HIV infection is a significant public health concern, particularly among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV infection among YMSM when taken as prescribed. However, there may be unintended behavioral consequences associated with PrEP initiation, with previous studies finding associations between PrEP use and increased sexual risk behaviors such as condomless anal sex (CAS). Further, problematic alcohol use, to which YMSM are particularly vulnerable, may also play a role in increasing sexual risk as engaging in sexual behaviors while under the influence of alcohol has been associated with CAS and other sexual risk behaviors. Previous literature has proposed risk compensation theory as a basis for this change in sexual risk behaviors following PrEP initiation. However, results have been mixed, and fewer studies have examined risk compensation specifically among YMSM or explored the role of alcohol-related sexual behaviors in this relationship. The present study aims to examine risk compensation theory as a mechanism for the relationship between PrEP initiation and alcohol-related sexual behaviors among YMSM. We hypothesized that the trajectory of PrEP initiation would be positively associated with alcohol-related sexual behaviors across 18 months. Consistent with hypothesis, a combined latent difference score and latent trajectory model revealed a positive association between PrEP initiation and alcohol-related sexual behaviors between baseline and 18-month follow-up in a sample of YMSM. These results are consistent with previous research identifying a high-risk period following PrEP initiation among an already vulnerable group (YMSM), with implications for risk assessment and interventions targeting alcohol-related sexual behaviors among YMSM. This study also highlights the role of alcohol use in increasing sexual risk following PrEP initiation. Findings may aid in reducing adverse sexual outcomes among YMSM who initiate PrEP and ultimately contribute to the minimization of sexual health disparities among YMSM.

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Bakgrund Alkoholproblem kan leda till sjukdomar och höga samhällskostnader. Stigmatisering av personer med alkoholrelaterade problem ökar risken för diskriminering inom vården. Sjuksköterskor spelar en viktig roll i att vårda och främja hälsa hos personer med alkoholproblem. Syfte Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors attityder gentemot patienter med alkoholrelaterade problem. Metod En strukturerad litteraturöversikt med inslag av den metodik som tillämpas vid systematiska översikter. 15 artiklar både kvalitativa och kvantitativa från databaserna CINHAL och PubMed användes. Resultat Sjuksköterskor kan utveckla negativa attityder mot patienter med alkoholrelaterade problem på grund av rädsla, osäkerhet och brist på tid och kunskap. Stigmat kring alkoholism och bristande kunskap kan förstärka detta. Positiva attityder främjas av erfarenheter och utbildning inom beroendevård. Slutsats Sjuksköterskor känner ofta osäkerhet och rädsla när de vårdar patienter med alkoholrelaterade problem, särskilt i miljöer med olika patientgrupper. Denna osäkerhet och frustration leder till negativa attityder gentemot patienterna, som betraktas som svårhanterliga och ineffektiv användning av resurser. Genom att öka medvetenheten och erbjuda bättre utbildning och resurser kan det skapas en mer positiv vårdmiljö där patienternas behov kan bemötas på ett respektfullt och empatiskt sätt. / Background Alcohol problems can lead to diseases and high societal costs. Stigmatization of individuals with alcohol-related disorders increases the risk of discrimination within healthcare. Nurses play a crucial role in caring for and promoting the health of people with alcohol problems. Aim To describe factors influencing nurses’ attitudes towards patients with alcohol-related disorders. Method A structured literature review incorporating methodology similar to that used in systematic reviews. 15 articles from the CINHAL and PubMed databases were utilized, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative studies. Results Nurses may develop negative attitudes towards patients with alcohol-related problems due to fear, uncertainty, and lack of time and sufficient knowledge. Stigma surrounding alcoholism and lack of knowledge can exacerbate this. Positive attitudes are promoted by experiences and education in addiction care. Conclusions Nurses often experience insecurity and fear when caring for patients with alcohol-related disorders, especially in environments with various patient groups. This insecurity and frustration lead to negative attitudes towards the patients, who are seen as difficult to manage and an inefficient use of resources. By increasing awareness and providing better education and resources, a more positive care environment can be created where patients' needs are addressed respectfully and empathetically.

Objective Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often develops in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis at an annual risk of up to 2.5%. Some host genetic risk factors have been identified but do not account for the majority of the variance in occurrence. This study aimed to identify novel susceptibility loci for the development of HCC in people with alcohol related cirrhosis. Design Patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and HCC (cases: n=1214) and controls without HCC (n=1866), recruited from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the UK, were included in a two-stage genome-wide association study using a case–control design. A validation cohort of 1520 people misusing alcohol but with no evidence of liver disease was included to control for possible association effects with alcohol misuse. Genotyping was performed using the InfiniumGlobal Screening Array (V.24v2, Illumina) and the OmniExpress Array (V.24v1-0a, Illumina). Results Associations with variants rs738409 in PNPLA3 and rs58542926 in TM6SF2 previously associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis were confirmed at genome-wide significance. A novel locus rs2242652(A) in TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) was also associated with a decreased risk of HCC, in the combined meta-analysis, at genome-wide significance (p=6.41×10−9, OR=0.61 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.70). This protective association remained significant after correction for sex, age, body mass index and type 2 diabetes (p=7.94×10−5, OR=0.63 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.79). Carriage of rs2242652(A) in TERT was associated with an increased leucocyte telomere length (p=2.12×10−44). Conclusion This study identifies rs2242652 in TERT as a novel protective factor for HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis.

O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo epidemiológico, de corte transversal, sobre comportamentos de risco à saúde e sua associação com padrões de consumo de álcool, realizado entre a população de estudantes de graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. A pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever a prevalência de comportamentos de risco à saúde desses alunos e estudar a associação entre uso intenso de álcool e outros comportamentos de risco à saúde praticados por eles. O consumo intenso de álcool é definido neste trabalho como \"ter bebido cinco ou mais doses de álcool em, pelo menos, uma ocasião, nos últimos 30 dias\" e os comportamentos de risco considerados são aqueles monitorados pelo Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) dos EUA e com maior impacto na morbi-mortalidade do jovem contemporâneo. O recorte temporal (últimos 12 meses ou 30 dias) e de freqüência (1 vez, várias vezes, outros) variou dependendo do comportamento analisado. Os dados, obtidos por meio da aplicação de um questionário de autopreenchimento, anônimo, em uma amostra de estudantes sorteados (n= 1201), apontam que uma proporção elevada de estudantes se envolve em comportamentos de risco e a associação positiva entre consumo intenso de álcool e diversos desses comportamentos, apresentando variações de acordo com sexo e faixa etária. Os resultados permitem a constatação de que a ampla maioria dos bebedores intensos (77,7%) admite que seu padrão de consumo de álcool resultou em, pelo menos, 3 problemas, nos últimos 3 anos. Apesar das limitações próprias do estudo, seus resultados indicam a procedência do desenvolvimento de programas de promoção à saúde integral de universitários. / This paper presents a cross sectional study on health risk behaviors and their association with drinking patterns, among College students of the Catholic University of Paraná (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná) - PUCPR. Students were divided into 3 groups, according to their drinking patterns: binge drinkers, defined as having five or more drinks in at least, one single occasion during the last 30 days\", current drinkers (had some alcohol in the last 30 days but not reported a binge episode), and non drinkers (did not report alcohol use in the last 30 days). Risk behaviors considered in the study are those monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of USA and with greatest impact on the morbidity and mortality of the contemporary youth. The time periods (last 12 months or 30 days) and frequencies (once, many times, others) measured varied according to the behavior analyzed. Data obtained by means of an anonymous self completing questionnaire in a sample of randomized students (n=1201), documents that a great proportion of students get involved on risk behaviors and several of these behavior are positivetly associated with binge drinking. Results also lead to the conclusion that the majority of the binge drinkers (77,7%) admitted that their alcohol use behavior has resulted in, at least 3 problems during the last 3 years. Despite of study limitations, its results indicate the suitability of the development of programs for comprehensive student\'s health promotion.

<p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence has been firmly established in a wide array of studies concerning various forms of violence including intimate partner violence, domestic violence as well as sexual assault. One factor which has been highlighted as having a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression is the specific aggression-related alcohol expectancies concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on aggressive behaviour. In light of the prevalence of alcohol-related violence in South African communities it becomes important to examine the specific factors that moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and violence. The aim of this study was to examine aggressionrelated alcohol expectancies as a moderating factor in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and to examine the possible influence of exposure to community alcohol-related aggression in the formulation of aggression-related alcohol expectancies. The main objectives of this were to examine aggression-related alcohol expectancies as well as exposure to community alcohol-related aggression as domains for intervention to prevent alcohol-related violence.</p>

<p>The relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related violence has been firmly established in a wide array of studies concerning various forms of violence including intimate partner violence, domestic violence as well as sexual assault. One factor which has been highlighted as having a moderating effect on the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression is the specific aggression-related alcohol expectancies concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on aggressive behaviour. In light of the prevalence of alcohol-related violence in South African communities it becomes important to examine the specific factors that moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and violence. The aim of this study was to examine aggressionrelated alcohol expectancies as a moderating factor in the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol-related aggression and to examine the possible influence of exposure to community alcohol-related aggression in the formulation of aggression-related alcohol expectancies. The main objectives of this were to examine aggression-related alcohol expectancies as well as exposure to community alcohol-related aggression as domains for intervention to prevent alcohol-related violence.</p>

O presente trabalho consiste em um estudo epidemiológico, de corte transversal, sobre comportamentos de risco à saúde e sua associação com padrões de consumo de álcool, realizado entre a população de estudantes de graduação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. A pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever a prevalência de comportamentos de risco à saúde desses alunos e estudar a associação entre uso intenso de álcool e outros comportamentos de risco à saúde praticados por eles. O consumo intenso de álcool é definido neste trabalho como \"ter bebido cinco ou mais doses de álcool em, pelo menos, uma ocasião, nos últimos 30 dias\" e os comportamentos de risco considerados são aqueles monitorados pelo Centro de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) dos EUA e com maior impacto na morbi-mortalidade do jovem contemporâneo. O recorte temporal (últimos 12 meses ou 30 dias) e de freqüência (1 vez, várias vezes, outros) variou dependendo do comportamento analisado. Os dados, obtidos por meio da aplicação de um questionário de autopreenchimento, anônimo, em uma amostra de estudantes sorteados (n= 1201), apontam que uma proporção elevada de estudantes se envolve em comportamentos de risco e a associação positiva entre consumo intenso de álcool e diversos desses comportamentos, apresentando variações de acordo com sexo e faixa etária. Os resultados permitem a constatação de que a ampla maioria dos bebedores intensos (77,7%) admite que seu padrão de consumo de álcool resultou em, pelo menos, 3 problemas, nos últimos 3 anos. Apesar das limitações próprias do estudo, seus resultados indicam a procedência do desenvolvimento de programas de promoção à saúde integral de universitários. / This paper presents a cross sectional study on health risk behaviors and their association with drinking patterns, among College students of the Catholic University of Paraná (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná) - PUCPR. Students were divided into 3 groups, according to their drinking patterns: binge drinkers, defined as having five or more drinks in at least, one single occasion during the last 30 days\", current drinkers (had some alcohol in the last 30 days but not reported a binge episode), and non drinkers (did not report alcohol use in the last 30 days). Risk behaviors considered in the study are those monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of USA and with greatest impact on the morbidity and mortality of the contemporary youth. The time periods (last 12 months or 30 days) and frequencies (once, many times, others) measured varied according to the behavior analyzed. Data obtained by means of an anonymous self completing questionnaire in a sample of randomized students (n=1201), documents that a great proportion of students get involved on risk behaviors and several of these behavior are positivetly associated with binge drinking. Results also lead to the conclusion that the majority of the binge drinkers (77,7%) admitted that their alcohol use behavior has resulted in, at least 3 problems during the last 3 years. Despite of study limitations, its results indicate the suitability of the development of programs for comprehensive student\'s health promotion.