The main histological feature of Alzheimer\'s disease is the presence of amyloid plaques in the patient\'s brain. The most abundant element of these plaques is the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). Initially soluble, the peptide exhibits in solution an intricate equilibrium among monomeric, oligomeric (some of which are regarded as the toxic species) and fibrillar states, which prevents its crystallization and subsequent structural determination by X-ray diffraction. High-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used by our group to detect rare, high-energy monomeric Aβ (1-40) states, coexisting in equilibrium with oligomers and fibrils. This work aims to characterize the thermodynamics and the structure of the rare excited states of the Aβ peptide through the use of high pressure NMR. A large collection of NMR spectra of the Aβ (1-40) peptide as a function of pressure was recorded and analyzed. Secondary structure predictions revealed that the Aβ peptide adopts extended β-strand-like structures, similar to those found in amyloid-fibril structures. From the pressure curves of chemical shifts and cross-peak volumes, at least three monomeric states could be detected, which were thermodynamically characterized by the calculation of the variation of their Gibbs free energy (ΔGij) and molar partial volumes (ΔVij). The study of nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) and 3JHα-HN NMR couplings reinforces the existence of extended structures with β-strand propensity, both at ambient (0.1 MPa) and high (275 MPa) pressures. The interaction between the Aβ peptide and the D-peptides RD2 and RD2D3, D-enantiomeric fibril inhibitors, was also characterized. Our results indicate that the D-peptides recognize and bind to a more compact conformation of Aβ. The formation of the Aβ-D-peptide heterodimers ultimately prevents the formation of toxic oligomers, therefore representing a potential therapy against Alzheimer´s disease. Additionally, in the second chapter, we present results on the coiled-coils (CC) from group-III human septins (SEPT1, SEPT2, SEPT4 and SEPT5) also studied by NMR spectroscopy. Septins are GTP-binding proteins present in most eukaryotic organisms and capable of forming filaments, which are essential in cell division. In this study, we used 1H-1H-NOESY spectra to detect the orientation and helix pairings adopted by the C-terminal coiled-coils in solution. The NOE analysis, aided by back-calculated spectra, showed that the only sequence to show an antiparallel structure was SEPT2CC; all the others are parallel. However, the disappearance of specific peaks in the NMR spectrum of SEPT5CC caused by the attachment of a paramagnetic spin label indicates an antiparallel orientation, contrary to our other NMR result. A simple evaluation of the coiled-coil heptameric positions, based on the occurrence of each amino acid residue occupying each position, revealed that both orientations are equally stable. Despite being far less stable compared to other coiled-coils, both could exist physiologically. Other results from the group also suggest that these peptides could have the ability to form both parallel and antiparallel coiled-coils. We speculate that the antiparallel conformation might be related to cross-linking between filaments. / A principal característica histológica da doença de Alzheimer é a presença de placas amiloides no cérebro de pacientes. O constituinte mais abundante dessas placas é o peptídeo β-amiloide (Aβ). Inicialmente solúvel, o peptídeo exibe em solução um intrincado equilíbrio entre estados monoméricos, oligoméricos (alguns deles tidos como as espécies tóxicas) e fibrilares, o que impossibilita sua cristalização e posterior determinação estrutural por difração de raios-X. A espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de alta pressão foi utilizada por nosso grupo para detectar estados monoméricos raros e de alta energia do Aβ(1-40), coexistindo em equilíbrio com oligômeros e fibras. Esse trabalho visa caracterizar a termodinâmica e a estrutura dos estados excitados raros do peptídeo Aβ através do uso da RMN de alta pressão. Uma grande coleção de espectros de RMN do peptídeo Aβ(1-40) em função da pressão foi coletada e analisada. Predições de estrutura secundária revelaram que o peptídeo Aβ adota estruturas estendidas do tipo fitas-β, similares àquelas encontradas em estruturas de fibras amiloides. A partir das curvas de deslocamento químico e volume de pico pela pressão, ao menos três estados monoméricos puderam ser detectados, os quais foram termodinamicamente caracterizados através do cálculo da variação das suas energias livres de Gibbs (ΔGij) e volumes parciais molares (ΔVij). O estudo de efeitos Overhauser nucleares (NOEs) e de acoplamentos 3JHα-HN de RMN reforçam a existência de estruturas estendidas com propensão a fitas-β, tanto a pressão ambiente (0,1 MPa) quanto em alta pressão (275 MPa). A interação entre o peptídeo Aβ e os D-peptídeos RD2 e RD2D3, inibidores D-enatioméricos de fibras, também foi caracterizada. Nossos resultados indicam que os D-peptídeos reconhecem e se ligam a uma conformação mais compacta de Aβ. A formação dos heterodímeros Aβ-D-peptídeo previne, por fim, a formação dos oligômeros tóxicos, representando uma potencial terapia contra a doença de Alzheimer. Adicionalmente, no segundo capítulo, apresentamos resultados sobre os coiled-coils (CC) das septinas humanas do grupo III (SEPT1, SEPT2, SEPT4 e SEPT5) também estudados por espectroscopia de RMN. Septinas são proteínas ligantes de GTP presentes na maioria dos organismos eucarióticos e capazes de formar filamentos, os quais são essenciais à divisão celular. Nesse estudo, utilizamos espectros 1H-1H-NOESY a fim de detectar a orientação e o pareamento de hélices adotados pelos coiled-coils em solução. A análise dos NOEs, auxiliada por espectros retrocalculados, mostrou que a única sequência a mostrar uma estrutura antiparalela foi SEPT2CC; todas as outras são paralelas. Entretanto, o desaparecimento de picos específicos no espectro de RMN de SEPT5CC causado pela presença de um marcador paramagnético de spin indica uma orientação antiparalela, contrário ao nosso outro resultado de RMN. Uma avaliação simples das posições heptaméricas dos coiled-coils, baseada na ocorrência de cada resíduo de aminoácido em ocupar cada posição, revelou que ambas as orientações são igualmente estáveis. Apesar de serem bem menos estáveis comparadas a outros coiled-coils, ambas poderiam existir fisiologicamente. Outros resultados do grupo também sugerem que esses peptídeos poderiam formar tanto coiled-coils paralelos quanto antiparalelos. Nós especulamos que a conformação antiparalela pode estar relacionada a ligações cruzadas entre filamentos.

Bacillus subtilis est une bactérie à Gram positif ubiquitaire vivant dans différents environnements terrestres et aquatiques. Différents polymères extracellulaires entrant dans la composition de la matrice des biofilms à B. subtilis ont été décrits. Des polysaccharides sont à la base de ces propriétés mécaniques, la viscoélasticité étant modulée par la teneur du biofilm en différents polymères extracellulaires comme les protéines amyloïdes et l’ADN extracellulaire.L’objectif de ce travail était d’étudier le rôle des exopolymères dans les biofilms à B. subtilis en utilisant la souche type de l’espèce CIP52.65T et différentes autres souches sauvages, cliniques et mutantes. La composition de la matrice varie en fonction de la présence de saccharose dans le milieu de culture, ainsi les effets d’une supplémentation du milieu Trypticase Soja (TS) en saccharose (20% p/v) ont été étudiés sur la croissance planctonique, la production de polymères de matrice et la formation de biofilm pour toutes ces souches de B. subtilis. Enfin, parmi les protéines de la matrice, B. subtilis produit une protéine formant des fibres amyloïdes appelée TasA. Son rôle exact dans le biofilm reste encore mal connu. Le but de cette seconde étude était de mieux comprendre le mécanisme d'auto-assemblage de TasA et de comprendre son rôle dans la matrice. En regroupant toutes les caractérisations effectuées sur les biofilms et sur les peptides amyloïdes, la conception de matrice biomimétique a permis d’effectuer de première approche sur les propriétés mécaniques de celle-ci, en reproduisant des matrices artificielles à base d’exopolysaccharides (lévane), de peptides amyloïdes et d’ADN. / Bacillus subtilis is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacterium that lives in different terrestrial and aquatic environments. Various extracellular polymers involved in the composition of the B. subtilis biofilm matrix have been described. Polysaccharides are the basis of these mechanical properties, the viscoelasticity being modulated by the content of the biofilm in different extracellular polymers such as amyloid proteins and extracellular DNA.The aim of this work was to study the role of exopolymers in B. subtilis biofilms using the type CIP52.65T strain and various other wild, clinical and mutant strains. The composition of the matrix varies according to the presence of sucrose in the culture medium, so the effects of supplementation of the medium Trypticase Soy (TS) sucrose (20% w/v) were studied on the planktonic growth, matrix polymer production and biofilm formation for all these B. subtilis strains. Finally, among the proteins in the matrix, B. subtilis produces an amyloid-forming protein called TasA. Its exact role in the biofilm remains poorly understood. The purpose of this second study was to better understand the self-assembly mechanism of TasA and to understand its role in the matrix. By grouping all the characterizations carried out on the biofilms and the amyloid peptides, the biomimetic matrix design made it possible to carry out a first approach on the mechanical properties of this one, by reproducing artificial matrices based on exopolysaccharides (levan), amyloid peptides and DNA.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodégénérative du système nerveux central qui se caractérise notamment par l’accumulation de peptide beta-amyloïde (Aβ) dans le tissus nerveux. Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous avons montré que l’interaction des oligomères Aβ1-42 de haut poids moléculaire avec la membrane plasmique des cellules PC12 différenciées ou des cellules nerveuses (neurones et astrocytes primaires) provoque des variations de la [Ca2+]i dépendant de l’activation des récepteurs NMDA. Dans la seconde partie nous avons montré qu’une pré-exposition des cellules PC12 et des cellules nerveuses à de faibles concentrations de peptide Aβ module l’interaction ultérieure des oligomères avec la membrane plasmique. Enfin dans le cadre d’une collaboration avec l’entreprise Innovative Health Diagnostics (IHD) nous avons participé à la caractérisation d’une sonde amyloïde fluorescente développée pour réaliser des tests de détection de la MA à partir d’échantillons sanguins. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system which is characterized in particular by the accumulation of beta amyloïde peptide (Aβ) in nerve tissues. In the first part of this thesis we showed that the interaction of high molecular weight Aβ1-42 oligomers with the plasma membrane of differenciated PC12 or nerve cells (neurons and astrocytes) triggers variations of their depending on the activation of the NMDA receptors. In the second part we showed that a pre-exposure of PC12 and nerve cells with low concentrations Aβ1-42 of modulates the later interaction of oligomers with the plasma membrane. Finally in collaboration with the company Innovative Health Diagnostics (IHD) we participated in the characterization of a fluorescent amyloid probe developed to realize detection test of AD from blood samples.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by a series of biomolecular aggregation events, which include the formation of neurotoxic protein structures composed of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide. In this thesis, fluorescence self-quenching (FSQ) between fluorescently-labelled peptides is introduced as a strategy for detecting and characterizing Aβ aggregates in solution, and for overcoming limitations associated with conventional methods. Using a combination of steady-state, picosecond time-resolved fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, the fluorescence response of HiLyte Fluor 555-labelled Aβ peptides is characterised to demonstrate that Aβ self-assembly organizes the covalently attached probes in close proximity to trigger the self-quenching sensing process over a broad range of conditions. Importantly, N-terminal tagging of β-amyloid peptides is shown to not alter the self-assembly kinetics or the resulting aggregated structures. When performed in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) format, this method becomes a ratiometric platform to gain insights into amyloid structure and for standardizing in vitro studies of amyloid self-assembly. The ability of FSQ-based methods to monitor the inhibition of Aβ aggregation by model test compounds including the small heat shock protein (Hsp), the amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase protein (ABAD) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) is also demonstrated. Given that Aβ is formed within the cell membrane and is known to induce its disruption, sophisticated single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy methods were developed to quantify membrane dynamics induced by the presence of disrupting agents, such as Aβ and detergents. The solubilisation dynamics of single liposomes induced by the non-ionic surfactant Triton-X 100 (TX-100) were studied in real-time. Using this approach, the swelling and permeabilization steps of the solubilisation process were unambiguously separated within single FRET trajectories, and their kinetic details as a function of Triton-X 100 and presence of cholesterol within the membrane structure were examined. Finally, single-molecule stepwise-photobleaching techniques were employed to study the effect of Aβ oligomers interacting with supported-lipid bilayers, establishing a platform from which to investigate how the presence of a membrane layer affects Aβ oligomerization at the level of individual molecules. Overall, the fluorescence-based strategies for amyloid- and liposome-sensing presented in this work bridges the gap between current morphology-specific techniques and highly-specialized single-molecule methods to provide a biophysical toolbox to investigate the changes in structure, size and molecular interactions accompanying the amyloid aggregation pathway and for the screening of novel therapeutic and diagnostic agents.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) est la maladie neurodégénérative la plus répandue à travers le monde et reste actuellement incurable. Le peptide beta amyloïde (Abeta), composant principal des plaques séniles retrouvées dans le cerveau des patients, joue un rôle majeur dans le développement de la MA, d'où l'importance de contrôler sa production et/ou son élimination. Dans cette optique, nous travaillons sur des molécules nommées métalloprotéases matricielles (MMPs). Bien qu'ayant été impliquées à la fois dans de nombreux processus physiologiques et pathologiques dans système nerveux, leur rôle dans la MA reste encore relativement inexplorée. Nous avons utilisé comme modèle d'étude des souris qui développent les symptômes de la MA (déclin cognitif, mort des neurones). Nous montrons que deux MMPs, MMP-2 et MT1-MMP, augmentent leurs niveaux d'expression avec le vieillissement de l'animal et donc avec l'aggravation de la pathologie. Ceci a lieu dans l'hippocampe, une région du cerveau qui est particulièrement sensible car elle est impliquée dans l'apprentissage et la mémoire. Par la suite nous avons utilisé des cellules HEKswe qui produisent beaucoup d'Abeta et miment d'une certaine manière ce qui se passe dans le cerveau de la souris, afin de mieux appréhender la signification des augmentations de ces MMPs. Nous montrons que la surexpression de MT1-MMP dans ces cellules favorise la formation d'Abeta, alors que MMP-2 l'empêche. Ces résultats montrent pour la première fois une dualité fonctionnelle au sein de la famille des MMPs, et plus important, révèlent une nouvelle molécule amyloïdogénique (MT1-MMP) qui pourrait devenir à terme une cible thérapeutique. / We investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the metabolism of beta amyloid peptide (Abeta) and its amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our results in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD indicate a cell-type and age-dependent upregulation of MMP-2 -and MT1-MMP active forms. This is concomitant with the increase of toxic forms of Abeta, but also of cytotoxic C99, a membrane fragment of APP generated by beta-secretase and that gives rise to Abeta after gamma-secretase cleavage. We show in HEK cells overproducing Abeta that while MT1-MMP interacts with APP and boosts C99 and Abeta production, MMP-2 does not interact with APP and degrades Abeta. These results uncover a MMP-specific regulatory crosstalk with amyloid and also MT1-MMP as a new pro-amyloidogenic proteinase. We want now to gain further insight into the mechanisms that support MT1-MMP effects, namely the possible modulation by MT1-MMP of beta- and gamma-secretase activities and/or APP trafficking.

No description available.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a principal causa de demência na população idosa e tende a se tornar um grave problema de saúde pública com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial. A perda progressiva de memória, principal sintoma da demência em pacientes com DA, é atribuída a danos sinápticos e à perda neuronal desencadeadas pelo desequilíbrio entre a produção e a depuração do peptídeo A?. Evidências surgidas nos últimos 20 anos apontam os oligômeros solúveis de A? (A?O), produtos de agregação do peptídeo A?, como as principais espécies neurotóxicas na DA. Por conta disso, e também pela ausência de métodos diagnósticos pre-mortem e tratamento eficientes para essa demência, a busca por anticorpos conformacionais específicos para A?O está em ascensão. Testes clínicos com IgG anti-A? resultaram em efeitos colaterais inflamatórios mediados pela porção não variável Fc. Então, anticorpos conformacionais artificiais do tipo scFv, desprovidos de porção Fc, foram selecionados contra A?O. Dentre eles, está NUsc1, que é neuroprotetor contra A?O em cultura primária de neurônios. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a toxicidade de A?Os na linhagem de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y diferenciada em neurônios maduros e comparamos a neuroproteção conferida por diferentes anticorpos contra A?Os, por ensaio de viabilidade celular com MTT. Também avaliamos a especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O comparativamente a lisozima monomérica e oligomérica em ensaio de ELISA, já que outros anticorpos conformacionais reconhecem epítopo compartilhado por estados oligoméricos de outras proteínas amiloidogênicas. Para a validação de células SH-SY5Y como modelo in vitro de neurônios maduros, a diferenciação foi induzida com ácido retinoico e BDNF e as células foram marcadas para as proteínas MAP2 e NeuN em ensaio de imunofluorescência. Células submetidas ao protocolo de diferenciação apresentaram aumento dos níveis dessas proteínas, mudança morfológica condizente com o esperado na maturação neuronal. Posteriormente, o desafio da cultura com A?O indicou morte celular dose-dependente e reversão desta morte segundo a dose administrada dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4. Obtivemos um sinal cerca de 400 vezes maior no reconhecimento de A?O por NUsc1 que para oligômeros de lisozima, quando presentes na mesma concentração, indicando forte especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O. Além disso, NUsc1 purificado em sistema de gelfiltração em HPLC não apresenta citotoxicidade em concentração equivalente a dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4 em ensaios de neuroproteção em cultura de SH-SY5Y diferenciada, sugerindo que, se NUsc1 for tão eficiente quanto estas IgG\'s, este poderá ser usado em dose não citotóxica. Portanto, podemos concluir que NUsc1 apresenta grande potencial como ferramenta diagnóstica e terapêutica para a DA, mas que mais experimentos para expandir sua validação e potencial ainda são necessários. / Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly population and tends to become a serious public health problem with increasing life expectancy of the world\'s population. Progressive memory loss, the main symptom of dementia in patients with AD, is attributed to synaptic damage and neuronal loss triggered by imbalance between production and clearance of the A? peptide. Evidence from the last 20 years indicates that soluble A? oligomers (A?O), A? peptide aggregation products, as the main neurotoxic species in AD. Because of this, and also because of the absence of efficient pre-mortem diagnostic and treatment methods for this dementia, the search for conformational antibodies specific for A?O is on the rise. Clinical tests with anti-A? IgG\'s resulted in inflammatory side effects mediated by the non-variable Fc portion. Then, artificial conformational antibodies of the scFv type, lacking the Fc portion, were selected against A?O. Among them is NUsc1, which is neuroprotective against A?O in primary neuronal culture. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of A?Os in the differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma line in mature neurons and compared the neuroprotection conferred by different antibodies against A?O types by MTT cell viability assay. We also evaluated the specificity of NUsc1 for A?O compared to monomeric and oligomeric lysozyme in the ELISA assay, since other conformational antibodies recognize epitope shared by oligomeric states of other amyloidogenic proteins. For the validation of SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of mature neurons, differentiation was induced with retinoic acid and BDNF and the cells were labeled for MAP2 and NeuN proteins in immunofluorescence assay. Cells submitted to the differentiation protocol presented increased levels of these proteins, a morphological change consistent with the expected neuronal maturation. Subsequently, the challenge of culture with A?O indicated dose-dependent cell death and reversion of this death according to the administered dose of 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies. We obtained a 400-fold higher signal in the recognition of A?O by NUsc1 than for lysozyme oligomers, when present at the same concentration, indicating strong specificity of A?O by NUsc1. In addition, NUsc1 purified on HPLC gel-filtration system does not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentration equivalent to 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies in neuroprotection assays in differentiated SH-SY5Y culture, suggesting that, if NUsc1 is as efficient as these IgG\'s, it may be used in a non-cytotoxic dose. Therefore, we can conclude that NUsc1 presents great potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for AD, but that further experiments to expand its validation and potential are still necessary.

A Doença de Alzheimer (DA) é a principal causa de demência na população idosa e tende a se tornar um grave problema de saúde pública com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população mundial. A perda progressiva de memória, principal sintoma da demência em pacientes com DA, é atribuída a danos sinápticos e à perda neuronal desencadeadas pelo desequilíbrio entre a produção e a depuração do peptídeo A?. Evidências surgidas nos últimos 20 anos apontam os oligômeros solúveis de A? (A?O), produtos de agregação do peptídeo A?, como as principais espécies neurotóxicas na DA. Por conta disso, e também pela ausência de métodos diagnósticos pre-mortem e tratamento eficientes para essa demência, a busca por anticorpos conformacionais específicos para A?O está em ascensão. Testes clínicos com IgG anti-A? resultaram em efeitos colaterais inflamatórios mediados pela porção não variável Fc. Então, anticorpos conformacionais artificiais do tipo scFv, desprovidos de porção Fc, foram selecionados contra A?O. Dentre eles, está NUsc1, que é neuroprotetor contra A?O em cultura primária de neurônios. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a toxicidade de A?Os na linhagem de neuroblastoma humano SH-SY5Y diferenciada em neurônios maduros e comparamos a neuroproteção conferida por diferentes anticorpos contra A?Os, por ensaio de viabilidade celular com MTT. Também avaliamos a especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O comparativamente a lisozima monomérica e oligomérica em ensaio de ELISA, já que outros anticorpos conformacionais reconhecem epítopo compartilhado por estados oligoméricos de outras proteínas amiloidogênicas. Para a validação de células SH-SY5Y como modelo in vitro de neurônios maduros, a diferenciação foi induzida com ácido retinoico e BDNF e as células foram marcadas para as proteínas MAP2 e NeuN em ensaio de imunofluorescência. Células submetidas ao protocolo de diferenciação apresentaram aumento dos níveis dessas proteínas, mudança morfológica condizente com o esperado na maturação neuronal. Posteriormente, o desafio da cultura com A?O indicou morte celular dose-dependente e reversão desta morte segundo a dose administrada dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4. Obtivemos um sinal cerca de 400 vezes maior no reconhecimento de A?O por NUsc1 que para oligômeros de lisozima, quando presentes na mesma concentração, indicando forte especificidade de NUsc1 por A?O. Além disso, NUsc1 purificado em sistema de gelfiltração em HPLC não apresenta citotoxicidade em concentração equivalente a dos anticorpos 6E10 e NU-4 em ensaios de neuroproteção em cultura de SH-SY5Y diferenciada, sugerindo que, se NUsc1 for tão eficiente quanto estas IgG\'s, este poderá ser usado em dose não citotóxica. Portanto, podemos concluir que NUsc1 apresenta grande potencial como ferramenta diagnóstica e terapêutica para a DA, mas que mais experimentos para expandir sua validação e potencial ainda são necessários. / Alzheimer\'s Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly population and tends to become a serious public health problem with increasing life expectancy of the world\'s population. Progressive memory loss, the main symptom of dementia in patients with AD, is attributed to synaptic damage and neuronal loss triggered by imbalance between production and clearance of the A? peptide. Evidence from the last 20 years indicates that soluble A? oligomers (A?O), A? peptide aggregation products, as the main neurotoxic species in AD. Because of this, and also because of the absence of efficient pre-mortem diagnostic and treatment methods for this dementia, the search for conformational antibodies specific for A?O is on the rise. Clinical tests with anti-A? IgG\'s resulted in inflammatory side effects mediated by the non-variable Fc portion. Then, artificial conformational antibodies of the scFv type, lacking the Fc portion, were selected against A?O. Among them is NUsc1, which is neuroprotective against A?O in primary neuronal culture. In this work, we evaluated the toxicity of A?Os in the differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma line in mature neurons and compared the neuroprotection conferred by different antibodies against A?O types by MTT cell viability assay. We also evaluated the specificity of NUsc1 for A?O compared to monomeric and oligomeric lysozyme in the ELISA assay, since other conformational antibodies recognize epitope shared by oligomeric states of other amyloidogenic proteins. For the validation of SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of mature neurons, differentiation was induced with retinoic acid and BDNF and the cells were labeled for MAP2 and NeuN proteins in immunofluorescence assay. Cells submitted to the differentiation protocol presented increased levels of these proteins, a morphological change consistent with the expected neuronal maturation. Subsequently, the challenge of culture with A?O indicated dose-dependent cell death and reversion of this death according to the administered dose of 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies. We obtained a 400-fold higher signal in the recognition of A?O by NUsc1 than for lysozyme oligomers, when present at the same concentration, indicating strong specificity of A?O by NUsc1. In addition, NUsc1 purified on HPLC gel-filtration system does not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentration equivalent to 6E10 and NU-4 antibodies in neuroprotection assays in differentiated SH-SY5Y culture, suggesting that, if NUsc1 is as efficient as these IgG\'s, it may be used in a non-cytotoxic dose. Therefore, we can conclude that NUsc1 presents great potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool for AD, but that further experiments to expand its validation and potential are still necessary.

The proof of concept of an original nanotechnology-based theranostic approach for Alzheimer‟s disease has been explored. Novel fluorescently tagged nanoparticles have been designed and employed for internalization and transcytosis studies across a recently developed human in vitro blood-brain barrier model. A small library of polymeric nanoparticles have been designed and their ability to capture the Amyloid β1-42 peptide, considered one of the causes of the Alzheimer‟s disease, has been investigated and quantified using an on purpose designed method.

L’accumulation cérébrale progressive de peptides amyloïdes générés à partir du clivage du précurseur du peptide amyloïde (APP) par les sécrétases est un mécanisme central de la maladie d’Alzheimer. C’est pourquoi, améliorer la compréhension de la régulation et de l’homéostasie du métabolisme de l’APP est devenu primordial. Partant de ce constat, nous avons supposé qu’une partie de la réponse pourrait être apportée par la caractérisation de nouveaux acteurs du métabolisme de l’APP. De part leurs rôles cruciaux dans le cerveau (développement, plasticité et réparations) et dans le métabolisme de l’APP (α-sécrétases), les ADAMs sont des protéines d’intérêt dont certaines fonctions ou rôles restent à déterminer. Précédemment, par une approche transcriptomique ciblant la famille des ADAMs dans des cerveaux de patients et de contrôles, ADAM30 a été retrouvée sous-exprimée dans le cerveau des patients atteints de la pathologie. Dans deux modèles cellulaires nous avions constaté que la sous-expression d’ADAM30 entraînait une augmentation de tous les produits du métabolisme de l’APP comme chez les patients. Le résultat opposé a été obtenu lors de la sur-expression d’ADAM30 dans ces cellules. Pour tenter de répliquer ces résultats dans un modèle plus proche de la physiopathologie humaine, nous avons développé un modèle de souris triples transgéniques surexprimant l’APPSweInd et ADAM30 de manière conditionnelle. Dans ce modèle nous avons observé et mesuré une diminution des dépôts amyloïdes dans le cerveau des souris exprimant ADAM30. Dans un second temps puisqu’il avait été montré au laboratoire qu’ADAM30 ne module pas l’activité des sécrétases et ne clive pas directement l’APP, nous avons cherché à déterminer les substrats d’ADAM30 dans le cadre du métabolisme de l’APP. Par une approche systématique nous avons pu déterminer que la Cathepsine D (CTSD) et l’Insuline Receptor Substrat 4 (IRS4) sont deux substrats potentiels d’ADAM30. Dans nos modèles cellulaires et de souris, nous avons pu constater qu’ADAM30 est capable de cliver et d’activer la CTSD. L’activité de la CTSD semble nécessaire pour l’action d’ADAM30 sur le métabolisme de l’APP. Nous avons pu déterminer que l’action spécifique d’ADAM30 pour la CTSD est dépendante de la séquence d’adressage au lysosome située dans l’extrémité C-terminale de l’APP. Comme la CTSD est une protéine Lysosomale, ADAM30 pourrait favoriser spécifiquement l’activation de la CTSD augmentant ainsi la dégradation de l’APP au sein de la voie endosome/lysosome. Ce mécanisme limiterait l’entrée de l’APP dans son métabolisme et donc la production de peptides amyloïdes. Afin de mieux comprendre la spécificité d’action d’ADAM30 pour la CTSD et l’APP, nous avons commencé à travailler sur le rôle potentiel d’IRS4 et la relation entre la voie de signalisation de l’Insuline et le métabolisme de l’APP. Nos travaux nous ont donc permis de mettre en évidence un nouvel acteur du métabolisme de l’APP, ADAM30, intervenant dans la régulation et la dégradation de ce dernier et ainsi d’améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes de régulations fins impliqués dans le processus physiopathologique de la maladie d’Alzheimer. / Progressive intra-cerebral accumulation of amyloid peptides formed after sequential cleavage of the amyloid peptide precursor (APP) by secretases , is a central mecanism for Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, a better understanding of APP regulation and homeostasy is now crucial. With this background, we postulate that the characterization of new actors in the APP metabolism could provide a more subtle understanding of this APP metabolism and trafficking. From their obvious implication in brain (development, plasticity and repair) and in APP metabolism (α-secretases), ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) are an important protein proteins family which still have some undetermined function or role. Previously, a transcriptomic approach targeting ADAMs family bas been done at the laboratory on Alzheimer’s patient or control brains and found ADAM30 as under-expressed in Alzheimer’s patient brains. On cellular models, we confirmed that ADAM30 under-expression was associate with an increase in production/secretion of all the APP metabolim byproducts. Opposite results were found with ADAM30 over-expression. To replicate those results in another model closest to human pathophysiology, we have developed a triple transgenic mice model over-expressing APPSweInd and conditionally over-expressing ADAM30. In this model, we have observed and measured a decrease in amyloid deposits in mice brains over-expressing ADAM30. Secondly, because ADAM30 did not modulate secretase activities and did not cleave APP directly, we decided to determine ADAM30 substrats in the APP metabolism context. With a systematic approach, we have determined that Cathepsin D (CTSD) and Insulin Receptor Substrat 4 (IRS4) are two ADAM30 potential substrats. In our cellular models, we have found that ADAM30 is able to cleave and activate CTSD. This CTSD activity is required for ADAM30 action on APP metabolism. We have determined that ADAM30 specific action for CTSD is dependent on lysosome adressing sequence localised in APP C-terminal part. CTSD is a lysosomal protein and so ADAM30 would make CTSD specific activation easier. This mecanism would be able to increase APP degradation in endosome/lysosome pathway and reduce APP entry in its metabolism. To better understand ADAM30 specific action on CTSD and APP, we begin to investigate the potential role of IRS4 and the relation between insulin signaling pathway ans APP metabolism. Combined together, those data suggest that ADAM30 is a new APP metabolism actor, involved in an early APP regulation and degradation pathway dependent on lysosome activation. This study participate in a better understanding of the fine mecanism regulations involved in Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiological process.