Orientador: Adriana Piscitelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:17:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_Eliane_D.pdf: 2077207 bytes, checksum: 08c1e86e9f9f60f2f8362ba4564c2271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nesta tese exploro como são construídas as noções de ¿mulheres sós¿ no Brasil contemporâneo a partir de três contextos distintos: estudos de população, textos da mídia brasileira e narrativas de mulheres de camadas médias, sem filhos, que moram sozinhas na cidade de Goiânia. Nos estudos de população, mulheres que moram sós são contempladas nas discussões sobre os ¿novos arranjos familiares¿ e na tendência de crescimento progressivo do número de pessoas morando sozinhas (¿domicílios unipessoais¿) observada a partir dos anos 1970. A mídia coloca em ¿evidência¿ o alto número de ¿solitárias¿ nas metrópoles brasileiras e chama a atenção para o estilo de vida das ¿novas solteiras¿, consideradas um fenômeno mundial. O debate ganha relevância nas ciências sociaisbrasileiras e assume uma dimensão de notícia em um processo no qual morar sozinha é freqüentemente associado à idéia de estar ¿solteira¿, compreendida enquanto ausência de vínculos amorosos e sexuais e, conseqüentemente, traduzido como ¿solidão¿. Várias noções atribuídas às mulheres ¿sós¿ nos distintos contextos remetem a algumas idéias proclamadas pelo feminismo, sendo a educação e o trabalho qualificado e remunerado percebidos como centrais à autonomia das mulheres. A partir de algumas terminologias recorrentes nos recortes considerados ¿ ¿nova mulher¿, mulher ¿independente¿, ¿livre¿ e ¿autônoma¿, etc. ¿, proponho uma reflexão sobre as possíveis conexões entre a produção da noção da ¿mulher só¿ e algumas noções centrais do ideário feminista / Abstract: In this thesis, I explore how contemporary notions of ¿single women¿ are constructed in three different contexts: Population studies (Demography), the Brazilian media, and the narratives of middle class childless women living alone in the city of Goiânia. In population studies, women living alone are considered in the discussion of ¿new families¿ and the increasing number of ¿single person households¿ observed beginning in the 1970s. The media emphasizes the ¿evidence¿ of the high proportion of ¿single¿ women in Brazilian metropolitan areas, drawing attention to their ways of life, in what is seen as a worldwide phenomenon. The debate becomes relevant in the Brazilian social sciences and draws the attention of the news in a process in which living alone is often associated with the idea of being single (unmarried), understood as the absence of partnership and sexual life, and therefore translated as ¿loneliness¿. Several notions attributed to single women in the three different contexts resonate with ideas proclaimed by feminism, where education and professional and paid work are perceived as central to the autonomy of women. Regarding recurrent terminologies such as the ¿new woman¿, ¿independent¿ woman, ¿free¿ and ¿autonomous¿, etc, I question the potential connections between the production of the notion of the ¿single woman¿ and key ideas in feminist thinking / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Introdução - A dinâmica do arranjo domiciliar (unipessoal ou acompanhado) e outros condicionantes podem influenciar o estado nutricional de idosos. Objetivo - Verificar a associação entre estado nutricional e variáveis referidas: arranjo domiciliar, alimentação, demográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas, em coorte de idosos, domiciliados no município de São Paulo, em 2000 e 2006. Métodos - A população de estudo foi composta por idosos ( 60 anos), de ambos os sexos, participantes do Estudo SABE, em 2000 e 2006. As variáveis de estudo foram: estado nutricional, adequado (massa muscular, segundo área muscular do braço, percentil 25) e inadequado (massa muscular < percentil 25), dinâmica do arranjo domiciliar (mudança de unipessoal ou acompanhado, de 2000 para 2006); grupos etários (60-74 e 75); sexo; escolaridade ( 8 ou > 8 anos); renda mensal per capita, em quartis; alimentação, segundo número de refeições/dia (< 3 ou 3), e frequência de ingestão de alimentos, com resposta dicotômica (sim ou não): laticínios - 1 vez/dia, ovos ou leguminosas - 1 vez/semana; carnes - 3 vezes/semana; frutas, verduras ou legumes - 2 vezes/dia; sintomas depressivos, segundo Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (ausência: escore < 6, leves: 6 e < 11, e graves - 11). Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis, utilizou-se teste de Rao & Scott, razão de prevalência (RP) e regressão logística múltipla (p<0,05); e o programa Stata/SE® 10.1 for Windows. Resultados - Verificou-se associação positiva, com maior chance, para estado nutricional inadequado com grupo etário 75 anos (OR=1,53; IC=1,191,95; p=0,001); com sintomas depressivos graves (OR=2,07; IC=1,133,80; p=0,020); com dinâmica do arranjo domiciliar: acompanhado2000 e sozinho-2006 (OR=1,80; IC=0,98-3,31; p=0,056), e associação negativa, com menor chance, para ingestão referida de laticínios (OR= 0,60; IC= 0,38 0,96; p=0,034). Identificou-se prevalência de estado nutricional inadequado em 32 por cento dos idosos que apresentaram mudança do arranjo domiciliar (acompanhado-2000 e unipessoal-2006), assim como do grupo etário 75; e em 24 por cento , daqueles que referiram ingestão de laticínios, e, ainda, em 35 por cento , daqueles, com sintomas depressivos graves. Conclusão - Constatou-se associação positiva, de estado nutricional inadequado, com grupo etário 75, sintomas depressivos graves, mudança da dinâmica do arranjo domiciliar (acompanhado unipessoal), e negativa, para ingestão referida de laticínios / Introduction - The dynamic of living arrangement (alone or accompanied) and other conditions may influence the nutritional status of elderly. Objective - To study the association between nutritional status and such variables: living arrangement, food, demographic, socioeconomic and clinical, in a cohort of elderly people, living in São Paulo in 2000 and 2006. Methods - The study population consisted of elderly ( 60 years) of both genders, participants in the SABE Study, in 2000 and 2006. The variables were: nutritional status, adequate (muscle mass, the second arm muscle area, 25th percentile) and inadequate (muscle mass < 25th percentile), the dynamic of living arrangement (change of living alone or accompanied, from 2000 to 2006); age groups (60-74 and 75), gender, education ( 8 or > 8 years), monthly income per capita in quartiles, food, according to the number of meals/day (< 3 or 3), and frequency food intake, with dichotomous response (yes or no): dairy - 1 time/day, eggs or legume - 1 time/week; meat - 3 times/week, fruits, greenery or vegetables - 2 times/days, depressive symptoms, according to the Geriatric Depression Scale (absence: a score < 6, mild: 6 and < 11, and severe - 11). To investigate the association between variables, it was used test Rao & Scott, prevalence ratio (PR) and multiple logistic regression (p < 0.05) and Stata/SE 10.1 for Windows®. Results - There was a positive association, with a greatest chance for inadequate nutritional status with age group 75 years (OR = 1.53, CI = 1.19 to 1.95, p = 0.001), with severe depressive symptoms (OR = 2.07, CI = 1.13 to 3.80, p = 0.020), with the dynamic of living arrangement, accompanied-2000 and alone-2006 (OR = 1.80, CI = 0.98 to 3.31; p = 0.056) and negatively associated with less chance for the intake of dairy products (OR = 0.60, CI = 0.38 to 0.96, p = 0.034). It was identified a prevalence of inadequate nutritional status in 32 per cent of the elderly, showing change of living arrangement (accompanied-alone-2000 and 2006), as well as the age group 75, and 24 per cent of those who reported intake of dairy products, and also in 35 per cent of those with severe depressive symptoms. Conclusion - It was found a positive association of inadequate nutritional status, with age group 75, severe depressive symptoms, dynamic of living arrangement (together - alone) change, and negative, for the intake of dairy products

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The continuous economic development of many countries and the emerging environmental issues (gas emissions and the greenhouse effect) observed in the last decades forced an intense research in renewable energy sources. Hydro, photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy conversion are the most explored technologies due to their considerable advantages, such as reliability, low environmental impact and capability to support microgrid systems or to connect to the electric grid. Among these energy sources the PV is pointed out as one of the most modular and environmentally friendly technologies. Furthermore, this technology enabled, by means of stand-alone or off-grid systems, the access of electricity in many communities distant form the grid, and even in difficult access remote applications. However, the PV panel still represents low efficiency and high cost, making imperative the use of efficient and reliable energy processing stages. Therefore, this work proposes a stand-alone photovoltaic system with decentralized configuration, aiming a high energy yield. For the output stage, a multilevel inverter was chosen, aggregating the intrinsic advantages that these converters present. The analysis of each energy processing stage is presented, as well as the modeling and control of the employed converters. Due to the requirement of a backup system (in stand-alone systems), a decentralized configuration of the battery bank is proposed. Moreover, aiming to optimize the backup system lifetime and reduce the maintenance costs, a controlled charge/discharge process on the batteries is implemented. Simulation and experimental results are presented, verifying the functionality of the proposed structure. / O contínuo desenvolvimento econômico de diversos países e as emergentes questões ambientais (emissão de gases e efeito estufa), observados nas últimas décadas, forçaram uma intensa pesquisa em fontes renováveis de energia. Hidro, fotovoltaica (PV Photovoltaic) e eólica são as tecnologias mais exploradas devido as suas vantagens consideráveis, como confiabilidade, reduzidos impactos ambientais e capacidade de suprir pequenas redes ou conexão com a rede elétrica de distribuição. Entre estas fontes de energia, a fotovoltaica destaca-se por ser uma das tecnologias mais modulares, apresentando os menores índices de impactos ambientais. Ainda, esta tecnologia possibilitou, através dos sistemas autônomos (off-grid), o acesso de energia elétrica a diversas comunidades distantes da rede de distribuição, e também em aplicações remotas de difícil acesso. Entretanto, o painel PV ainda apresenta reduzido rendimento e elevado custo, tornando indispensável o uso de estágios de processamento de energia eficientes e confiáveis. Nesse sentido, este trabalho propõe um sistema fotovoltaico autônomo que utiliza uma configuração descentralizada, visando um melhor aproveitamento de energia gerada. Para o estágio de saída, optou-se pela utilização de um inversor multinível, agregando as vantagens intrínsecas que este tipo de conversor apresenta. São apresentadas as análises de cada estágio de processamento de energia, bem como a modelagem e controle de cada conversor empregado. É proposta uma configuração descentralizada para o banco de baterias, visto que se faz necessário um sistema de armazenamento para sistemas autônomos. Ainda, o controle empregado para o sistema de armazenamento de energia implementa um processo de carga/descarga controlado no banco de baterias, visando o aumento da vida útil destas e a redução dos custos por manutenção. São apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais, comprovando a funcionalidade da estrutura.

My motivation and purpose of this research particularly evolve around the question on the origin of Yahweh and the development of Yahwism, as well as the role of marginal groups in the maintaining of a pre-exilic Yahweh-alone monotheism, and the subsequent conversion by Judahites – who previously practised a syncretistic religion – to a post-exilic Yahweh monotheism. In accordance with the Kenite hypothesis, the Yahwist tradition originated in the South amongst the Midianites and Kenites. A Moses-type figure acquired knowledge about Yahweh from these tribes who venerated Yahweh before the Israelites did. According to the Chronicler's genealogy, marginal southern groups were all related. The Kenites and Rechabites had the opportunity, due to their nomadic lifestyle and particular trade – as coppersmiths – to spread their religious beliefs. Although the majority of Israelites practised syncretism, these marginal groups – particularly the Rechabites – sustained their Yahwistic faith throughout the Monarchical Period, actively involved in a Yahweh-alone movement. Jeremiah set the Rechabites – who followed a puritanical lifestyle – as an example for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. My hypothesis is that the Israelite God Yahweh was originally a Midianite/Kenite deity and that marginal groups related to the Kenites, such as the Rechabites, played a signi¬fi¬cant and dominant role in the preserving of a pre-exilic Yahweh-alone movement, as well as in the establishment of a post-exilic Yahweh monotheism. My approach to this research was with the premise that the Yahwist tradition originated in the South whence it spread to Judah and the North. According to a recurring biblical tradition, Yahweh emanated from the South. Evidence from certain Egyptian documents endorses Yahweh's presence in the South. It was also my aim to establish the interdependence – or not – of different disciplines relevant to the Hebrew Bible. In my research it became clear that archaeology and biblical scholarship – particularly historiography – cannot operate effectively without the acceptance of their mutual dependence. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

Studiens syfte är att undersöka upplevelser av och uppfattningar om psykologisk trygghet i relation till ansvarstagande bland skogliga planerare utifrån frågeställningarna: hur ser den psykologiska tryggheten ut bland skogliga planerare? Samt: hur påverkar förekomsten av psykologisk trygghet individens upplevda möjlighet till ansvarstagande i sin yrkesroll? Kvalitativ, induktiv metod med fenomenologisk ansats valdes för studien. Materialinsamlingen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det insamlade materialet analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar att informanterna genomgående uttrycker ett stort ansvarstagande och hög psykologisk trygghet i sitt arbete. En starkt negativt påverkande faktor på den psykologiska tryggheten visade sig vara ensamarbete och då främst i samband med att informanterna fattade komplexa beslut. Studiens slutsats visar på stort ansvarstagande kombinerat med upplevd stor psykologisk trygghet bland dessa skogliga planerare. Informanterna uppfattas i stor utsträckning befinna sig i en arbetsmiljö med goda förutsättningar för lärande vilket möjliggör en hållbar utveckling för individ och organisation. / The purpose of the study is to investigate the degree of psychological safety in relation to responsibility among forest planners based on the questions: what are the experiences of psychological safety among forest planners? And: How do different experiences of psychological safety relate to experiences of individuals responsibility in their professional role? A qualitative, inductive method with a phenomenological approach was chosen for the study. The collection of material was conducted through semi-structured interviews. The collected material was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. The results of the study show that the informants consistently expressed high accountability and an experienced high psychological safety in their work. A negative factor mentioned as important for experiencing psychological safety at work is working alone, mainly in connection with the informants making more complex decisions. The study's conclusion shows high accountability combined with perceived high psychological safety among these forest planners. The informants are perceived to be in a work environment with good conditions for learning, which enables sustainable development for the individual and the organization.

No description available.

This work focuses on the safe and stable operation of an autonomous power system interconnecting an AC source with various types of power electronic loads. The stability of these systems is a challenge due to the inherent nonlinearity of the circuits involved. Traditionally, the stability analysis in this type of power systems has been approached by means of small-signal methodology derived from the Nyquist stability criterion. The small-signal analysis combined with physical insight and the adoption of safety margins is sufficient, in many cases, to achieve a stable operation with an acceptable system performance. Nonetheless, in many cases, the margins adopted result in conservative measures and consequent system over designs. This work studies the system stability under large-perturbations by means of three different tools, namely parameter space mapping, energy functions, and time domain simulations. The developed parameters space mapping determines the region of the state and parameter space where the system operation is locally stable. In this way stability margins in terms of physical parameters can be established. Moreover, the boundaries of the identified stability region represent bifurcations of the system where typical nonlinear behavior appears. The second approach, based on the Lyapunov direct method, attempts to determine the region of attraction of an equilibrium point, defined by an operation condition. For this a Lyapunov function based on linear matrix inequalities was constructed and tested on a simplified autonomous system model. In Addition, the third approach simulates the system behavior on a computer using a detailed system model. The higher level of model detail allows identifying unstable behavior difficult to observe when simpler models are used. Because the stability of the autonomous power system is strongly associated with the characteristics of the energy source, an improved voltage controller for the generator is also presented. The generator of an autonomous power system must provide a good performance under a wide variety of regimes. Under these conditions a model based controller is a good solution because it naturally adapts to the changing requirements. To this extent a controller based on the model of a variable frequency synchronous generator has been developed and tested. The results obtained show a considerable improvement performance when compared to previous practices. / Ph. D.

Since the early 1990’s the number of corporate stand-alone reports produced by various organisations worldwide has increased considerably (Kolk, 2004; Owen, 2006). It is argued that introducing an assurance statement with the stand-alone report may contribute to enhancing the credibility of the reported information (FEE, 2002; Dando and Swift, 2003; ACCA and AccountAbility, 2004). This thesis reports on a multi-level analysis of assurance statements attached to stand-alone reports that were produced by the UK FTSE100 companies during the reporting years 2000-2004. Drawing on a research instrument (which itself has been informed by previous literature, namely O’Dwyer and Owen, 2005) as well as the most recent assurance guidelines and standards (such as FEE, 2002; GRI, 2002, AA1000AS, 2003; and ISAE3000, 2004), this thesis examines the extent to which assurance statements disclose information about crucial elements of the assurance engagement, the amount of disclosure as well as factors associated with the information disclosed. In this context, particular attention is given to issues of independence of the assurance provider; the methodology used to conduct the assurance engagement; the degree to which stakeholders have been engaged and their issues taken account of within the assurance process; and assurance results (namely presentation of the assurance opinion, findings and recommendations). The research results suggest that, despite the increased amount and quality of information disclosed within the assurance statements over the years, engagement of stakeholders and taking adequate account of their issues within the assurance process is still lacking compared to other dimensions of assurance. In the absence of generally accepted stand-alone reporting criteria and assurance standards for this type of reporting, various assurance approaches have emerged and these correspond to the nature of the assurance provider (for example, accountancy, consultancy and certification body). The FTSE100 companies (in almost in two-thirds of the conducted engagements) rely most heavily on consultancy firms for assurance and as a result, this approach dominates UK assurance practice. As a consequence, there are noticeable variations in the assurance methodologies, results of the assurance engagements (findings, opinions and recommendations) and shape of the assurance statements over the study. There are also changes that emerge over time and these are most strongly associated with the standards that are used to govern the assurance engagement and also the type of information being assured. These findings raise concerns about whether it is possible to harmonise assurance practice of the corporate stand-alone reports. This thesis concludes with some practical implications for the assurance of stand-alone reports, as well as recommendations for future research.

Au Vietnam, plus d’un demi-million d’habitations n’ont pas d’accès à l’électricité. Elles se situent principalement dans des régions montagneuses ou sur des îles. Cependant, c’est un pays qui possède un grand potentiel en énergies renouvelables. Dans ce contexte, l’alimentation en électricité pour les sites isolés est une solution prometteuse en termes économique et environnemental. L’énergie solaire est la plus adaptée à l’alimentation en électricité des villages en raison d’un ensoleillement important et d’une maintenance relativement facile. Dans les systèmes de conversion d’énergie utilisant des sources d’énergies renouvelables, on utilise généralement des convertisseurs statiques simples. En effet, si l’on prend un système photovoltaïque, la poursuite du point de puissance maximale (MPPT) se fait à l’aide d’un convertisseur « boost » ou « buck-boost ». Ainsi, en cas de défaillance, le système est mis hors service. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter des améliorations au niveau d’un système photovoltaïque autonome pouvant être utilisé dans un site isolé. Ainsi nous avons développé un algorithme de recherche du point de puissance maximale (MPPT) utilisant des convertisseurs DC-DC à trois niveaux (CBTN) permettant d’extraire le maximum de puissance d’un générateur photovoltaïque quelles que soient les variations climatiques (température, ensoleillement) ou de la charge. L’architecture à base de panneaux solaires associé à un système de stockage a nécessité la mise en place d’un superviseur flou afin de maîtriser la gestion des flux. Enfin, nous avons proposé une méthode de détection de défauts afin de gérer efficacement les cas de défaillance d’un élément du convertisseur multiniveaux. En effet, en cas de défauts, on doit pouvoir passer en mode dégradé pour pouvoir assurer un service proche du comportement nominal ou au moins minimal en attendant une maintenance corrective. / In Vietnam, more than half a million people do not have access to electricity. They are mainly in mountainous regions or on islands. However, this country has great potential for renewable energy. In this context, these sources of energy can be regarded as promising solutions both economically and environmentally for supplying electrical power. Solar energy is the most suitable to supply villages with electricity because of the plentiful solar radiation and relatively easy maintenance of the structures. In energy conversion systems using renewable energy sources, simple static converters are generally used. Indeed, if we explore a photovoltaic system, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is done using a boost or buck-boost converter. Thus, in case of failure, the system is simply switched off. The aim of this thesis is to make improvements to an autonomous photovoltaic system that can be used in an isolated site. Therefore, an MPPT algorithm using three-level DC-DC converters is developed to extract the maximum power of a photovoltaic generator, whatever the climatic variations (temperature, sunlight) or charge. The system’s architecture is based on solar panels associated with a storage system, which required the development of a fuzzy supervisor to control the flow management. Finally, we propose a fault detection method to efficiently manage the failure of a multi-level converter element. Indeed, if there is a fault, we must go into a degraded mode to provide a service close to normal or at least minimal functioning, pending maintenance.

Microgrids containing photovoltaic (PV) cells and wind power gain more and more interest. These microgrids may work in stand-alone mode ("islanding") or be conncted to the main grid. In both modes of operation, power quality must be monitored and controlled. This report focuses on microgrids and aims to implement a monitoring system based on FPGA. In the monitoring system, two applications can be achieved, firstly a PAS-MPPT algorithm in a DC-DC boost converter to improve the maximun power point tracking of a PV unit, and secondly a detection and switching system of the grid mode - stand-alone or connected to the main grid. Simulation results prove the Verilog programs in FPGA are suitable to be used in microgrids.