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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Neophobia and parental care in collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis)

Svedberg, Maja January 2023 (has links)
Parental care can be important especially in passerine birds and can depend on environment, food availability and behaviour. A behaviour that can affect the food supply for the offspring is neophobia, the fear of novel objects. The more fear the bird exhibits the less it visits the nest with food. In my study I aimed to examine neophobia and how it differed based on sex and if offspring number and weight influenced the behaviour. Video recordings of collared flycatchers nest boxes were used to see how the behaviour differed by placing a novel object on the nest box. The behaviours tested were duration of perching, hovering and visit including latency and frequency of visit. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the sexes in duration, latency, and frequency of visit but also duration of perching before and after placing a novel object on the nest box. In addition, my results showed that nestling weight significantly influenced frequency of visit and nestling number influenced duration of visit. The study shows that the collared flycatchers do express neophobia differently based on the sex and the nestling’s weight and number. Future studies could investigate if neophobia is a plastic behaviour and the effects of prolonged exposure to novel objects whichcould change the offspring’s survival chances or even the nestling’s behaviour.
2

Interaction between dispersal and behavioural syndromes - empirical approach in a fragmented population of passerine birds

Daniel, Gregory January 2015 (has links)
Dispersal is a key life history trait for ecological and evolutionary processes in wild populations. The latest research has particularly focused on the correlation between behavioural traits and dispersal, in order to emphasize the existence of behavioural syndromes of dispersal, and on the estimation of the genetic basis of the dispersal behaviour. Dispersing individuals are not a random part of the population, but are individuals showing particular strategies, that help them to succeed in their dispersal attempt. This thesis has three main aims of research. The first is to show a genetic basis of the dispersal propensity in a fragmented population of collared flycatchers (Ficedulla albicollis). We show, not only, the genetic bases of the dispersal, but also a non-random spatial distribution of relationship between individuals in this population, that might be due to genetic effects on the decision rules of habitat choice in this population. The second aim concerns phenotypic and a genetic correlation between the natal dispersal and a behavioural trait, the nest-defense behaviour, in the alpin swift (Tachymarptis melba). We showed that natal dispersal and nest-defense behaviour were negatively correlated at a phenotypic level, but also at a genetic level in these populations. Finally, the third aim attempts to test the existence of a behavioural syndrome of dispersal, that is if dispersing individuals have a particular behavioural profile, which enable them to colonize new sites, in the collared flycatcher. / <p>The exmination will be videolinked to seminar room 1003 Evolutionary Biology Centre, EBC, Uppsala University.</p>
3

Intra- and interspecific social information use in nest site selection of a cavity-nesting bird community

Jaakkonen, T. (Tuomo) 20 May 2014 (has links)
Abstract Animals need information about local conditions to make optimal fitness-enhancing decisions such as where to breed. Information can be acquired by personal sampling of the environment, but it can also be acquired from other individuals. The latter is termed social information use. Social information use has gained a lot of attention in modern ecology because it affects principal ecological phenomena such as animal distribution and resource use. Social information use is not restricted to obviously cognitive mammals and birds but is also found in e.g. reptiles, fish and insects. Social information use studies have thus far been concentrated on situations with one social information user and one (often the same) source species. The community-wide consequences of social information use have almost exclusively been considered in theoretical studies. In this thesis, I studied empirically social information use in the nest site selection within and between species in a cavity-nesting bird community consisting of the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), the great tit (Parus major) and the blue tit (P. caeruleus). I studied social information use on two time scales: social information gathered just before a breeding attempt, and social information gathered already during the previous breeding season for the following year’s breeding attempt. I used experiments in which different white geometric symbols represented nest site choices of earlier settled tutors and empty nest boxes, and I observed the symbol choices of later-breeding individuals. The symbol approach eradicates bias from innate and learned preferences enabling strong inference. My results demonstrate that collared flycatchers use social information from both con- and heterospecific tutors in different situations in a flexible manner. Hence, social information use seems to be context-dependent. Furthermore, I show that great tits avoid choosing nest site characteristics which were associated with either con- or heterospecifics nests the previous year and prefer symbols which depicted an empty nest box the previous year, probably to avoid nest ectoparasites. I also show that in great tits the male has greater influence on nest site selection than previously assumed even though the female builds the nest. My thesis deepens our understanding about the complexity of social information use and highlights its significance in future ecological research. / Tiivistelmä Eläimet tarvitsevat informaatiota paikallisista olosuhteista tehdäkseen edullisia päätöksiä esimerkiksi siitä, missä lisääntyä. Informaatiota voidaan hankkia tutkimalla ympäristöä itse, mutta sitä voidaan hankkia myös muilta yksilöiltä. Jälkimmäistä kutsutaan sosiaaliseksi informaatioksi. Eläinten sosiaalisen informaation käyttö on saavuttanut viime aikoina paljon huomiota ekologisessa tutkimuksessa, koska se vaikuttaa tärkeisiin ekologisiin ilmiöihin, kuten eläinten levinneisyyteen ja resurssien käyttöön. Sosiaalinen informaation käyttö ei rajoitu vain nisäkkäisiin ja lintuihin, vaan sitä on havaittu myös esimerkiksi matelijoilla, kaloilla ja hyönteisillä. Sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä on tutkittu lähes yksinomaan lajien sisällä tai käyttäen ainoastaan yhtä sosiaalisen informaation lähdelajia. Yhteisötason vaikutuksia on pohdittu miltei pelkästään teoreettisissa tutkimuksissa. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä tutkin kokeellisesti sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä pesäpaikan valinnassa lajin sisällä ja lajien välillä kolopesivien lintujen yhteisössä sepelsiepolla (Ficedula albicollis), talitiaisella (Parus major) ja sinitiaisella (P. caeruleus). Otin tutkimuksissani huomioon kaksi aikatasoa: tutkin juuri ennen pesimisyritystä kerätyn sekä jo edellisen lisääntymiskauden aikana seuraavan vuoden pesintää varten hankitun sosiaalisen informaation käyttöä. Kokeissani käytin linnunpönttöihin kiinnitettyjä erilaisia valkoisia geometrisia symboleita, jotka edustivat aiemmin pesinnän aloittaneiden lintujen eli tuutoreiden pesäpaikanvalintoja. Seurasin tämän jälkeen myöhemmin pesimään saapuvien parien symbolivalintoja. Tulosteni perusteella sepelsiepot hankkivat sosiaalista informaatiota sekä lajitovereiltaan että tiaisilta joustavasti eri tilanteissa. Lisäksi osoitan, että talitiaiset välttävät valitsemasta pesäpaikkoja, jotka olivat asuttuina edellisenä vuonna, ja suosivat sellaisia pesäpaikkoja, joissa ei pesitty edellisenä vuonna - todennäköisesti välttääkseen kirppuja ja muita pesäloisia. Osoitan myös, että talitiaiskoirailla on suurempi vaikutus pesäpaikan valintaan kuin aikaisemmin on oletettu, vaikka naaraat rakentavat pesän. Väitöskirjatyöni syventää käsitystämme sosiaalisen informaation käytön monitahoisuudesta eläinkunnassa ja korostaa sen merkitystä ekologisessa tutkimuksessa.
4

Keeping the balance ? : Management of oxidative stress, body mass and reproduction under energetic constraints by dispersing and philopatric collared flycatchers / Garder l'équilibre ? : gestion du stress oxydant, de la masse corporelle et de la reproduction selon le statut de dispersion et les contraintes énergétiques chez le gobemouche à collier

Récapet, Charlotte 03 December 2015 (has links)
La dispersion, c’est-à-dire le déplacement d’un individu entre deux sites de reproduction, est un processus clé pour la dynamique des métapopulations et les flux de gènes. Son succès peut être modulé par des différences de phénotype ou syndromes de dispersion. Cependant, les contraintes environnementales (externes) et physiologiques (internes) qui sous-tendent ces syndromes restent mal connus. Ce projet vise à clarifier l’impact des variations environnementales et des contraintes oxydatives (liées aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène produites durant la respiration) sur les phénotypes associés à la dispersion chez un passereau, le gobemouche à collier Ficedula albicollis. La demande énergétique a été expérimentalement (i) augmentée en manipulant la surface alaire ou (ii) diminuée par une supplémentation en nourriture. L’équilibre oxydo-réducteur des gobemouches en reproduction est influencé par des interactions complexes entre facteurs intrinsèques (statut de dispersion) et extrinsèques (densité de couples reproducteurs, année, traitement expérimental). La capacité antioxydante dépend principalement des différences permanentes entre individus, alors que les pro-oxydants présentent de grandes variations intra-individu. Les variations environnementales et les contraintes énergétiques modulent aussi les différences de succès reproducteur et de comportement parental liées au statut de dispersion. Nos résultats confirment que les oiseaux dispersants et philopatriques diffèrent dans leur gestion de l’équilibre oxydo-réducteur lorsqu’il est en compétition avec l’investissement reproducteur. Ces différences pourraient avoir des conséquences à long terme sur la valeur sélective et compenser les différences de succès reproducteur entre individus dispersants et philopatriques dans les habitats de faible qualité. Ce travail souligne que les traits associés à la dispersion sont souvent déterminés par des normes de réaction à l’environnement et non des différences fixées entre individus, et améliore notre compréhension des syndromes de dispersion / Dispersal, i.e. individual movement between breeding sites, is a key process for metapopulation dynamics and gene flow. Its success can be modulated by phenotypic differences between dispersing and philopatric individuals, or dispersal syndromes. However, the environmental (external) and physiological (internal) constraints underlying such syndromes remain poorly known. This project aimed at clarifying the impact of environmental variation and oxidative constraints, linked to the reactive oxygen species produced during respiration, on phenotypes associated to dispersal in a passerine bird, the collared flycatcher Ficedulla albicollis. Energetic demand was experimentally (i) increased through a wing load manipulation or (ii) relieved through food supplementation. The oxidative balance of breeding flycatchers was influenced by complex interactions of dispersal status and extrinsic factors (breeding density, year, experimental treatments). Interestingly, antioxidant capacity was influenced both by permanent individual differences and by food availability, whereas measures of pro-oxidants were highly variables within individuals. Environmental variation and energetic constraints also modulated the differences in reproduction associated with dispersal: dispersing and philopatric birds differ in their management of the oxidative balance when it is competing with reproductive investment. This thesis highlights that reaction norms, rather than fixed differences, often shape traits associated to dispersal
5

Evolutionay consequences of the population structure of an ectoparasite at different spatial scales : an empirical approach of the hen flea-passerines system / Conséquences évolutives de la structuration des populations d’un ectoparasite à différentes échelles spatiales : approches empiriques sur le système puce des oiseaux-passereaux

Appelgren, Anais 14 December 2015 (has links)
L’évolution divergente est un processus clef générant de la biodiversité. Elle peut avoir lieu entre localités, via la réduction des flux de gènes, et au sein des localités via la spécialisation écologique. Dans le cas des systèmes parasitaires multi-hôtes, l’adaptation dépend des taux relatifs de flux de gènes des hôtes et des parasites entre différentes localités, ainsi que des échanges locaux de parasites entre différents types d’hôtes. En combinant génétique des populations et expérimentations sur le système composé de la puce Ceratophyllus gallinae et deux de ses hôtes, la mésange charbonnière Parus major et le gobe-mouche à collier Ficedula albicollis dans un habitat fragmenté, nous avons examiné comment l’adaptation et l’isolation génétique façonnent l’évolution des parasites. Nous avons aussi testé comment les choix d’habitat des hôtes pouvaient influencer la rencontre avec des populations de parasites spécialisées. Les analyses de microsatellites révèlent que les populations de puce sont différenciées à une échelle spatiale fine, et fréquemment entre espèces hôtes. De plus, des populations de parasites semblent adaptées à chaque type d’hôte. Cependant, aucune variation dans les choix d’habitats par rapport aux parasites n’a été observée chez les hôtes. Enfin, la réponse des hôtes aux parasites variait entre nos deux zones réplica ; l’histoire des populations d’hôtes pourrait donc influer sur la coevolution avec leurs parasites. Ce système semble donc localement façonné à la fois par une isolation génétique et une sélection par différents hôtes. L’étude de nouveaux sites permettraient d’évaluer si cette évolution divergente peut être génératrice de biodiversité / Divergent evolution is a key process generating biodiversity. This can occur between localities, through reduced gene flow followed by local adaptation or genetic drift, and within localities through ecological specialization. In the case of multi-host parasite systems, adaptation can be driven by the relative rate of host-parasite gene flow among spatially isolated populations, and the amount of parasite exchange among local host types. Combining population genetics and field experiments, we examined how adaptation and genetic isolation shape parasite evolution. Focusing on the hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, a presumed host generalist, and two of its hosts, the great tit Parus major and the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, we investigated parasite population structure and adaptation within a fragmented landscape. Additionally, we tested how hosts can influence encounter rates with specialized flea populations through their habitat choice. Neutral markers analyses show that flea populations are genetically differentiated at fine spatial scales, and frequently between the two host species. Evidence for parasite adaptation to each host type were also observed. Host specialization may therefore be ongoing in hen fleas. However, birds did not show specific habitat choice strategies regarding flea-infested nests. Host responses differed between two replicate sites, indicating that local population history may impact parasite evolution. Both isolation and host-based selection are therefore acting on hen flea populations at a local scale. Investigations in new localities will help to assess to what extend this divergent evolution may generate biodiversity
6

Determinants of genomic diversity in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis)

Dutoit, Ludovic January 2017 (has links)
Individuals vary from each other in their genetic content. Genetic diversity is at the core of the evolutionary theory. Rooted in a solid theoretical framework developed as early as the 1930s, current empirical observations of genomic diversity became possible due to technological advances. These measurements, originally based on a few gene sequences from several individuals, are becoming possible at the genome scale for entire populations. We can now explore how evolutionary forces shape diversity levels along different parts of the genome. In this thesis, I focus on the variation in levels of diversity within genomes using avian systems and in particular that of the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). First, I describe the variation in genetic diversity along the genome of the collared flycatcher and compare it to the amount of variation in diversity across individuals within the population. I provide guidelines on how a small number of makers can capture the extent of variability in a population. Second, I investigate the stability of the local levels of diversity in the genome across evolutionary time scales by comparing collared flycatcher to the hooded crow (Corvus (corone) corone). Third, I study how selection can maintain variation through pervasive evolutionary conflict between sexes. Lastly, I explore how shifts in genome-wide variant frequencies across few generations can be utilised to estimate the effective size of population.
7

Dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em três espécies de sabiás amazônicos (Aves: Passeriformes: Turdidae)

SOUZA, Suely Basilio de 28 November 1997 (has links)
Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-02T20:48:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_DimorfismoSexualTamanho.pdf: 143594477 bytes, checksum: 84a6bb6c410ca1c3fe5b6e69b41d397d (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-16T14:40:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_DimorfismoSexualTamanho.pdf: 143594477 bytes, checksum: 84a6bb6c410ca1c3fe5b6e69b41d397d (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-16T14:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_DimorfismoSexualTamanho.pdf: 143594477 bytes, checksum: 84a6bb6c410ca1c3fe5b6e69b41d397d (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Três espécies de sabiás se substituem ecologicamente nas florestas primárias e secundárias na Amazônia Oriental: Turdus albicollis, T. fumigatus e T. leucomelas . Estas três espécies são monocromáticas, isto é, machos e fêmeas possuem plumagem semelhante. O que não se conhecia é se estas espécies são também monomórficas, isto é, se machos e fêmeas possuem tamanho igual. Estudos nas florestas mexicanas indicam que algumas aves monocromáticas Neotropicais são de fato cripticamente dimórficas, ou seja, machos e fêmeas diferem estatisticamente em tamanho quando técnicas estatísticas apropriadas são usadas. Este trabalho teve três objetivos principais: (a) avaliar o padrão de dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em T. albicollis phaeopygus, T. fumigatus fumigatus e T. leucomelas albiventer; (b) contribuir para o estudo do dimorfismo sexual quanto ao tamanho em aves monocromáticas Neotropicais e (c) fornecer subsídios para o estudo ecológico-evolutivo do gênero Turdus , em particular, e da família Turdidae, em geral. A hipótese de trabalho era que as três espécies de Turdus analisadas seriam cripticamente dimórficas, tais como os outros passeriformes florestais estudados nas florestas mexicanas. Concluiu-se que das três espécies estudadas, duas são monomórficas ( T. f. fumigatus e T. a. phaeopygus ) e uma é cripticamente dimórfica ( T. l. albiventer ). Na única espécie cripticamente dimórfica, machos diferem significativamente das fêmeas quanto ao comprimento da asa, cauda, tarso e unha do quarto dedo. Mesmo assim, a função linear discriminante gerada, não permite uma sexagem segura dos espécimes. A razão de as três espécies de Turdus mostrarem-se monomórficas ou cripticamente dimórficas talvez esteja associada ao seu comportamento pré-reprodutivo. Durante o período de acasalamento, a vocalização seria um instrumento mais importante de atração de fêmeas e determinação do território do que a plumagem ou o tamanho. Assim, existiria forte pressão seletiva sobre a vocalização dos machos é fraca ou inexistente pressão seletiva sobre o tamanho do corpo. Sugere-se a realização de mais estudos de dimorfismo sexual em outras espécies de Turdus e de análise filogenética deste gênero, para se esclarecer a evolução dos padrões de dimorfismo sexual em sabiás. / Three species of Brazilian thrushes replace one another ecologlcally along the primary and secondary forests of the Eastern Amazonian Region, Turdus T fumigatus and T. leucomelas. These three species are monochromatic, i. e., me and female have similar plumages. Whether these species are monomorphic (i.e., if males and females are of similar size) or not has not been previously investigated. Studies in Mexican forests indicated that some monochromatic birds from the Neotropical Region are in fact cryptically dimorphic, i. e., males and females differ statistically in size when suitable statistic techniques are appiled. This work has three main objectives: (a) to evaluate the pattern of sexual dimorphism in size in T. albicollis phaeopygus, T. fumigatus fumigatus and T. ieucomelas albiventer, (b) to contribute to the study of the sexual dimorphism in size of Neotropical monochromatic birds, and (c) to provide subsidies for evolutionary and ecological studies on the genus Turdus, and also on the family Turdidae as a whole. The working hypothesis here was the three species of Turdus studied would be cryptically dimorphic in a pattern similar to the passeriform forest birds previously studied in the Mexican forests. Of the three species studied, two were found to be monomorphic (T. f fumigatus and T. a. phaeopygus) and one cryptically dimorphic (T. 1. albiventer). In the only cryptically dimorphic species, males differ significantly from females in the length of the wing, tad, tarsus and fourth toe claw. However, a reliable sexual identification cannot be performed from the discriminant linear function obtained. The reason the three species of Turdus are monomorphic or cryptically dimorphic may be associated with their pre-reproductive behavior. During the mating season. vocalization seems to be more important to attract females and for territorial defense than plumage or size. Thus, there is a strong selective pressure for vocalization of males and weak or non-existent pressure for body size. It is suggested that more research for the evaluation of sexual dimorphism in other species of Turdus and. a phylogenetic analysis of this large genus are indispensable in clarifying the evolution of patterns of sexual dimorphism in thrushes.
8

Physiological trade-offs in reproduction and condition dependence of a secondary sexual trait

Andersson, Måns S. January 2001 (has links)
<p>This thesis examines parental condition, how it is traded off against reproduction and how it is displayed in a secondary sexual trait. The studies were performed on nest-box breeding collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis on the island of Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. Early breeding and high fitness were found to be associated with high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin possibly governed by migratory exertion and infectious disease. In order to test if immune function is expressed in secondary sexual traits and how it is traded off against reproductive effort a series of experiments were performed, in which birds were challenged with an antigen, via a vaccine containing neutralised paramyxovirus. The forehead patch of the male collared flycatcher serves as a badge of status and is under sexual selection. Good condition, as reflected in strong immune response and low levels of blood parasites was found to be associated with bigger patch size. Patch size was also found to vary in size within the same breeding season in a pattern predictable from immune response data. Immune response, in itself, was found to be costly in terms of reduced survival, confirming that trade-offs involving suppression of immune response may increase fitness. Mating effort was found to be traded off against immune function and moult. Experimental brood size manipulations revealed a trade-off females between number of offspring and immune function. Thus I suggest a set of parameters useful for condition estimation. I also show that immune response is costly and, second, that pathogen resistance probably plays an important role in the shaping of secondary sexual traits and life-history decisions.</p>
9

Physiological trade-offs in reproduction and condition dependence of a secondary sexual trait

Andersson, Måns S. January 2001 (has links)
This thesis examines parental condition, how it is traded off against reproduction and how it is displayed in a secondary sexual trait. The studies were performed on nest-box breeding collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis on the island of Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. Early breeding and high fitness were found to be associated with high levels of glycosylated haemoglobin possibly governed by migratory exertion and infectious disease. In order to test if immune function is expressed in secondary sexual traits and how it is traded off against reproductive effort a series of experiments were performed, in which birds were challenged with an antigen, via a vaccine containing neutralised paramyxovirus. The forehead patch of the male collared flycatcher serves as a badge of status and is under sexual selection. Good condition, as reflected in strong immune response and low levels of blood parasites was found to be associated with bigger patch size. Patch size was also found to vary in size within the same breeding season in a pattern predictable from immune response data. Immune response, in itself, was found to be costly in terms of reduced survival, confirming that trade-offs involving suppression of immune response may increase fitness. Mating effort was found to be traded off against immune function and moult. Experimental brood size manipulations revealed a trade-off females between number of offspring and immune function. Thus I suggest a set of parameters useful for condition estimation. I also show that immune response is costly and, second, that pathogen resistance probably plays an important role in the shaping of secondary sexual traits and life-history decisions.
10

Living in a Variable Environment : Reproductive Decisions in Wild Bird Populations

Hjernquist, Mårten B. January 2008 (has links)
In nature, environments are often variable and heterogeneous influencing ecological and evolutionary processes. This thesis focus on how animals interact with their environment and how that affects the reproductive decisions they make. Using empirical data collected from wild collared flycatcher populations, experiments and molecular approaches I try to unveil some of these relationships and the evolutionary, ecological and conservation implications of these findings are discussed. Firstly, collared flycatchers were shown to use breeding densities of their own and other species using similar resources when assessing costs and benefits associated to breeding in specific habitats. However, species will vary in how informative they are, and the worst competitor – with whom you overlap most in resources needs – also provides the best source of information. Collared flycatcher parents will also benefit differentially from investments in sons and daughters due to habitat characteristics and dispersal differences between the sexes. Here, I show that they will produce more of the sex that will give the highest expected fitness return given the environment they are in. These results also provide a reciprocal scenario to Clark's (1978) classical study of sex ratio adjustment in relation to local resource competition (LRC), as more of the natal philopatric sex is produced when LRC is low. Secondly, the effect of elaborated ornaments on paternity in the socially monogamous collared flycatcher was shown to be of more importance in areas where the intensity of intra- and intersexual conflicts are expected to be elevated. Hence, ornamentation by environmental interactions determines paternity, illustrating that sexual selection through extra-pair paternity is context dependent. Finally, even though the collared flycatcher populations that this thesis is based on have been studied on their breeding grounds for more then 25 years, we know little of where they are when they are not breeding. Here, stable isotope signatures in winter-grown feathers suggests that they may spend their winter with their breeding ground neighbours and do so repeatedly over years. Differences between breeding populations at this small scale should have many impactions for evolutionary and ecological processes as it will, for example, determine with whom individuals interact throughout their life.

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