds are easily dispersed by wind. The purpose of this work was to carry out pre-release efficacy studies to determine the host specificity and suitability of Pseudonapomyza sp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a leaf-mining fly, as a biological control agent of T. stans. Available information suggests that the fly was brought to South Africa (SA) from Argentina in 2005. In that year a worker collected adult root feeding fleabeetles from T. stans and their eggs by collecting soil around the plants in the Argentinian Province of Jujuy, at San Pedro (24°12’592”S, 64°51’328”W). The soil was brought to the SA quarantine laboratory of the Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute (Weeds Division), Pretoria, and placed in a cage containing T. stans plants for flea-beetle larvae to emerge from the eggs. The Pseudonapomyza sp. flies which emerged from that soil were reared to produce a colony of flies used in the study reported here. The feeding behavior of Pseudonapomyza sp. adults is initiated by females which use their ovipositor to puncture holes in the leaf mesophyll and then they feed on the sap oozing from the holes. Since males have no means of puncturing the leaves, they feed from holes made by females. Eggs are laid singly into the tubular leaf punctures. Soon after hatching, the larva feeds on the leaf mesophyll tissue. As the larva feeds within the leaf it creates mines which eventually coalesce to form large blotches. The damaged leaf area reduces the photosynthetic potential of the plant especially when damaged leaves dry and fall off the plants. The potential of Pseudonapomyza sp. as a biocontrol agent is enhanced by the fact that it has a high level of fecundity and a short life cycle. As a result, its populations can build up rapidly to exert a significant impact on T. stans. Host-specificity tests undertaken on 35 plant species in 12 plant families showed that out of the 35 plant species tested, the fly was able to develop on T. stans only. Although Pseudonapomyza sp. adults fed on T. capensis, a South African indigenous ornamental shrub, no larval mines were observed on this plant. This suggests two possibilities; either females of Pseudonapomyza sp. do not oviposit on T. capensis or oviposition takes place but larvae cannot feed and develop on this plant. These studies indicate that this fly is sufficiently host-specific, and can be released against T. stans without posing any threat to either commercial or indigenous plant species grown in South Africa. Experimental designs simulating high populations of Pseudonapomyza sp. showed that the impact of leaf mining fly on T. stans can cause approximately 56 percent aboveground biomass reduction. Other concurrent studies have also showed that low and high density fly infestations can cause 23 percent and 48 percent belowground biomass reductions, respectively. Based on the available information, it appears that Pseudonapomyza sp. may have the potential to reduce the invasive capacity of T. stans in the affected areas. In order to exert more herbivore pressure on T. stans, it is suggested that agents belonging to other feeding guilds, such as root-, stem- and seed-feeding insects, be considered for release to complement the leaf-feeding of Pseudonapomyza sp. An application to release this fly in SA has been submitted to one of the two regulatory authorities.

La familia Agromyzidae incluye las especies de dípteros minadores más importantes para la Agricultura. Se conocen 2900 especies en el mundo de las cuales cerca del 7% se consideran de interes agronómico. A pesar de la alta especificidad de Agromyzidae por sus plantas hospedadoras, se ha observado en las últimas décadas un incremento significativo de la oligofagia y polifagia de muchas especies asociado al cambio constante producido en los ecosistemas y al incremento del cultivo intensivo. El conocimiento de la biodiversidad de Agromyzidae es uno de los principales factores a tener en cuenta en el control de plagas presentes y futuras. Como resultado del estudio sistemático realizado en tres parques naturales de la España oriental: "Tinença de Benifassà" (Castellón), "Font Roja" (Alicante) y "Lagunas de La Mata-Torrevieja" (Alicante) se presentan nuevos datos faunísticos incluidos en 6 géneros de Agromyzidae. Se citan por primera vez 13 nuevas especies capturadas con trampa Malaise en España: Agromyza anthracina Meigen, 1830; A. bromi Spencer, 1966; A. hiemalis Becker, 1908; A. megalopsis Hering, 1933; Aulagromyza luteoscutellata (de Meijere, 1924); Au. similis (Brischke, 1880); Au. trivitatta (Loew, 1873); Liriomyza graminivora Hering, 1949; Melanagromyza eupatorii Spencer, 1957; M. spinulosa Spencer, 1974; Phytobia cerasiferae (Kangas, 1955); Ph. lunulata (Hendel, 1920) y Pseudonapomyza palliditarsis Cerny, 1992. Se incluye información general de las plantas hospedadoras y su distribución geográfica. Se cita una nueva plaga dentro de la familia Agromyzidae, Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnter, 1900). Este minador de tallos fue capturado con trampa Malaise en el parque de la "Tinença de Benifassà". Se incluye información de la distribución, daño, control, plantas hospedadoras, biología y ecología de esta plaga. A su vez, se indican las reglas de identificación para su distinción del resto de minadores de Agromyzidae sobre soja en Europa. / Gil Ortiz, R. (2010). Biosystematic contributions to Agromyzidae (Diptera) [Tesis doctoral]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/7326

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson (chromolaena, triffid weed) (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) is one of the most problematic weeds in the subtropical northeastern parts of South Africa. Calycomyza eupatorivora Spencer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was introduced as a biological control agent for the control of this weed. No study has yet been done to quantify field populations of C. eupatorivora since its establishment in 2003. The aim of this study was therefore to measure aspects of the field population and laboratory behaviour of C. eupatorivora on C. odorata. The first objective was to determine the percentage leaf area mined by larvae of C. eupatorivora on C. odorata plants exposed to three densities of mated flies, and also to determine the number of mines produced by these different densities, and their distribution on the plant. It also attempts to determine the relationship between chromolaena leaf quality and usage by C. eupatorivora. The maximum percentage of leaf area damaged was 37.5% for one of the trials involving five pairs of flies. Mean percentage leaf area damaged was slightly higher with five (28.5%) than ten pairs (22.0%) of adults and was lowest with one pair (6.5%), but these differences were not significant. In relation to the mean number of mines per plant, five and ten pairs of flies caused slightly more mines than one pair. The other significantly different parameter was number of leaves mined per plant, which was higher for five pairs. Within a plant, C. eupatorivora probably selects a subset of leaves with certain chemical and physical characteristics for oviposition since certain leaves were left unmined while others received multiple eggs. Percentage water content did not differ between mined and unmined leaves, but clear patterns were shown by acid detergent lignin which was higher in unmined leaves and nonstructural carbohydrates which were much higher in mined leaves. It is likely that leaf age plays a role in its suitability. The second objective was to quantify C. eupatorivora infestation levels, by counting and examining larval leaf mines, on C. odorata in the field at four times ('seasons' - September, December, March and July) over a 12-month period, and at three study sites that each included two habitats, viz. open and shady. At each of these six sampling sites, line transects were laid out and plants/branches sampled along them. Both plant/branch height and the number of leaves increased between September and March, and plants in the open habitats were taller and had more leaves than those in the shaded habitats. At the third site, the shady habitat supported taller plants with more leaves compared to the same habitat at the other sites. There was a steep increase in the number of C. eupatorivora mines from December to March. The mean number of mines, both total and in relation to leaves available, was highest in March, and was higher in the shaded habitats compared to the open habitats. The mean number of mines per damaged leaf was slightly higher in December compared to the other seasons, and was also higher in the open than the shaded habitats. Mean larval mortality was high (70%) in September but decreased to 32% in December, and increased again in late summer. The overall levels of mining by C. eupatorivora were low, with less than 5% of leaves sampled having mines. Taken together, the laboratory and field trials suggest that C. eupatorivora is restricted to a subset of the leaves of C. odorata for its development; that the field population is unable to make full use of the resource of young, palatable leaves that develop in early- to mid-summer because it only becomes large in late summer; and that the high mortality rate of young larvae negatively affects both the population of the fly and the level of damage to the plant. Given that these results were obtained in an area where the population of C. eupatorivora is relatively high, it is unlikely that the fly is having anything more than a negligible effect on C. odorata in South Africa at present. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.