Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of English, Linguistics and Media, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 299-305. / Introduction -- Theoretical background -- The structure of popular scientific writing on 'climate change' -- Findings of analysis of texts on population growth and deforestation -- Interaction between verbal and visuals representations -- Conclusion. / The topics of climate change, population growth, and deforestation, as discussed in publications such as New Scientist, Discover, Time, and Our Planet, exemplify contemporary writing on science for the general community. As such, it is assumed that they are presented in an objective, scientific, informative way. Furthermore, these topics illustrate what it means to write complex issues in a popular manner. Consequently, they provide an opportunity for examining at least one area of popular science as a generic phenomenon.-- Through an investigation of thirty texts (ten on each of the three topics mentioned), the consistencies and distinctive features of writing on these environmental issues are investigated, in particular using discourse tools drawn from Systemic Functional linguistics. The foremost tools are the proposals concerning GSP (Generic Structure Potential) put forward by Hasan, which provide an outline of the syntagmatic unfolding of a text ("logogenetic perspective") and the four stratal perspective that is illustrated in the work by Halliday and Hasan, in particular as such work relates wording to culture. By assessing the degree to which the thirty texts constitute a genre, and the degree to which they exhibit their own internal variations, it is also possible to clarify Halliday's notion of the 'cline of instantiation' between, at one end, the 'potential/system' and, at the other end, the instance of 'text as process'.-- The investigation reveals that the assumption of an informative, objective style in popular science journal articles actually obscures a deeper underlying activism about the future, but an activism strongly based on only Western perceptions of environmental crisis. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / ix, 305, 217 p. ill. (some col.)

Healthy eating has become an important subject in society, particularly in the media. Food has always been a complex area but in recent years it has become even more distinct. Based on a critical discourse analysis, the purpose of this study is to examine and disclose what discourses that appear in articles regarding dietary counselling in three swedish health magazines, ToppHälsa, MåBra and Womens Health & Wellness. Analyzing three articles in each magazine we identified several discourses. The most prominent is the discourse about wellbeing. The majority of the articles reproduce this discourse by associating healthy eating with wellbeing. As the research field is limited, this study contributes with findings in a area that still needs further research.

Orientador: Raquel Salek Fiad / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-26T02:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes-Santos_SandovalNonato_M.pdf: 25904535 bytes, checksum: 270e4abac6fbb63fe205312720282345 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: É proposta deste trabalho caracterizar os modos de relação dialógica que escreventes-alunos estabelecem com a linguagem em um evento particular de produção escolar da escrita -o evento "Recontando histórias". Essa caracterização é constituída pelo recurso que fazemos ao conceito de gênero discursivo, tal como abordado na reflexão bakhtiniana. Considerando, na esteira de Bakhtin, que, ao enunciarmos, estamos inseridos em gêneros discursivos que adquirem uma certa estabilidade em diferentes esferas da atividade humana, nossa tarefa, neste estudo, consiste, portanto, em compreender os modos de circulação dialógica dos escreventes pelos gêneros que adquirem um funcionamento particular na ocasião em que tais escreventes recontam histórias. Para tanto, nosso primeiro movimento consiste em estabelecer uma conceituação de gênero discursivo segundo uma perspectiva enunciativo-discursiva, o que permite que o tomemos como modo de organização do acontecimento enunciativo, plasmado em formas mais ou menos estáveis de enunciados. Em seguida, procedemos à caracterização do que denominamos evento "Recontando histórias" e dos gestos enunciativos de que se constitui, o que nos leva a uma decisão metodológica importante: dentre os gestos enunciativos constitutivos desse evento, centramos nosso interesse em dois: a) o atribuído ao professor, quando conta a história e quando tenta estabelecer o direcionamento que a atividade de recontar deve tomar ¿ gesto organizado no gênero "instruções para a atividade de produção escrita" - e b) o gesto de recontar dos alunos, ocasião em que circulam tanto pelo gênero "instruções" quanto pelos gêneros, no caso particular deste nosso estudo, "contos de fadas" e "lendas". Finalmente, passamos à análise de um conjunto de trinta textos escritos por alunos de segunda série do ensino fundamental do Núcleo Pedagógico Integrado (NPI) - Escola de Aplicação da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) - durante dois períodos letivos - 1995 e 1996. ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: This thesis describes how students learning to write establish dialogical relations with language when retteling written stories in a classroom evento taking into account that discourse gemes are produced in different social activities, this study explains how students move through discourse gemes that emerge in this particular event. This study has three parts. First, the concept of discourse geme is discussed on the basis of Bakhtin's concept of iscourse gemes as relatively stable forms of utterance. Secondly, the elements that constitute the event "Retelling stories" are characterized considering two aspects: the role attributed to the teacher as he tells the story, suggesting - through a particular geme called "instructions to writing" -how the students can retell the story; the activity of retelling as realized by the students, a result of the moving through the "instructions" and other gemes that have been presented, such as "fairy tales" and "legends". Finally an analysis of 30 written texts is presented. These texts were written by second grade elementary school students at the Núcleo Pedagógico Integrado (NPI) - Escola de Aplicação of the Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) in 1995 and 1996. The methodological procedures were based on what has been denominated as indiciary paradigm, which permits both the apprehension of linguistic traces manifested in the texts, as well as an understanding of how the subject/writer who retells stories is constituted. ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Ensino-Aprendizagem de Lingua Materna / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Orientador: Eni de Lourdes Puccinelli Orlandi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudo da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T08:37:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_GrecielyCristinada_M.pdf: 1710061 bytes, checksum: 5f0e08416526ab007c2f8c4200e22638 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nosso investimento, nesta pesquisa, refere-se à constituição do sujeito e à produção de efeitos de sentidos do/no funcionamento de discursos da criminalidade. A partir da análise de um conjunto de materiais, a saber: a música Ode aos Ratos, verbetes do dicionário Aurélio e do Vocabulário Jurídico, recortes da Folha de São Paulo, trechos do estatuto e do vídeo-seqüestro do Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) e recortes dos documentários Falcão ¿ Meninos do Tráfico e O Prisioneiro da Grade de Ferro, investigamos a relação entre o visual e o verbal no processo discursivo dessas distintas materialidades. Interessanos compreender a constituição do sujeito através da relação linguagem/criminalidade, ou seja, compreender discursivamente como a língua(gem) acontece no sujeito envolvido com o crime. De que modo esse sujeito se significa e/ou é significado em materialidades verbovisuais? Haveria uma ruptura com a forma-sujeito-histórica moderna, isto é, capitalista em decorrência dos ¿muros¿, do (des)atar dos laços sociais face à violência? Em que medida a criminalidade produz novas formas de significação, novas organizações do dizer, novos processos de identificação, outras modalidades de subjetivação? A partir de um lugar teórico ¿ o da Análise de Discurso ¿ situamos nosso trabalho em duas (principais) reflexões. A primeira sobre a violência, em que discutimos os significados de criminoso, que circulam no discurso artístico, no lexicográfico, no jornalístico, no visual e explicitamos posições discursivas diferentes. A segunda reflexão diz respeito ao processo discursivo do visual, em que perguntamos: como ler imagens como discurso? O que implica observar, além de discursos verbais, os não-verbais, que constituem o discurso da criminalidade / Resumé: Notre investissement dans cette recherche se rapporte à la constitution du sujet et à la production des effets de sens dans le fonctionnement du discours de la criminalité, à partir de l'analyse d'un ensemble de matériels, à savoir : la musique Ode aos Ratos, des sujets du dictionnaire Aurélio et du Vocabulaire Juridique, des découpages de quelques articles du journal Folha de São Paulo, des parties du statut du Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) et aussi la vidéo-rapt du PCC. Finalment, des découpages des documentaires Falcão ¿ Meninos do Tráfico et O Prisioneiro da Grade de Ferro vont composer notre ensemble des matériels d¿analyse. Nous enquêtons la relation entre le visuel et le verbal dans le processus discursive de ces differentes matérialités. Nous intéresse comprendre la constitution du sujet à travers la relation language/criminalité, c'est-à-dire, comprendre discursivement comme la language advient dans le sujet impliqué avec le crime. De quelle manière ce sujet se signifie et/ou est signifié dans des matérialités verbaux et visuelles ? Il y aurait une rupture avec la forme-sujet-historique moderne, bien compris, capitaliste, qui resulte des "murs", du dé(faire) des liens sociaux face à la violence ? Dans quelle mesure la criminalité produit des nouvelles formes de signification, des nouvelles organisations du dire, des nouveaux processus d'identification, d¿autres manières de subjectivation ? À partir d'une place théorique ¿ de l'Analyse de Discours ¿ nous situons notre travail dans deux (principaux) réflexions. La première sur la violence, dans laquelle nous discutons les signifiés de criminel, ces qui circulent dans le discours artistique, lexicographique, journalistique, dans le visuel et nous explicitons les positions discursives différents. La seconde réflexion dit respect au processus discursive du visuel. A partir de cette réfléxion nous demandons :comment lire des images comme discours? Ce qu'implique d'observer les discours verbaux, les non verbaux, qui constituent le discours de la criminalité / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

Nesta dissertação, temos por objetivo estudar a polifonia em notícias relacionadas à Educação, publicadas no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, nas décadas de 1930, 1940, 1970 do século XX e na primeira década do século XXI, sob a perspectiva teórica da Análise Crítica do Discurso. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 30 notícias com o objetivo de investigar a construção argumentativa do texto, a partir da inserção de outras vozes presentes, bem como os atores sociais responsáveis por tais declarações. Considerando que a polifonia é uma categoria que vai além da simples introdução de uma voz ou de um efeito de autoridade no texto, analisaremos o uso dos discursos direto e indireto. No discurso direto, marcado pelas aspas, o enunciador se apropria da fala do outro e a transcreve para talvez se ter um maior distanciamento do que é dito. Já o discurso indireto é entremeado pela fala do ator social, sem o uso das aspas, no qual o enunciador disserta, com suas próprias palavras, sobre o que foi dito pelo outro. Nesse jogo de vozes e atores os discursos inseridos nas notícias formam um processo argumentativo, pois o simples fato de o enunciador escolher uma declaração e não outra implica uma estratégia argumentativa. / This research aims to study polyphony in news stories related to education, as published in the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, in the 1930s, 1940s, 1970s, and in the first decade of the 20th century, under the theoretical framework of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). We have selected 30 news stories to investigate the construction of arguments from the different voices in the text, in addition to social actors uttering such statements. Based on the idea that polyphony is a linguistic construction that goes beyond the mere introduction of different points of view in the utterance, or authority effects of the text self, we analyze the use of quoted and reported speeches. In quoted speech, which appears within quotation marks, we say exactly what someone has said word by word to attain a detachment effect from what is said. On its turn, reported speech does not use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it does not have to be word by word, and when reporting someone else\'s speech we are usually talking about a time in the past. In this game of voices and actors, the discourse inserted into news articles make up an argumentative process because by simply uttering one thing and not another Implies an argumentative strategy.

Metonymic and metaphoric language are thoroughly present in everyday language, so much so that they hold in themselves strong explanatory capacity to uncover and even influence underlying individual or social/cultural ideological systems and beliefs about the world around us (Catalano & Waugh, 2013; 2014; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The mapping systems involved in both metonymy and metaphor provide access to conceptual and social heuristics that help us make inferential and referential shortcuts (Littlemore, 2015), and thus these figurative constructs are directly implicated as “natural inference schemas” that we engage in the construction of meaning through written discourse (Panther & Thornburg, 2003). Further, these heuristics are environmental, social, and cognitively appointed forces that shape how we understand things and how we work out abstract concepts and how we reason and shape the world around us. Because of this, metonymy and metaphor are crucial foci for any inquiry into how our individual or systemic perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and thought processes (Catalano & Waugh, 2014, p. 407) are revealed through the written discourses in our world. But, while conceptual metaphor has enjoyed a great deal of attention over the last several decades, research into what metonymy can reveal as a potent participant in social and cognitive meaning-making has been comparatively scarce—a notion that is especially disconcerting given strong recent evidence to suggest that metonymy conceptually “leads the way” to metaphor (Mittelberg & Waugh, 2009). Inspired by this, this dissertation project seeks reparation for metonymy’s relative neglect as an effective tool for critical discourse analysts. Through an exploration of metonymy’s critical relationship to online discourse, internationalization in higher education, and language policy and planning, the three studies that comprise this project seek to engage the “explanatory and practical aims” of critical discourse analysis and to support the tireless work of such analysis that attempts “to uncover, reveal or disclose what is implicit, hidden or otherwise not immediately obvious in relationships of discursively enacted dominance [and] their underlying ideologies” (van Dijk, 1995).

Background: This research explored regulation and professionalism with respect to the current state of professional practice for hospital pharmacy technicians. Since July 2011 pharmacy technicians must register with the General Pharmaceutical Council in order to practise. An acknowledged benefit of registration is professional recognition; however there is a lack of published research about pharmacy technicians’ professionalism with no study found that offers a holistic exploration post mandatory registration. Method: This study utilised a broad discourse analytic approach to examine how pharmacy practitioners talk about the pharmacy technician role, regulation and professionalism, being sensitive to the content of these accounts but also the ways in which they are constructed and the varying rhetorical effects and power. The sociology of the professions provided the theoretical background for this study to examine the notion of professionalism in modern healthcare and whether or not pharmacy technicians are enabled to undertake the professional practice for which they are now accountable. Data were gathered through interviews with pharmacy technicians, pharmacists and Directors of Pharmacy, which were digitally recorded and transcribed prior to discourse analysis. Findings: The findings illuminate gaps in the professional socialisation of pharmacy technicians related to 1) Policy: a lack of appropriate conditions and opportunities for pharmacy technicians to demonstrate professional practice and contribute to current policy implementation, 2) Practice: pharmacy technicians do not have the supportive infrastructure to enable their own professional practice or carry out research, and 3) Education and Training: current qualifications are traditionalistic and not fit for purpose. Discussion: Recommendations are made in relation to these three concerns, including: development of pharmacy technician practice to take responsibility for the supply chain of medicines; review organisational structures, roles and discourses to enable this clear division of labour; the Association of Pharmacy Technicians UK promotes the development of a ‘Scope of Professional Practice for Pharmacy Technicians’ to support practice development and clarify accountabilities, and improves promotion of pharmacy technician research activity; and finally, review the content and level of pharmacy technician pre- and post-registration qualifications to address identified gaps and to support a structured career pathway. Findings from this study have already been transferred into practice in terms of: development of national recruitment guidance; establishment of a ‘Professionalism Programme’ for all local pharmacy staff; development of terms of reference for a local pharmacy technician professional forum to enable professional development and leadership; and, the initiation of discussions to develop a national pharmacy technician professional forum in Scotland.

M.A. / This dissertation examines the use of language and its implications on gender relations within the Swazi courts. Starting from the premise that language use is an important guide in understanding gender differences and differences in power between men and women, this dissertation investigates the language used by the different participants in court proceedings of selected court cases, particularly on offences that involve or otherwise touch on assault. The data is based on proceedings in two selected courts, one in Mbabane (an urban court) and the other in Lobamba (a semi urban court). Analysis is strengthened by an array of theories of gender and cultural studies. The major analytical methodology for this study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The study ultimately locates itself within the line of gender studies on cultural influences, examining how lexical choices in linguistic discourses contribute to sustaining or subverting age-old ideas of manhood versus womanhood in Swaziland. The analysis leads to a conclusion that: (a) Women are viewed as docile and unchanging in terms of their interaction in the society. (b) Within the patriarchal Swazi context, the linguistic expectations of “good women” put them at a disadvantage when communicating with men. (c) Traditionalists have to shift from patriarchal values and integration of the Swazi custom with some of the positive ways in life borrowed from education, Christianity and other modernized institutions. If this is enforced then women would cease to be treated as doormats and marginalised by society. This gender imbalance is revealed in situations of contest. It not only draws on, but also engenders the already existing ideologies of strong and knowledgeable men versus weak and ignorant women, in part by muting the latter. This, in the researcher’s view, is worsened by the fact that such linguistic disempowerment takes place within the structures of the State such as the courts, whose authority can easily be mistaken for that of the men who function within them. Put differently, the connotations of power, authority, coercion and fear within the courts are reinforced when one half of participants are disadvantaged by cultural ideologies such as those of linguistic control.

Visual images produce a version of the world, films do so by several images per minute. Films have power to choose who and what is represented and how. This can lead to misrepresentations and the reenforcing of stereotypes. From the outside, Sweden as a country is usually associated with health, safety and equality. However within Sweden another image is produced regarding its peripheral areas. A rural area which is seen mainly as an opposite of the urban city.    This study aims to use a multimodal critical discourse analysis to explore de reproduction of the Swedish in two selected horror films. The study also explores the concept of place importance in relation to the films stories and setting. The films are produced outside of Sweden but uses Swedish peripheries as its setting and Swedish culture as means of telling a story. The results found that although the films differ in their use and reconstruction of the peripheral of Sweden some similarities were found. Nordic mythology, sects and human sacrifices are just a small part of the mutual display of Sweden between the two horror films.

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