Clandestinité : secret et sédition, dissimulation et subversion de l’ordre ; donc : échelle de valeurs illicite. Écart vis-à-vis des normes intellectuelles et morales incarné par le libertin à l’âge classique. Or au XVIIIe siècle, il n’est plus, comme au XVIIe, un poète licencieux ou un penseur austère, mais un personnage de roman ; prospérant aussi bien dans les œuvres licites que les romans clandestins. Mais qu’est-ce qu’un roman libertin ? On peut déceler dans la variété d’esthétiques et de conceptions de ces œuvres la permanence d’un motif : la clandestinité. Deux romanciers de la fin du siècle ont fait du secret l’un des thèmes fondamentaux de leurs œuvres : Laclos dans Les Liaisons dangereuses et Sade, notamment dans l’Histoire de Juliette. Et léguèrent ainsi à la littérature des modèles exemplaires du libertinage romanesque. En quoi leurs réinterprétations radicales du « genre libertin » éclairent-elles la spécificité de ce dernier, révélant le sens qu’y recouvre le thème récurrent de la clandestinité ? Il s’agit d’étudier chez ces eux un intertexte libertin qui réactive comme donnée essentielle le thème de la clandestinité ; afin de saisir, dans le sens qu’ils confèrent à l’association clandestinité et libertinage, les significations et le projet romanesque qu’ils poursuivirent. Ainsi, le libertinage tardif de leurs œuvres dévoilera, on peut le penser, la spécificité d’un imaginaire romanesque propre au XVIIIe, et qui meurt avec lui. / Clandestinity: a word that associates secret and sedition; and threrefore implies the subversion of the common values established by a society legal frame. As this step aside from normal values, it had been embodied at the Classical Age by the libertines. However, at the XVIIIth century, the libertine isn’t anymore the philosopher or the satirical and licencious poet he had been in the XVIIth century : by this time, he becomes a novel character. But what is exactly a libertin novel, at the XVIIIth century ? Two writters of the time provided answers of a very different kind: Laclos in Les Liaisons dangereuses and Sade in a novel like Histoire de Juliette. Consisting in an interpretation of the “libertinage romanesque”, their novels essentialy dwel on one very matter: clandestinity. How such a theme could provide fundamental clues to the undestanding of the significations that both authors have given to the libertinage of the XVIIIth century ? A question that implies that the study of their books should focus on the libertine intertextual schemes that nourish their imaginaire. Which means questionning the sense they’ve given to this association: clandestinity and libertinage.

This research investigates how homoerotic males represent themselves in personal ads from internet. Thus, the theoretical background was Appraisal Theory, Martin & White (2005), discoursive studies from Bakhtin s Circle, Cultural Gender Studies and Social Representation Theory, Moscovici (1981). Appraisal Theory explains the evaluative aspect of language, three semantic fields (affect, appreciation and judgement). According to Bakhtin s Circle Studies, language is a social phenomena. Cultural Gender Studies there is Male Domination and Heterosexism in our social cultural context. Social representations are entities of mental, social, cultural and historical order, constructed collectively, making possible to social groups to perceive, to understand and to act on the world (MOSCOVICI, 2003). It was analyzed 308 personal ads from the following sites: Almas Gêmeas (10), Super Encontros (25), Manhunt (122), GLS Planet (81) e Viva Street (70). The analysis was based on three dimensional model to discourse from Fairclough (2001), which comprises of social practice, discursive practice and text. In text analysis, it was explored the semantic fields of Appraisal Theory (affect, judgement and appreciation), which was used to define how the advertisers represented themselves. The main categories had been: affect (romantic, promiscuous, antieffeminate, interracials, intraracials, friends, cautious and adventurers), appreciation (bears, shaved, novices, experts, olds, fits, unfits, whites and afros) and judgment (effeminates, discretes, actives, passives, versatiles and serious). / Esta tese aborda como sujeitos masculinos homoeróticos se representam em anúncios pessoais eletrônicos. Para tanto, o suporte teórico utilizado foi a Teoria da Avaliatividade, de Martin & White (2006), os estudos enunciativos do Círculo de Bakhtin, os Estudos Culturais de Gênero e a Teoria das Representações Sociais, de Moscovici (1981). A Teoria da Avaliatividade, de Martin & White (2005) explica o aspecto valorativo da linguagem, partindo de três campos semânticos: afeto, apreciação e julgamento. De acordo com o Círculo de Bakhtin, a verdadeira substância da língua é o fenômeno social da interação verbal que ocorre através das enunciações. Os Estudos Culturais de Gênero afirmam que, em nosso contexto cultural, existe a dominação masculina e o heterossexismo. As representações sociais são entidades de ordem mental, social, cultural e histórica, construídas coletivamente, possibilitando aos grupos sociais perceberem, compreenderem e atuarem sobre o mundo (MOSCOVICI, 2003). Foram analisados 305 anúncios dos seguintes sites: Almas Gêmeas (10), Super Encontros (25), Manhunt (122), GLS Planet (78) e Viva Street (70). Os procedimentos de análise foram baseados no modelo tridimensional de Fairclough (2001) composto por: prática social, prática discursiva e texto. Dentro da análise da dimensão do texto, exploramos as categorias da avaliatividade (afeto, julgamento e apreciação), as quais serviram como parâmentros para identificar os modos de representações dos anunciantes. As principais categorias encontradas foram: afeto (românticos, promiscuos, antiafeminados, interraciais, intrarraciais, amigos, cautelosos e aventureiros), apreciação (ursos, lisinhos, novatos, experientes, coroas, sarados, não sarados, arianos e afros) e julgamento( afeminados, discretos, ativos, passivos, versáteis e sérios).

Notre approche concernant Maria Casarès est une découverte de son art où sa propre recherche tient une place importante. Elle est en effet une des figures de proue du théâtre de la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle qui poursuit sa route jusqu'à devenir une Figure du théâtre français. D'elle, on garde les visages de la Mort d'Orphée de Cocteau ou de la femme fatale des Dames du Bois de Boulogne de Bresson, sa participation au T.N.P. Et pourtant ceci ne constitue qu'une étape dans une trajectoire où la comédienne va s'enrichir à chaque fois de ses propres découvertes. Au delà de son image de monstre sacré, on se rend compte que Maria Casarès est d'abord une comédienne qui se crée une manière propre d'aborder la scène. Par son art authentique, elle possède une poétique de l'acteur. Celle-ci la situe dans un cheminement nomade où elle traverse les courants du théâtre, dans une quête à la fois artistique et identitaire. C'est cette trajectoire qu'elle partage avec des metteurs en scène complices, de Marcel Herrand à Jorge Lavelli, en passant par Jean Vilar, Bernard Sobel, Bruno Bayen, Patrice Chéreau, Denis Llorca, Jean Gillibert, Maurice Béjart entre autres. / Our approach to Maria Casarès is a discovery of her art where her own research has an important place. She is effectively one of the figureheads in the theatre of the second half of the 20th century. Because of her, we remember the faces in "La mort d'Orphée" by Cocteau, or la femme fatale in "Les dames du Bois de Boulogne" by Bresson, her participation at the T.N.P. Even so, these are only steps in a future where the actress will enrich her knowledge by her own discoveries. Beyond her reputation as a master in the art of theatre we realise that Maria Casarès is above all an actress who invented her personal way to approach the stage. With her authentic art she possessed the poetics of an actor. This is her nomadic road, where she navigates through theatre in a search which is at the same time identity and art. On this path she shares her search with her director friends, Marcel Herrand and Jorge Lavelli. Also with Jean Vilar, Bernard Sobel, Bruno Bayen, Patrice Chéreau, Denis Llorca, Jean Gillibert, Maurice Béjart and others.

Lease of an apartment and house The subject of this thesis is the issue of lease of an apartment and a house with emphasis on introduction of the fundamental changes brought to this question by the new Civil Code. This paper also briefly points out possible difficulties which might occur even though the legal regulation is quite detailed. The thesis is trying to mention relevant established practice of courts in connection to certain areas of this regulation. The legal institute of a lease of an apartment and house presents irreplaceable part of every legal system because of the fact why people enter into such contract. That is also, why special protection of a leaseholder represents traditionally integral part of this field of law. The thesis consists of six chapters, of which the first one presents the sources of legal regulation. The second chapter discusses various objects of a lease which may substantiate a special protection of its tenants. For a better understanding, even instances of relations which are not included under lease of an apartment and house are mentioned. In order to present a comprehensive view, this thesis also discusses the differences of lease of a staff apartments, social solidarity apartments, and apartments owned by cooperative housing societies. The main part of this...

Corrective and supervisory means in tax proceedings This diploma thesis deals with a detailed analysis of corrective and supervisory means, which are intended to defend a tax subject against the decisions of a tax administrator. The main objective of this thesis is to characterize various institutes of corrective and supervisory means and to define in what circumstances and under what conditions they can be used. In the context of the explanation, the current and previous legislation of these institutes are compared, with the intention to mention the most important changes. Another objective of this thesis is to compare our legislation with the relevant regulations in the Slovak Republic. It is my intention, during the explanation, to point out possible imperfections or, contrarily, the benefits of our current legislation. This thesis consists of an introduction, eight chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction consists primarily of the list of objectives of this thesis and its content structure. The first chapter deals with historical development of legal regulation of the procedural tax law in our country, but within the explanation, there is also a comparison of the corrective and supervisory means contained in the Tax Procedure Code with the antecedent legislation in the Act on Administration...

The topic of this diploma thesis is domestic arbitration proceedings in the Czech Republic with a focus on the court setting aside an arbitral award. Following a short introduction to the history and presence of the arbitration proceedings in Bohemia in the Chapter 1, the thesis focuses mainly on court setting aside an arbitral award as regulated in Article 30 of Act. No. 216/1994 Coll., about arbitration proceedings and enforcement of arbitral awards, as amended, with respect to the order of the provision. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the reasons for setting aside an arbitral award on the basis of analysis of legal literature and judicial decisions. Because certain reasons for setting aside an arbitral award by the court reveal questions that are controversial, such controversial questions are introduced. The solutions and authoresses distinctive views to such questions are presented. After a brief introduction of court setting aside an arbitral award in the Chapter 2, attention is paid to the lack of arbitrability as a reason for setting aside an arbitral award. The distinction between objective and subjective arbitrability is made. The objective arbitrability, which shows the scope of subject matters that can be solved in arbitration proceedings, is discussed in a separate subchapter. The...

This thesis deals with housing in terms of housing cooperatives. The introduction explains the general characteristics of housing stock with its long history. The next part of the thesis elaborately deals with the basics of the legal regulation of the cooperatives according to the Commercial Code. There are legal and property characteristics of a cooperative in Commercial code, effective from 1. 1. 1992. There are rules emendating the establishment of a cooperative, the abolition and the termination of a cooperative, questions connected to membership in a cooperative and to rights of a member of a housing cooperative, in the Commercial Code. However, since the legal adaptation of housing cooperatives in Commercial code is very general, the position of the members of these cooperatives, including theirs rights and obligations, is regulated by their statutes. The members control the substantial matters of cooperative by collectively elected authority (usually board of directors) or at the general members meeting. The next part of thesis deals with the questions related to the ownership of an apartment, which was formerly a cooperative apartment (it was owned by a housing cooperative), however in connection with transformation of already existing housing cooperatives, which lies on mostly on an adaptation to...

Schimmeliges Brot, Nasensekret, offene Wunden, Cholera, schmutzige Toiletten, Maden, Begegnungen mit Leichen, Sodomie und sogar Mord – alle diese Dinge haben einen potentiell Ekel erregenden Charakter gemeinsam und gehören somit zu den häufigsten Ekel auslösenden Faktoren (Haidt et al. 1994; Rozin et al. 2000; Oaten et al. 2009). Dies wurde in verschiedensten Studien bereits anhand von theoretischen Fragestellungen, Bildern, Viedeoclips, Gerüchen und Geräuschen untersucht (Rozin et al. 1999; Vernet-Maury et al. 1999; Wright et al. 2004; Stevenson und James 2008; de Jong et al. 2011). In der Fachliteratur finden sich jedoch nur sehr wenige Studien in Bezug auf Töne bzw. Geräusche und fast keine Nachweise dafür, dass auch über Tasteindrücke Ekel ausgelöst werden kann. Bei der Erforschung von Emotionen stellt sich oft die Frage nach deren Objektivierbarkeit. Aus diesem Grund erfolgten in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche Studien, in denen beim Empfinden von Emotionen gleichzeitig Parameter des autonomen Nervensystems gemessen wurden. Dabei gibt es allerdings einige Kontroversen darüber, ob ein emotionsspezifisches Verhalten dieser Parameter vorliegt (Vernet-Maury et al. 1999; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Barrett 2006). Zusätzlich fällt bei solchen Untersuchungen erneut eine Verteilung der präsentierten Reize mit einer deutlich höheren Anzahl an Bildern, Videoclips und Gerüchen gegenüber Geräuschen und Tasteindrücken auf (Kreibig 2010). Um nachzuweisen, dass Ekel über verschiedene Sinneseindrücke ausgelöst werden kann, wurden in dieser Studie 125 Probanden mit Ekel erregenden und neutralen Bildern, Geräuschen, Gerüchen und Tasteindrücken konfrontiert. Diese wurden in folgende Kategorien aufgeteilt: verdorbenes Essen, kranker Mensch und Fäkalien. Nach den jeweiligen Reizen erfolgte eine subjektive Einschätzung der Probanden über die empfundene Emotion mittels einer Abfrage der Basisemotionen und der Self-Assessment Mannikin. Des Weiteren wurde jeweils eine Kategorie der Sinnesreize zuvor benannt. Zusätzlich erfolgten mit einem Teil der Probanden Wiederholungsmessungen, zur Messung einer eventuellen Gewöhnung an diese Reize. Weiterhin wurden Parameter des autonomen Nervensystems (Herzfrequenz, systolischer Blutdruck und Hautleitwert) bei allen Probanden und Durchläufen aufgezeichnet. Die Probanden wurden zuvor auf Einschränkungen hinsichtlich ihrer Sinneswahrnehmungen überprüft. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse erfolgte nach den subjektiven Bewertungen, der Parameter des autonomen Nervensystems, nach Geschlecht getrennt und jeweils in Bezug auf die Wiederholungsmessungen. Es ergaben sich dabei im Wesentlichen folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Es konnte anhand der subjektiven Bewertungen gezeigt werden, dass alle potentiell ekeligen Sinnesreize auch als ekelig empfunden wurden. Gerüche und Tasteindrücke riefen zusätzlich Überraschung hervor. Visuelle Reize lösten am stärksten Ekel aus. Es konnte erstmals demonstriert werden, dass sich in Bezug auf die unterschiedlichen Sinneskanäle, unterschiedliche autonome Aktivierungen zeigten. Ein allgemein ekelspezifisches Verhalten der autonomen Parameter wurde im Einklang mit der Literatur nicht nachgewiesen (Barrett 2006). 2. Frauen ekelten sich in Bezug auf Bilder mehr als Männer, was sich mit anderen Literaturangaben deckt (Rozin et al. 1999; Curtis et al. 2004). Zudem wurde für Frauen teilweise eine höhere sympathische Aktivierung beim Wahrnehmen von Tönen, Gerüchen und haptischen Eindrücken ermittelt. 3. Das Label führte zu einem höheren Empfinden von Ekel für Tasteindrücke und Gerüche und zu einem größeren Blutdruckabfall bei Gerüchen. Dies bestätigt den großen Einfluss von Assoziationen beim Wahrnehmen von Gerüchen, da ein Käsegeruch je nach Kontext auch als Schweißgeruch interpretiert werden kann. Dieser Bewertungsaspekt konnte bereits für Gerüche nachgewiesen werden (Herz und von Clef 2001; Bensafi et al. 2007) und lässt ebenso für Tasteindrücke eine assoziative Komponente vermuten. 4. Bei den Wiederholungsmessungen fand keine Gewöhnung für Töne und Gerüche statt und die autonomen Messungen zeigten, dass keine Sensitivierung stattfindet. Auch nach Abschluss dieser Studie konnte keine eindeutige Aussage hinsichtlich eines Ekel spezifischen Verhaltens autonomer Parameter getroffen werden. Das Verhalten des autonomen Nervensystems ist von vielen Faktoren abhängig und wird wie hier gezeigt, durch den angesprochenen Sinneskanal mit beeinflusst. Ebenso spielen Geschlechtsunterschiede, Assoziationen und wiederholte Reizexposition eine Rolle beim Empfinden von Ekel. Alle diese Aspekte wurden in der durchgeführten Studie berücksichtigt und kontrovers diskutiert. Es wird hierbei keineswegs ein Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit erhoben. Diese Studie hatte zum Ziel verschiedene Aspekte in Bezug auf die Emotion Ekel mit Hilfe der Parameter des autonomen Nervensystems zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Studie hilft widersprüchliche Ergebnisse in der Literatur aufzuklären und einzuordnen, indem erstmals ausführlich auf die Relevanz des angesprochenen Sinneskanals hingewiesen wird. / Mould bread, nasal discharge, gaping wounds, Cholera, dirty toilets, maggots, confrontation with corpses, sodomy and even murder – all these things have a potential disgusting character and rank among the most disgusting cues (Haidt et al. 1994; Rozin et al. 2000; Oaten et al. 2009). This has been evaluated in different studies with the help of theoretical questions, pictures, video clips, odours and sounds (Rozin et al. 1999; Vernet-Maury et al. 1999; Wright et al. 2004; Stevenson und James 2008; de Jong et al. 2011). However, only few studies concern disgusting sounds and to even lesser extend haptical impressions. It is one of the most challenging questions in emotion research, how to objectify them. In recent years several studies dealt with the problem of measuring patterns of autonomic responses towards emotions. Nevertheless whether there are emotion specific patterns is discussed controversially (Vernet-Maury et al. 1999; Cacioppo et al. 2000; Barrett 2006). Furthermore, there are again few studies dealing with sounds and haptical impressions (Kreibig 2010). Aim of the present study was to arouse a feeling of disgust through different sensory stimuli. 125 subjects were tested. Before measurement started all subjects were tested concerning restrictions of their sense perception. The participants were confronted with disgusting and neutral pictures, sounds, odours and haptical impressions. These stimuli were separated into three categories: spoiled food, sick person and feces. Additionally always one category was labeled and with a part of the subjects a repetition of measurement was realized. After presentation of each stimulus, participants rated the evoked basic emotion, valence and arousal. During all measurements, patterns of the ANS (heart rate, systolic blood pressure and skin conductance level) were recorded. The analysis based on the ratings, patterns of the ANS, sex and on the repetition measurements. The essential results were as follows: 1. All potential disgusting stimuli evoked a feeling of disgust. Additionally, sounds and haptical impression also evoked surprise. Visual stimuli were rated as most disgusting. Stimulation of different senses induced a different activation of the autonomic nervous system. In accordance with the current literature (Barrett 2006) a general disgust specific behavior could not be proofed. 2. Females felt more disgusted while watching related pictures. This is in line with previous studies (Rozin et al. 1999; Curtis et al. 2004). Furthermore, females showed partly a higher sympathetic activation if confronted with sounds odours and haptical stimuli. 3. The label enhanced feelings of disgust for haptical impressions and odours, only. The label led to a higher deceleration of systolic blood pressure after presentation of disgusting odours. This is in accordance to the previously described suggestibility in olfaction (Herz und von Clef 2001; Bensafi et al. 2007). It can be supposed that there is such an associative component for haptical impressions. 4. Concerning the repetitive measurements no habituation for sounds and odours was found, in contrast to pictures and haptical impressions. Autonomous measurements showed no sensitization. In conclusion, it is not possible to finally judge, whether there is a disgust specific behavior of patterns of ANS or not. This depends on several factors, including the senses disgust is evoked through. Also gender differences and repetitive measurement affect the feeling of disgust. All these aspects were considered in this study and were discussed controversially. This study does not raise the claim to completeness. However, it helps to clarify and classify the inconsistent results in literature by pointing out the relevance of the different sensory channels.

Debris disk morphology is wavelength dependent due to the wide range of particle sizes and size-dependent dynamics influenced by various forces. Resolved images of nearby debris disks reveal complex disk structures that are difficult to distinguish from their spectral energy distributions. Therefore, multi-wavelength resolved images of nearby debris systems provide an essential foundation to understand the intricate interplay between collisional, gravitational, and radiative forces that govern debris disk structures. We present the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) 35 mu m resolved disk image of is an element of Eri, the closest debris disk around a star similar to the early Sun. Combining with the Spitzer resolved image at 24 mu m and 15-38 mu m excess spectrum, we examine two proposed origins of the inner debris in is an element of Eri: (1) in situ planetesimal belt(s) and (2) dragged-in grains from the cold outer belt. We find that the presence of in situ dust-producing planetesmial belt(s) is the most likely source of the excess emission in the inner 25 au region. Although a small amount of dragged-in grains from the cold belt could contribute to the excess emission in the inner region, the resolution of the SOFIA data is high enough to rule out the possibility that the entire inner warm excess results from dragged-in grains, but not enough to distinguish one broad inner disk from two narrow belts.

Fulgides and fulgimides comprise one class of thermally irreversible photochromic organic compounds. Light dependent isomerization, has made these organic molecules promising materials for several applications, including optical memory devices, and switches. Hydrolytic stability of fulgides and fulgimides is crucial for their practical applications in biological systems and humid environments. Fulgimides, the most important derivative of fulgides, have a succinimide ring, which, unlike the anhydride ring, of fulgides, is resistant to hydrolytic degradation. A novel N-alkylindolylfulgimide was synthesized and copolymerized with acrylamide. The photochromic and hydrolytic properties of the copolymer in phosphate (pH 7.4) and acetate (pH 5.0) buffer solutions were characterized. The N-alkylindolylfulgimide based copolymer exhibited significantly enhanced hydrolytic stability (50 times better in phosphate buffer) and similar photochromic properties as a copolymer containing an N-arylindolylfulgimide.