How has the Vietnam War affected America's response to international conflicts? Have American Presidents been less likely to sanction a US military response to international conflicts in the post-Vietnam era? Has their ability to deploy US forces been weakened in any way by the Vietnam experience? This study seeks answers to these questions by examining how American Presidents responded to some of the major international conflicts of the post-Vietnam era, between 1982 and 1995. It looks at how they sought to lead America's responses to these conflicts and how far they were able to enact, and publicly 'sell', their chosen deployment decisions in the face of opposition from within the American public-political arena, especially from Congress.

Denna uppsats behandlar en del av historien med ett nytt perspektiv. Den handlar om hur kvinnor i Amerika/USA skildras utifrån reseskildringar av Fredrika Bremer och Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt. Detta skede genom att undersöka dem genom att analysera reseskildringarna utifrån genusperspektiv och den svenska kulturmötens-perspektiv som innebar att svenskarna var mer tillvägagående i möten med andra kulturer. Genom att lyfta ut de amerikanska kvinnornas situation, författarnas attityder om kvinnorna och egenskaper kunde denna analys ske och dessutom även se vilka skillnader det fanns mellan amerikanska kvinnor och europeiska. Även en jämförelse sker mellan författarnas reseskildringar.      Syftet var att utveckla och fördjupa den svenska synen på 1800-talets Amerika och genom de tre frågeställningarna uttyda beskrivningen av kvinnor i Amerika på 1850-talet samt en jämförande fråga mellan materialet för att svara på syftet. Metoden som användes under läsningen och som strukturerade undersökningen var en kvalitativ analysläsning med hjälp av Eva Blocks bild-begrepp. Teorierna som används är en konstruerad utifrån tidigare forskningens Kenneth Nybergs och Björn Moens arbeten samt ett genusteoretiskt utifrån Joan Scott.      I den tidigare forskningen har det studerats svenska folkets åsikter om Amerika med stora undersökning som tidningsstudier och emigrationsstudier i formen av platsspecifika undersökningar. Två arbeten i den tidigare forskningen, Kenneth Nybergs Bilder av Mittens rike och Eva Blocks Amerikabilden i svensk dagspress 1948–1968, var extra betydande då de gav analysverktyget med bild-begreppet och en grund för hur tidigare studier av andra kulturer utförts. I slutändan saknades det tidigare forskning som undersökt kvinnan i Amerika utöver vad Bremer skrivit om dem och ingen använde någon teori kopplad till kulturmöten och genus.      Efter att undersökningen var utförd var resultatet en mycket positiv bild av kvinnan i Amerika. Hennes situation tillät henne ha stora friheter, som att bli undervisad i alla skolämnen, vänta med giftermål till senare i livet och kunna resa ensam utan en make eller far som skydd. Kvinnan hade också stor respekt i många städer, däribland Columbia där om man endast sa det minsta illa om en kvinna fick man vara bered på att stå för orden i dueller eller slagsmål. Bremers och Nettelbladts attityder mot kvinnorna var mycket positiva, vanligen på grund av egenskaperna de besatt och deras utbildning. Det fanns flera exempel på när de båda ogillade kvinnorna, men överlag var dessa tillfällen små och obetydliga jämfört med den stora bilden. Egenskaperna som de amerikanska kvinnorna besatte var kopplat både till det yttre och inre, däribland att de alla tycks vara vackra, trevliga, arbetsamma och självständiga. Bremer som träffade indianer i Amerika beskriver även dessa kvinnor med positiva attribut inom de tre kategorierna, men att de ändå hade svårare än resten utav de amerikanska kvinnorna.      Slutligen avslutas uppsatsen och arbetet med en diskussion mot den tidigare forskningen och en del andra tankar. Bland dessa bekräftar uppsatsen att författarna till reseskildringarna var mer tillmötesgående mot kvinnorna och i slutänden mot kulturen som de mötte i Amerika. Bremer och Nettelbladt uttrycker att kvinnorna i Amerika har flera inre och yttre attribut som är positiva. De vanligaste var bland annat att kvinnan var självständig gentemot mannen och inte hade kravet på att gifta sig ung eller att göra sig fin för mannens skull. Ett andra uttryck var att kvinnor innehade generellt stor respekt, vilket gav uttrycktes genom olika berättelser där mannen skyddade kvinnans värdighet ifall hon fick höra onda ord om henne eller att kvinnan kunde utan problematik studera flera områden som fysik och medicin. Mot teorin om kulturmöten bryter detta inte mönstret, Bremers och Nettelbladts beskrivningar visar på att svenskar var mycket tillmötesgående.      Genusteoretiskt tycks kvinnorna i Amerika haft en starkare ställning att bryta maktförhållandet mellan man och kvinna samt i Scotts fyra aspekter påverkar dessa på ett eller annat sätt. Undersökningen visar att kvinnan i Amerika tycks bryta maktförordningen enklare än i Europa då Bremer och Nettelbladt ger uttryck för detta genom deras observationer. Ett exempel är att kvinnan studerar många ämnen enligt Bremer och Nettelbladt, Bremer anmärker på att lärarinnor får lära ut till även pojkar i de högre skolorna. Utifrån de fyra aspekterna fanns ändå hindren för att fullt utveckla jämställdheten, som att kvinnor inte hade lika lön inom visa yrken (ett uttryck för Scotts institutionella aspekt), kvinnan blev lärd att vara ”en lyxartikel” för mannen och inte någon arbetande kvinna (ett uttryck för Scotts reproducerande aspekt).      Om den amerikanska ursprungsbefolkningen uttrycks inte för mycket på grund utav bristen i att endast ett material skriver om dem. Genusteoretiskt dock kan man uttrycka att kvinnornas levda världar var skilda likt natt och dag. Amerikanska kvinnan levde fritt och var väl respekterad medan ursprungsbefolkningens kvinna liknades av Bremer med slaven, där kvinnan gjorde allt arbete och mannen styrde över henne. Scotts teori uttrycker detta som att de institutioner och den uppfostran som de olika samhällena bygger på skiljer sig mycket ifrån varandra. De två andra aspekterna kommer inte i uttryck här, då de är språkliga och Bremers beskrivningar inte tillåter dessa tolkningsaspekter.      Slutligen föreslås i en didaktisk reflexion att elever kan utveckla sina kunskaper med denna uppsats, fördjupa dem om kvinnors ställning och om det förflutna. Författaren till uppsatsen föreslår att flera uppsatser kring ämnet ”Bilden av Amerika” utförs för att skapa en fullständig bild av 1800-talets Amerika och om andra kulturer för att utvinna mer om dåtidens förståelse av den andre och des kultur. / The following essay works to achieve a deeper understanding of how Swedish bourgeois women saw on the status of women in America (USA). Therefore, in the process creating more knowledge about Swedish 19th century thought pattern about America with focus on women. This was done by analysing the travel accounts of two authors’, Fredrika Bremer and Lovisa Mathilda Nettelbladt, travels though America.  The main questions addressed in the essay were how the two authors Bremer and Nettelbladt described the American women’s situation, attributes and lastly to understand their stance toward the women they meet. This was achieved with the help of a method from Eva Block and Kenneth Nyberg called “image-concept” (“bild-begreppet”) in which an image is produced according to several factors; facts, opinion of X and proposal of action. The theories that were used for analysing the descriptions and overall results was a synthesis of Nyberg’s thesis- and Björn Moen’s essay results that the Swedish people were more accommodating towards foreign cultures then other Europeans. And lastly, Joan Scott’s theory about gender was used in the study.      The results showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt had a very opened mind towards the women of America. Almost everything about women’s situation in America were positive; their attitude towards women, while affected by small personal inconveniences, was also positive to a large degree. Lastly the attributes of the women of America were of both inner and outer qualities, with attractive, gracious/cheerful, diligent and independent being most significant. Analysing the results, women of America were overwhelmingly described with positivity. The negative traits and opinions about the women were not significant, the only common opinion being that Americans in general could show too much hospitality. This showed that Bremer and Nettelbladt were following the pattern of Nyberg’s and Moen’s results, showing that Swedish people might have been more accommodating towards foreign cultures. Scott’s theory helped show that women of America had a more powerful position than in Europe, due to authors admiration about what women did and how respected they were, and secondly how women were breaking the power relationship between women and men. A short didactic reflection about how this work could move towards a deeper understanding about the social status of women for the pupils in history. Lastly the author of this work propose that more essays of history like this should be done to create a more complete image of the Swedish 19th century thought patterns about America; and of other cultures to expand the knowledge about the past individuals that we have been taught by.

This thesis investigates global fight against terrorism in North West Pakistan and Afghanistan from a 21st century perspective in 2018. It focuses on local attitudes towards the War on Terror and their interplay with geo-strategic, regional, international and Pakistan’s domestic landscapes. In doing so, it questions the efficacy of existing academic and policy approaches towards achieving sustainable peace in North West Pakistan in particular and South Asia in general. It also evaluates the impact of regional rivalries especially in between Pakistan and India on the achievement of US foreign policy interests. Part-1 reviews existing literature on terrorism especially in post 9/11 setting. It examines the international discord of agreeing on a single definition of terrorism and its ramifications. It sequentially focuses on character of security in North West Pakistan and neighbouring Afghanistan since colonial times. It also identifies various traditional, religious and societal angles of Pashtun tribes; which always inspired them to fight against external powers. Part-2 combines academic investigations with empirical evidence. The results are correlated with current discussions on modern terrorism, geopolitical pulls and regional rivalries to create a holistic picture. It identifies local attitudes and regional rivalries as major impediments towards achievement of sustainable peace. Research findings indicated that predominant Western academic debates on the conflict were foreign policy inspired with little local and veteran input. By adapting a pragmatic approach the terrorism challenge can be addressed and the region can contribute towards the continuation of ‘Rules Based Order’ within the current phase of Great Power Rivalry.

Univ., Diss.--Warwick. / Quellen- und Literaturverz. S. [203] - 222.

There is a shortage of clergy, at least in the Roman Catholic Church (cf Schoenherr&Sorenson 1982:23; Heilbronner 1998:11; Tentler 1998:348; Carroll 2001:1; Fernandez 2001:ix-x; see Seidler 1979:764; Berger 1987; Hoge et al 1988:264, 280). The Protestant Church in general is experiencing more of a distribution problem than a shortage (cf Chaves 2001:36; see Jud et al 1970:59). The two greatest hindrances to addressing this clergy distribution problem among Protestant churches is a lack of adequate compensation for clergy and the undesirable location, as perceived by clergy, of the church (Chaves 2001:36; see Jud et al 1970:59). Challenges such as secularization, duality of vocation, time management, change in type of ministry, family issues, congregational and denominational conflict, burnout, sexual misconduct, divorce or marital problems, and suicide, affect clergy. Studies on the shortage of clergy have been conducted mostly in the USA and Europe and not in South Africa. This study seeks to address this research gap by means of a practical theological grounded theory exploration of the exodus of clergy. Grounded theory methodology is used to identify the reasons why clergy trained at a Bible College of a Protestant Charismatic mega church leave full-time pastoral ministry. Findings correspond to previous studies with two reasons appearing more frequently than others: responding to a call and leadership related issues. Firstly, respondents differed in their replies with respect to reconciling their leaving full-time pastoral ministry to their call with responses of: not being called, a dual call, or called but left anyway. Secondly, respondents indicated that leadership influence was mostly negative with regard to affirming their call. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world and often is a chronic long term disease. This calls for an expanded workforce to include non-traditional health care providers. Objective: To determine effectiveness of a cancer information training project with clergy from selected rural Appalachian areas to improve comfort and willingness to work as part of the cancer health care team. Methods: Clergy were trained in the consumer health database of the National Library of Medicine MedlinePlus.gov. Exercises were required that were done using an iPad tablet with an online curriculum. They were also taught how to do a population health assessment of their particular area and develop a health ministry for their church. Results: Three key elements were confirmed that would enable replication of the pilot: access to medlineplus, programmed learning modules using mobile technology such as iPads, and staff support including librarians and medical staff. With these key elements, the cancer project is potentially replicable with other groups beyond clergy. Conclusion: about population health, built on new awareness and topical health knowledge, and using new skills to identify relevant information and library resources, could open minds and enhance community support for preventive and medical interventions.

Environmental justice, a new but rapidly developing concept in international environmental law, arose in the United States of America during the Environmental Justice Movement of the late 1970s and 1980s. It starkly highlighted injustices faced by people of colour and low-income communities as regards racially skewed environmental legal protection and allocation of environmental risks. The movement radically changed the meaning of ‘environment’ from its conventional green overtones to include issues of social justice at the core of environmental thinking. I critically examine the concept of environmental justice in the Kenyan context by highlighting the injustices, and the formulation and application of laws and policies that significantly impact on environmental regulation and equitable distribution of social services. / Private Law / LL. M.

The thesis deals with transnational islamist terrorism and with the policy of the European Union (EU) and the United States (U.S.) in countering the threat. It is assumed that it is the EU's policy that is more relevant given the recent evolution of the threat. The assumption is subsequently tested throughout the paper. In the opening part, the focus is on the international, or transnational, islamist terrorism, in particular its root causes, ideological background and organizational forms. Second chapter is devoted to the EU's counterterrorism policy, first from the institutional point of view, as that has obvious implications for the formulation and implementation of policy. Then, the prevailing perceptions of terrorism, basic tenets of strategy and some concrete measures are analyzed. The chapter dealing with the U.S. policy is structured analogously, even if the institutional aspects are omitted due to the obvious absence of EU-specific problems. Chapter four provides a comparison of both actors' policies, followed up by the fifth, final, chapter, with some concluding remarks. Most importantly, the initial assumption is assessed as valid, i.e., the European Union counterterrorism policy is found to be more relevant than that of the United States.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / By the mid 1980s the Nationalist Party had sought to salvage almost four decades of apartheid policies that were based on white supremacy. In this regard it engaged in dual strategies of repression and reform. The state's strategies were challenged by organisations and movements within civil society. In this regard a number of community-based organisation mushroomed both nationally and regionally. These organisations were co-ordinated by adult political activists most of whom were perceived to lack the necessary skills to manage organisation more effectively. In this conjuncture, the Adult Education Departments at five South African universities developed certificate-level programmes to address this gap. This study focuses on three such programmes, the Community Adult Education Programme, based at the University of Cape Town, the Certificate for Educators of Adults at the University of the Western Cape, and the Community Adult Educators Training Course based at the University of Natal- Pietermaritzburg. This study investigates the social and political conditions that gave rise to the three certificate programmes. It also investigates the relationship between the external social and political conditions and the internal curriculum practices of the certificates. In this process it analyses the nature of the relationship and identifies shifts in the programmes and the curriculum practices between 1986 and 1996. The study uses a qualitative approach and draws on elements of critical theory and social constructionism to understand the data gleaned from interviews and documents. This study argues that all three certificate programmes have directly been tied into the social political context in South Africa between 1986 and 1996. In this decade the study argues, there are three distinct political periods, namely repression/reform, negotiations and fragile democracy. It argues that distinct features from each period have shaped the certificates in different ways. Along with the national political conditions as manifest at the level of the state, the private sector and civil society there are local and institutional dynamics that contribute to the different forms assumed by these certificates. The study further argues that the external social - political conditions from each period have demarcated and fixed the boundaries for the certificates as a social practice. In this process the curriculum practices for each period permitted certain words and practices in preference to others. Consequently, it argues that the external and internal social and political dimensions together construct the certificates as a discourse. This study is based on a belief that the role of a certificate practitioner is to creatively locate the day to day practices within different theoretical frameworks in order to advance studies into sites of adult education practices. This study represents a step in such a direction.

The quest towards resolving concerns about transportation energy consumption and emissions across nations has created more interests to investigate factors responsible for households’ car ownership. While literature holds an extensive body of investigation usually compartmentalised in individual different disciplines, limited efforts have been made to promote inter-linkages of this strand of research across different disciplines. To fill this gap, this study developed an integrating Multinomial logit (MNL) model to examine the impact of some rarely-investigated and conventional explanatory variables, including: ethnicity, accommodation tenure, settlement nature, mental belief, environmental concern, geographical regions, household structure, driving licence, number of household income earners and household income, on car ownership. Analysis based on rich data sets of British Household Survey and US Consumer Expenditure Survey found not only the conventional explanatory variables to be significantly linked to the number of cars in the US and UK households, but also the rarely-investigated psychological variables were found to be significantly linked as well. As Socio-demography, Geography and Psychology impact on how people and households process information and assess market offers (e.g., products and services), this study presents findings which have beneficial implications for policymakers and transportations planners, including those who would like to alter people’s behaviour from private car ownership to public transportation use, car sellers in terms of how to identify and reach potential customers, provision of alternative forecasting approaches to car ownership scholars as well as possible consideration for general car ownership decision making. Caution should be taken when interpreting the relationship between psychological factors and car ownership since the psychological factors adopted are measure representatives from databases used with limitations in the factor structure for a representative sample of the countries’ population.