[ES] En los cítricos, la baja temperatura promueve la inducción floral en otoño-invierno aumentando la expresión del gen promotor CiFT3 (homólogo en los cítricos del gen FLOWERING LOCUS T). La presencia de un gran número de frutos en el árbol durante ese momento inhibe la expresión de CiFT3 y la floración, pero se desconoce la señal inhibitoria que genera el fruto. Las hipótesis mayormente aceptadas proponen que la señal puede ser hormonal o nutricional. En el primer caso, el efecto inhibidor se atribuye a las hormonas que el fruto produce y exporta durante su desarrollo. En el segundo caso, el efecto inhibidor se atribuye a la alta demanda y consumo de carbohidratos por los frutos en desarrollo. Ambas hipótesis son complementarias y no excluyentes entre sí. Además, se ha demostrado que el fruto promueve la activación epigenética del represor de la floración CcMADS19 (homólogo en los cítricos del gen FLOWERING LOCUS C), que inhibe la expresión del gen CiFT3. Con el objetivo de determinar qué señal produce el fruto para inhibir la floración, en esta Tesis se propone la siguiente hipótesis: El fruto inhibe la floración a través de la síntesis y exportación de auxinas que activa la síntesis de giberelinas y, a su vez, la expresión de CcMADS19. Mediante experimentos con tratamientos exógenos de auxinas, giberelinas, y sus antagonistas, aclareo de frutos, y la interrupción del transporte por el floema entre el fruto y las yemas, los resultados indican que ni las giberelinas ni las auxinas se relacionan de forma consistente con la activación de la expresión de CcMADS19 en las hojas. En las yemas, las giberelinas se relacionan con la activación del gen inhibidor CENTRORRADIALIS (CEN), cuando hay fruto por aumento de la síntesis de GA4, y cuando no hay fruto por su aplicación exógena. La presencia del fruto aumenta la concentración de auxinas en el tallo y la yema en el momento de la inducción, y reprime su síntesis y trasporte. Pero esto no impide que, en la yema, el gen CcMADS19 esté epigenéticamente silenciado y que el silenciamiento se transmita a los nuevos brotes vegetativos. Estos brotes florecen en el siguiente ciclo, y, en sus yemas, la diferenciación floral se relaciona con un aumento de la síntesis y trasporte de auxinas y una reducción de la síntesis de giberelinas. / [CA] Als cítrics, les baixes temperatures promouen la inducció floral a la tardor i l'hivern augmentant l'expressió del gen promotor CiFT3 (homòleg en els cítrics del gen FLOWERING LOCUS T). La presència d'un gran nombre de fruita a l'arbre en aquest moment inhibeix l'expressió de CiFT3 i la floració, però es desconeix la senyal inhibidora que genera la fruita. Les hipòtesis majoritàriament acceptades proposen que la senyal pot ser hormonal o nutricional. En el primer cas, l'efecte inhibidor s'atribueix a les hormones que la fruita produeix i exporta durant el seu desenvolupament. En el segon cas, l'efecte inhibidor s'atribueix a la alta demanda i consum de carbohidrats per part de la fruita en desenvolupament. Ambdues hipòtesis són complementàries i no es descarten mútuament. A més, s'ha demostrat que la fruita promou l'activació epigenètica del repressor de la floració CcMADS19 (homòleg en els cítrics del gen FLOWERING LOCUS C), que inhibeix l'expressió del gen CiFT3. Amb l'objectiu de determinar quina senyal produeix la fruita per inhibir la floració, en aquesta Tesi es proposa la següent hipòtesi: La fruita inhibeix la floració mitjançant la síntesi i exportació d'auxines que activa la síntesi de giberelines i, al seu torn, l'expressió de CcMADS19. Mitjançant experiments amb tractaments exògens d'auxines, giberelines i els seus antagonistes, aclarida de fruita i la interrupció del transport pel floema entre la fruita i les brots, els resultats indiquen que ni les giberelines ni les auxines es relacionen de manera consistent amb l'activació de l'expressió de CcMADS19 a les fulles. A les gemmes, les giberelines es relacionen amb l'activació del gen inhibidor CENTRORRADIALIS (CEN) quan hi ha fruita per l'augment de la síntesi de GA4 i quan no hi ha fruita per la seua aplicació exògena. La presència de la fruita augmenta la concentració d'auxines a la tija i la gemma en el moment de la inducció i reprimeix la seua síntesi i transport. Però això no impedeix que, a la gemma, el gen CcMADS19 estigui epigenèticament silenciat i que el silenciament es transmeti als nous brots vegetatius. Aquests brots floreixen al següent cicle i, a les seues gemmes, la diferenciació floral es relaciona amb un augment de la síntesi i transport d'auxines i una reducció de la síntesi de giberelines. / [EN] In citrus, low temperature promotes flower induction in autumn-winter by increasing the expression of the CiFT3 promoter gene (citrus homologue of the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene). The presence of large numbers of fruits on the tree at this time inhibits CiFT3 expression and flowering, but the inhibitory signal produced by the fruits is unknown. The most widely accepted hypotheses are that the signal is hormonal or nutritional. In the first case, the inhibitory effect is attributed to hormones produced and exported by the fruit during development. In the second case, the inhibitory effect is attributed to the high demand and consumption of carbohydrates by the developing fruit. The two hypotheses are complementary and not mutually exclusive. In addition, it has been shown that the fruit promotes the epigenetic activation of the flowering repressor CcMADS19 (citrus homolog of the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene), which inhibits the expression of the CiFT3 gene. To determine which signal is produced by the fruit to inhibit flowering, the following hypothesis is proposed in this thesis: The fruit inhibits flowering through the synthesis and export of auxins, which activates the synthesis of gibberellins and, in turn, the expression of CcMADS19. Experiments with exogenous treatments of auxins, gibberellins and their antagonists, fruit thinning, and disruption of phloem transport between fruit and buds indicate that neither gibberellins nor auxins are consistently associated with the activation of CcMADS19 expression in leaves. In buds, gibberellins are associated with the activation of the flowering inhibitor CENTRORADIALIS (CEN), in the presence of fruit by increasing GA4 synthesis, and in the absence of fruit by its exogenous application. The presence of fruit increases the concentration of auxin in the stem and bud at the time of induction and suppresses its synthesis and transport. However, this does not prevent the epigenetic silencing of the CcMADS19 gene in the bud, which is transmitted to the leaves of the new vegetative shoots. These shoots flower in the following cycle, where floral differentiation is associated with an increase in auxin synthesis and transport and a decrease in gibberellin synthesis in the bud. / Marzal Blay, A. (2024). Study of the Fruit Inhibitory Mechanism on Citrus flowering. Nutritional, Hormonal and Genetic Factors [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203155

Inexhaustible solar energy, which provides a clean, economic and green energy, seems to be an alternative solution, for current and future energy demands. Harvesting solar energy presents a challenge in using eco-friendly, earth abundant and inexpensive materials. Although present CdTe and Cu (In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) technologies, provide light-to-electricity comparable to silicon technology, toxicity of Cd and scarcity of In limits the widespread utilization. Future tera-watt level module capacity would then be feasible by the low-cost technologies. The chalcogenide thin film technology would therefore provide the exceptional utilization in the large-area module monolithic integrations benefitting from the low material consumption owing to the direct band gap. The current thesis presents the results obtained from the quest of other thin film materials and their utilization to an unconventional Cd-free buffer layer. The films suitability for the future applications was assessed through photovoltaics device studies in a comparative manner. Chapter-1 deals with the motivation for the solar energy and the importance of thin film photovoltaics. Alternative materials which are abundantly available would help to reach the future tera watt level production, where the conventional silicon technology alone cannot satisfy the global energy demand. The utilization of non-conventional thin film based solar cells and their working principles were elucidated. The histories of the copper based alternative materials were introduced. Chapter-2 deals with the versatile thin film growth technique that has been designed fabricated and installed further which can handle the growth of the absorber and the top TCO layers with insitu sulphurisation. The methodology of the absorber deposition was discussed in detail. The experimental details for the co-sputtering of CuInAl alloy were presented. A novel selenization method, assisted by the combination of inert gases was developed for the annealing of CuInAl alloyed precursor films. Chapter-3 deals with the presentation of the results obtained on buffer and window layers. Chemical Bath deposition technique was employed for the growth and optimization of the conventional CdS and non-toxic buffer ZnS buffer layers. A) Cadmium sulphide thin films suitable for the utilization of high efficiency solar cells were optimized. Optimization of the buffer involved the effects of cadmium precursors, ammonia concentration and buffer capsule effect. A green route was presented so as to consume the precursors to the maximum extent possible. B) The alternative non-toxic buffer Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) thin films were successfully grown using the above optimized conditions. Moreover the window layer was also optimized for better device partner. Zinc Oxide was used as a n-type partner for the p-type CIS films. The ZnO films were grown by the RF-sputtering from the single cathode exhibited good crystallinity with Zincite structure (hexagonal ZnS, a= 3.249A0 and c= 5.205A0). All the grown films showed high resistivity. Al: ZnO thin films were optimized in two methods 1) by dc co-sputtering from the elemental cathodes, Zinc and Aluminum, 2) dc-sputtering from the single 2% Al-doped ZnO cathode. Low resistivity Al:ZnO thin films were deposited in both the cases. Effect of Aluminum doping into ZnO crystal lattice upon the optical and electrical properties were discussed. Chapter-4 deals with the synthesis of various absorber materials, characterizations and some properties. Briefly the A) Optimization of the CuIn1-xAlxSe2 phase with better adhesion and better crystallinity. Aluminum doping into the crystal lattice of CuInSe2 aided the wide band gap tuning of CIAS thin films. Morphological investigations were carried out for the different set of thin films before and after selenization. Effects of copper and Aluminum concentrations on the lattice parameter of the selenized thin films were addressed. The present chapter deals with the A) electrical properties of CIAS films and its heterojunction partners. Resistivity measurements and effects of Cu/In ratio and the effect of Al doping were described in detail. The CIAS/ZnO heterostructure, CIAS/Al:ZnO heterostructure junction properties as a function of different sun illuminations were discussed. B) The alternative earth abundant, eco-friendly, non-toxic elements Cu2ZnSnS4, absorber thin films synthesis and characterizations. Photo conductive photo measurements showed CZTS a potential candidate for near infra-red photodectection. C) Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) nanostructures and quantum dots were synthesized via simple chemical routes. CCTS quantum dots were tuned to exhibit the red edge effect and cold white phosphors. D) Cu3BiS3 nano rods were synthesized and characterized structurally and optically. The transport properties of Cu3BiS3 nanorods were tailored for showing the metallic to semiconducting transitions. Chapter-5 Discusses the A) Efforts made in understanding the CIAS based solar cells through interfaces such as CIAS/ZnO, Mo/CIAS, CIAS/CdS/i-ZnO/Al:ZnO and improving the open circuit voltage VOC upon a rotating substrate, involving the inline and in situ processes, for fabricating the cell/ module were discussed. The device statistics for various set of cells were analyzed. B) Solar cells of CTS absorber with the non-toxic buffer ZnS were fabricated and device properties were analyzed. C) CCTS quantum dots embedded in the polymer matrix were utilized for making the inverted hybrid solar devices in combination of ITO/AZnO bilayered contact replacing the acidic PEDOT: PSS. D) The solar cells made of CCTS hollow spheres by spin coating the absorber in the configuration SLG/Mo/CCTS/CdS/ iZno-AZnO/Ni-Al-Al showed a lower efficiency of 0.02%. Chapter-6 concludes with the summary of present investigations and the scope for future work.

This qualitative study was interested in what needed to be heard from people who have difficulty in putting one foot in front of the other. The research aimed to expose some of the dominant discourses around mobility difficulties through exploring the relationship discourse has with power and to look for less talked about ways of resisting some of the harmful effects of dominant discourses. It also explored how participants used their spiritual beliefs to establish meaning in their mobility difficulty experiences. The exploring was done by employing discourse analysis as analysing tool to search for dominant and alternate meanings found in experiences of mobility difficulties. Theoretical frameworks included practical theology, pastoral care, narrative practices, postmodern ideas, discourse, social construction theory, deconstruction, qualitative research and action research. The researcher's own experience of mobility difficulties has been used as background where she was both an observer and participant. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

The non-fiction introduction to The Wyvern’s Tale: A Thought Experiment in Bakhtinian Dual Chronotope Occupation documents the evolution of the novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, from the ideas that inspired it to its current incarnation as a full-length novel intended for an adult audience. It comprises an explanation of the novel’s main concept, Bakhtinian dual chronotope occupation, as well as an idea-focused account of the creative-writing process. Detailed in the introduction’s theoretical premise is the relationship between Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of chronotope and the carnivalesque and the ideal of the divided union in Chalcedonian Christology. This relationship revolves around the state of existing in two time-spaces at once. The novel, The Wyvern’s Tale, explores this dual existence imaginatively using the setting of parallel worlds – the every-day world and a fictional world called Wyvern – as well as a protagonist, who functions in the fictional world as a Christ-figure. Particular thematic emphasis is placed on differing perceptions of truth and reality, and on the transformative power of costumes. The novel’s outcome, dependent on the reader’s decision as to whether dual chronotope occupation is possible or impossible, is respectively either hopeful or tragic. It attempts to reflect the outcome of the life and death of Christ depending on whether his co-existence as God and man was real or imagined.

This study investigates the representation of narrative space in the novel and the film of The Return of the King. As the two representations belong to two different mediums, the theories on narrative space in the novel and in the film are examined in order to distinguish between their modes of representation of space. In essence, the theory utilised for the spatial analysis focuses on the content, function and symbolic meaning within spaces, as created by the description of objects, the repetition and accumulation of spatial information, as well as the movement of characters within spaces and the interaction between characters and different spaces. This spatial interaction relates to the events, representations of time and the role of the narrator within the different dimensions of narrated space, that is, concrete and abstract space. The three most significant spaces within the novel and the film, namely Minas Tirith, Mount Doom and Hobbiton form the basis of the analysis, which focuses on the narrative spaces as they are represented. From this study, it becomes clear that there are different levels of meaning embodied within a space: the physical and geographical space, the social space of interaction and the abstract, symbolic space. The significant spaces and their meanings in the novel have been subjected to filmic transformation. Essentially, the spaces in both the novel and the film display the fact that space ultimately influences those events and people who interact with it and vice versa. These spaces thus embody specific meanings, which contribute towards the undertaken journey represented in Tolkien's fantastical, imaginative world. / MA (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Nous présentons une contribution à la modélisation tridimensionnelle des phénomènes électromagnétiques et thermiques couplés dans les matériaux supraconducteurs à haute température critique. La méthode des volumes finis est adoptée comme méthode de résolution des équations aux dérivées partielles caractéristiques aux phénomènes physiques traités. Le couplage électromagnétique thermique est assuré par un algorithme alterné. L’ensemble des modèles mathématico-numériques ainsi développés et implémentés sous Matlab, sont appliqués pour étudié le comportement des supraconducteurs dans le cadre des paliers magnétiques et pour étudier le comportement des supraconducteurs durant le processus d’aimantation. Les résultats à caractère magnétique et ceux à caractère thermique sont largement présentés. La validité du travail proposé est atteinte par comparaison des résultats ainsi obtenus à ceux donnés par l’expérimentation. / We present a contribution for three-dimensional modeling of coupled electromagnetic and thermal phenomena in high temperature superconductor. The control volume method is used for the resolution of the partial derivative equations characterising of the treated physical phenomena. The electromagnetic and thermal coupling is ensured by an alternate algorithm. All mathematical and numerical models thus developed and implemented in Matlab software, are used for the simulation. The results in magnetic term and those in thermal term are largely presented. The validity of the suggested work is reached by the comparison of the results so obtained to those given by the experiment.

L’étude effectuée au cours de cette thèse a permis de caractériser numériquement les instabilités d’origine aérodynamique rencontrées dans un compresseur centrifuge dessiné par Turbomeca. Ce compresseur est composé d’une roue directrice d’entrée, d’un rouet centrifuge, d’un diffuseur radial et de redresseurs axiaux. Le module expérimental, dénommé Turbocel, sera accueilli au LMFA courant 2016. Le contenu de cette étude repose donc exclusivement sur des résultats numériques dont certains sont cependant comparés à des résultats expérimentaux partiels obtenus par Turbomeca sur une configuration proche. _ Le fonctionnement du compresseur est analysé à différentes vitesses de rotation, à partir de simulations RANS et URANS menées avec le code elsA. Du point de vue de la méthodologie, deux points importants sont à retenir :- Du fait du caractère transsonique de l’écoulement dans le rouet et le diffuseur radial à haut régime de rotation, les simulations RANS stationnaires ne permettent pas d’accéder à une description satisfaisante des phénomènes physiques. Cela est dû à l’utilisation d’un plan de mélange aux différentes interfaces rotor-stator qui a pour effet d’empêcher les ondes de choc de remonter à l’amont, et qui affecte tant la physique de l’écoulement que l’étendue de la plage de fonctionnement stable.- En-dessous d’un certain débit, les calculs URANS sur période machine révèlent que le comportement de l’étage n’obéit plus à la périodicité spatio-temporelle mono-canal. Une plage instable est alors obtenue à toutes les iso-vitesses simulées. A bas régime de rotation, une autre plage stable existe lorsque le compresseur est suffisamment vanné. L’étage retrouve alors une périodicité spatio-temporelle, à condition d’étendre le domaine de calcul dans le stator à deux canaux inter-aubes. En ce qui concerne les limites de stabilité de Turbocel, différentes évolutions sont décrites selon la vitesse de rotation considérée :- A haut régime de rotation, une basse fréquence commence à émerger près du point de rendement maximal et son intensité ne fait qu’augmenter jusqu.au pompage.- A bas régime, une signature basse fréquence comparable se manifeste près du point de rendement maximal mais disparaît passé un certain vannage, et n’est donc présente que sur une plage de débit délimitée. La seconde zone stable peut alors être numériquement parcourue jusqu.au pompage proprement dit. La signature basse fréquence est imputée à l’instauration d’une recirculation dans l’inducteur qui une fois établie est quasi-stationnaire. Les résultats numériques mettent en évidence que la source d’instabilité sévère sur Turbocel provient du diffuseur aubé. En fonction du point de fonctionnement, ce composant adopte des comportements différents, entre lesquels une certaine continuité existe, et ses performances chutent progressivement lorsque le débit diminue. Au final, les domaines de stabilité de l’étage de compression peuvent être reliés au type d’écoulement qui se développe dans le diffuseur radial, et apparaissent dictés par le diffuseur semi-lisse à haut régime de rotation. Enfin, afin d’étendre les plages de fonctionnement stable, une stratégie de contrôle basée sur l’aspiration de couche limite dans le diffuseur aubé a également été déterminée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Son évaluation fera l’objet d’études ultérieures sur Turbocel. / The present study aims at characterizing the aerodynamic instabilities involved in a centrifugal compressor designed by Turbomeca, by means of numerical simulation. This compressor is composed of inlet guide vanes, a centrifugal impeller, a radial vaned diffuser and axial outlet guide vanes. The test module, named Turbocel, will be delivered to the LMFA in 2016. Thus, the results presented in this manuscript are only based on CFD, although some of them are compared to experimental results obtained by Turbomeca on a close configuration.RANS and URANS simulations are performed for several rotational speeds, using the elsA software.Two methodological key points are to be emphasized:- As the flow in both the impeller and the radial diffuser is transonic at high rotational speed, steady RANS simulations cannot provide a satisfactory description of the physical phenomena taking place. This can be explained by the use of the mixing plane approach which prevents shock waves to extend upstream the rotor-stator interfaces, and which impacts the flow field predicted as well as the prediction of the stable operating range.- Below a given massflow rate, URANS simulations covering the spatial period of the compressor prove that the stage behavior does not obey to the single passage spatio-temporal periodicity anymore. An unstable operating range then appears at all the simulated rotational speeds. At low rotational speed, another stable range is however obtained if the compressor is further throttled’ A new periodicity arises on this massflow range, provided that the stator domain is extended to two neighboring blade passages. Concerning the stability domains of Turbocel, different evolutions are obtained depending on the rotational speed:- At high rotational speed, a low frequency phenomenon starts to develop near the peak efficiency point and its intensity keeps increasing until surge happens.- At low rotational speed, a low frequency signature also appears near the peak efficiency point, but it then vanishes when the compressor is further throttled, so that only a restricted operating range exhibits this instability. It then gives rise to a second stable operating range which can be described numerically, ending with surge itself. The low frequency signature is attributed to the enhancement of a flow recirculation in the inducer which, once fully established, is quasi-steady. The numerical results underline that the source of severe instability in the compressor comes from the vaned diffuser. Depending on the operating point, this component can adopt different behaviors, between which a relative continuity exists, and its performances decrease when the massflow rate decresases. The overall stage performances prove that at high rotational speed, the global stability is driven by the semi-vaneless diffuser and depends on the flow developing in the radial diffuser. Finally, in order to extend the stable operating range of the compressor, a flow control strategy based on boundary layer suction has also been determined in the diffuser. Its impact on the performances of Turbocel will be deeply studied later on.

Teaching students with Intellectual Disability (ID) is a relatively new endeavor. Beginning in 2001 with the passage of the No Child Left Behind Act, the general education curriculum integrated algebra across the K-12 curriculum (Kendall, 2011; National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers, 2010), and expansion of the curriculum included five intertwined skills (productive disposition, procedural fluency, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning, and conceptual understanding) (Kilpatrick, Swafford, & Findell, 2001). Researchers are just beginning to explore the potential of students with ID with algebra (Browder, Spooner, Ahlgrim-Delzell, Harris & Wakeman, 2008; Creech-Galloway, Collins, Knight, & Bausch, 2013; Courtade, Spooner, Browder, & Jimenez, 2012; Göransson, Hellblom-Thibblin, & Axdorph, 2016). Most of the research examines the development of procedural fluency (Göransson et al., 2016) and few researchers have explored high school level skills. Using a single-case multiple-baseline across participants design, the study proposes to teach two algebra skills to six high school students with ID, creating an equation (y=mx+b) from a graph of a line and creating a graph from an equation. The six high school students with ID will be recruited from a school district in central Virginia. The intervention package modeled after Jimenez, Browder, and Courtade (2008), included modeling, templates, time delay prompting, and a task analysis. Results showed that all six individuals improved performance during intervention for the target skills over baseline; results also indicated that in three out of the six cases some generalization to the inverse skill occurred without supplemental intervention. The ability of individuals with ID to generalize the learning without intervention provides some evidence that individuals with ID are developing conceptual understanding while learning procedural fluency.

One of the major problems facing aquaculture in Ghana is the non-availability of quality and affordable fish feeds. The present study investigated the nutritional suitability and cost-effectiveness of some Ghanaian oilseed by-products, soybean meal (Glycine spp), cottonseed meal (Gossypium spp), groundnut cake (Arachis hypogaea L.) and groundnut husk, as alternative protein sources to fishmeal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The oilseed meals were used individually, as mixtures, as mixtures enriched with methionine and mixtures detoxified by heat processing (autoclaving) and/or addition of supplements (viz. phytase and ferrous sulphate) intended to reduce levels of the most important antinutritional factors (ANFs). Diets, containing the oilseed meals at inclusion levels from 25% to 75% dietary protein, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (320 g.kg-1), isolipidic (100 g.kg-1) and isoenergetic (18 KJ.g-1) and fed to juvenile Nile tilapia at 4-10% of their body weight for a period of eight weeks. Proximate analysis showed that soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) had 500.3, 441.4, 430.5 and 205.6 g.kg-1 crude protein, 38.2, 89.5, 12.8 and 89.2 g.kg-1 crude fibre and 20.19, 19.61, 23.17 and 22.18 kJ.g-1 gross energy respectively. Generally the oilseed meals had good essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with the exception of GNH. The EAA profile of SBM compared very well with FM but methionine and threonine were low (0.73 and 1.50 % of protein respectively) and the same was true for CSM and GNC with even lower levels. Analyzed ANFs in SBM, CSM, GNC and GNH were 17.54, 31.64, 14.86 and 3.99 g.kg-1 phytic acid, 14.09, 1.24 and 2.34 g.kg-1 trypsin inhibitors and 5.80, 6.50, 8.01 and 10.08 g.kg-1 saponin respectively and in CSM 5.6 g.kg-1 gossypol. Nutrient digestibility of these oilseed proteins suggested that Nile tilapia may be able to utilize SBM, CSM and GNC efficiently as dietary protein sources due to high apparent protein digestibility of 94.50%, 84.93% and 90.01% respectively. However, GNH may not be suitable because of very low apparent protein digestibility (27.67%). These protein sources when used individually were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting more than 50% of the FM protein in diets. This may be attributed to high levels of ANFs, high fibre content and poor EAA profile. However, the use of mixtures of these meals was found to be marginally more effective than that of single sources. This may have been as a result of lower levels of ANFs and improvement in essential amino acid profile due to mixing. Supplementing the mixtures with methionine led to improvement in feed utilization but without significantly improving the nutritive value compared with FM. Heat processing was effective in reducing heat labile trypsin inhibitors in SBM, CSM and GNC by almost 80%, but not phytic acid and saponins, which remained virtually unaffected. Use of meals detoxified by heat processing with/without supplements at 50% inclusion improved growth and feed utilization compared to the unprocessed meals and performance was generally not significantly different from FM. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed that diets containing single feedstuffs or mixtures, particularly those containing equal proportions of oilseed meals and higher proportion of CSM replacing between 50% - 75% FM protein, were more profitable than FM diet. Similarly, the use of heat processed meals at 50% replacement of FM protein yielded greater profit than all other diets including the FM diet. However, essential amino acid supplementation of the meals was less profitable compared to the control. Generally, fish fed diets with oilseed meals would take longer to attain harvest size compared with FM and this could lead to an increase in production costs or a decrease in the number of production cycles which could be achieved within a year. It can be concluded that there is nutritional and economic justification for using SBM, CSM and GNC as partial replacement for FM in diets of Nile tilapia. Based on growth performance, nutrient utilization and economic benefits the diet with heat processed oilseed meal mixtures (containing equal proportions of 16.67% each) at 50% inclusion has the best prospects for replacing FM protein in diets of O. niloticus.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Tucson's "Beat the Peak" program implemented in the summer of 1977 effectuated a reduction in peak day water usage from 151.5 million gallons per day on July 9, 1976, to 114.0 million gallons per day on July 8, 1977. This twenty-five percent reduction, if maintained, will allow a three -year deferral of a new remote wellfield and transmission pipeline estimated to cost between $25 and $50 million. More time will be available to analyze the cost effectiveness of solutions to the region's water resources supply problems (such as imported groundwater, Central Arizona Project water, effluent reuse, and their interrelationships). Although conservation was not promoted, the successful peak management program resulted in a 13.3 percent reduction in 1977 water use during the summer months (May through August) compared to usage during the same period in 1976. This resulted in water sales revenues less than projected, but the combination of less utility expenses and deferred capital improvements will yield lower customer rates and monthly bills than would have otherwise been necessary without the program.