Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude de la réaction microgliale et des interactions microglie/neurones dans un modèle murin de neurodégénérescence dopaminergique induit par l'injection de 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐ OHDA). Dans ce modèle, nous décrivons tout d'abord les cinétiques d'activation microgliale, de perte neuronale et d'altérations comportementales en relation avec le déficit dopaminergique. Dans la substance noire lésée ont été observées une perte progressive des neurones dopaminergiques TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) ainsi qu'une activation microgliale précoce mais transitoire. Le rôle délétère de cette activation microgliale est fortement suggéré par la mise en évidence d'une protection partielle contre la toxicité induite par la 6‐OHDA dans des souris génétiquement modifiées DAP12 Knock‐In, dont la densité microgliale est constitutivement diminuée. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié différents types de contacts intercellulaires entre les neurones et la microglie de la substance noire lésée. Ces interactions physiques sont matérialisées entre autres sous la forme de contacts intimes entre le corps cellulaire des cellules microgliales et le soma des neurones dopaminergiques. De façon intéressante, ce type d'interaction se met en place quelques jours avant le pic de mort neuronale et dans la grande majorité des cas, concerne des neurones présentant des signes morphologiques d'apoptose. Finalement, nous avons également identifié un nouveau type d'interaction physique entre neurones et microglie sous la forme de ramifications microgliales pénétrant le soma des neurones. Ces interactions s'apparentent aux "tunelling nanotubes" décrits dans la littérature et représentent un type particulier de ramifications microgliales perforantes que nous avons nommées "tunelling ramifications". La présence de vacuoles TH+ dans le cytoplasme de nombreuses cellules microgliales suggère que les ramifications microgliales pénétrantes sont le support d'un processus de microphagocytose ciblant le cytoplasme des neurones dopaminergiques. La fonction précise de ces interactions et les mécanismes moléculaires qui les suscitent restent à définir. Toutefois, ce travail de thèse apporte un ensemble de données originales sur le dialogue microglie/neurones dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson / This thesis work is aimed to study microglial reaction and microglia/neuron interactions in a murine model of dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). In this model, we first describe the kinetics of microglial activation, neuronal cell loss and behavioral alterations in relation with the dopaminergic defect. In the injured substantia nigra, we observed a progressive loss of TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase ‐positive) dopaminergic neurons and an early but transient microglial activation. The deleterious role of microglial activation is strongly suggested by the observation of a partial neuroprotection against 6‐OHDA‐induced toxicity in genetically DAP12 Knock‐In mice, in which microglial cells are defective in regard to their number and function. In addition, we identified various types of cell‐tocell contacts between neurons and microglia in the injured substantia nigra. Such physical interactions were established between microglia and neuronal cell bodies several days before the peak of neuronal death and in the majority of cases in neurons showing morphological signs of apoptosis. Finally, we also identified a new type of physical interactions consisting in microglial ramifications penetrating the soma of TH+ neurons. These interactions present similarities with the so‐called « tunelling nanotubes » previously described in the literature and represent a particular type of penetrating microglial ramifications the we named "tunelling ramifications.". Interestingly, in the injured substantia nigra, the presence of TH+ vacuoles in the cytoplasm of numerous microglial cells strongly suggests that microglial ramifications support microphagocytosis targeted toward the cytoplasm of dopaminergic neurons. The precise function and molecular mechanisms of such unique interactions need to be further assessed. However, our work provides a set of original data that deepens our knowledge on the dialogue between microglia and neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Ce travail de thèse décrit et analyse la réaction neuro-inflammatoire accompagnant la mort cellulaire neuronale dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson. Dans ce modèle, induit par l’injection intrastriatale d'un analogue toxique de la dopamine, la 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), nous décrivons les caractéristiques et la cinétique de l’activation microgliale, de l'infiltration lymphocytaire T, de la perte de neurones dopaminergiques TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) et des altérations du comportement moteur. Nos observations sont complétées par une étude neuropathologique de la substance noire chez des patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson. Les résultats montrent que, chez l'homme comme chez la souris, la mort de neurones dopaminergiques induit une infiltration T de faible intensité, limitée à la substance noire et s'accompagnant d'une activation microgliale. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons l'impact d'une déficience lymphocytaire T génétiquement déterminée sur les paramètres histologiques et fonctionnels caractérisant le modèle 6-OHDA. Nos résultats montrent que, comparées à des souris contrôles immunocompétentes, les souris immunodéficientes de souche Foxn1 KO, CD3 KO, NOD SCID ou RAG1 KO présentent toutes, à des degrés divers, une susceptibilité significativement accrue aux effets neurotoxiques de la 6-OHDA. L'aggravation observée de la perte neuronale s'accompagne d'une accentuation majeure des troubles du comportement moteur et de l'activation microgliale. Ce travail démontre l'importance de la neuro-inflammation et de l'immunité adaptative dans la physiopathologie du modèle 6-OHDA. Il suggère également que les LyT infiltrant la substance noire des patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson exercent un rôle inhibiteur sur l'activation microgliale et pourraient par ce mécanisme ralentir l'évolution de la perte neuronale dopaminergique. En résumé, ce travail de thèse apporte un ensemble de données originales sur les interactions entre LyT, microglie et neurones dopaminergiques dans le contexte de la maladie de Parkinson et du modèle murin 6-OHDA / This thesis work describes and analyzes the neuroinflammatory reaction that accompanies neuronal cell death in a murine model of Parkinson's disease. In this model, induced by the intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a toxic dopamine analog, we report on the main features and kinetics of microglial activation, T-cell infiltration, loss of TH+ (Tyrosine Hydroxylase) dopaminergic neurons and motor behavior alterations. We also assessed the presence of T-cells in the susbstantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients and found that, as observed in the 6-OHDA murine model, the neuronal cell death of dopaminergic neurons triggers a low-grade T-cell infiltration that accompanies microglial activation. We then studied the impact of genetically-determined T-cell immunodeficiency on histological and functional outcomes in the 6-OHDA model. Our results show that, as compared to immunocompetent control mice, immunodeficient strains consisting in Foxn1 KO, CD3 KO, NOD SCID or RAG KO mice consistently presented, at varied levels, a highest susceptibility to 6-OHDA induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. The observed accentuation of neuronal cell loss was accompanied by a marked increase of microglial activation and motor behavior alterations. Our work demonstrates the pathophysiological role of neuroinflammation and adaptative immunity in the 6-OHDA model. It also suggests that T-cells infiltrating the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients dampen microglial activation and could, via this inhibitory effect, slow the progression of dopaminergic cell loss. Overall this thesis work provides original data on the interactions between T-cells, microglia and dopaminergic neurons in the context of Parkinson's disease and the murine 6-OHDA model

Introduction: Current medical treatment for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCHZ) primarily relies on the inhibition of the dopamine D2 receptor that has been shown to be supersensitive in these patients. Treatment occurs through the use of antipsychotic medication which leads to a number of debilitating dose-dependent side effects, such as weight gain, agranulocytosis, and seizures. Patients diagnosed with SCHZ have also been shown to have increased inflammation in their central nervous system (CNS), particularly within specific brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. This is in large part due to the interaction between a pro-inflammatory cytokine called tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFa) and microglia, which are resident CNS defense cells. TNFa is a cell-signaling protein, regulates a variety of immune cells, and is involved in the acute phase reaction of inflammation. Upon activation by TNFa secretion, microglial cells switch from being anti-inflammatory (M2) to pro-inflammatory (M1), thereby resulting in neuroinflammation as well as synaptic loss and neuronal death. In this project, we hypothesized oral administration through the diet of a novel TNFa modulator (PD2024) developed by P2D Biosciences, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) would significantly reduce microglia activation in rats neonatally treated with Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C). Methods and Results: To test our hypothesis, four groups (Neonatal Poly I:C/TNFa, Neonatal Poly I:C/Control, Neonatal Saline/TNFa, and Neonatal Saline/Control) were intraperitoneally injected with either poly I:C or saline during postnatal days (P)5-7. Poly I:C is an immunostimulant that mimics neonatal infection in humans, which also has been found to be a factor for the development of SCHZ later in life. Between days (P)30-(P)60, the Neonatal Poly I:C/TNFa and Neonatal Saline/TNFa groups were orally administered PD2024 through the diet. After (P)60, brain tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to label microglial cells in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus with a green fluorescent dye attached to Iba1, a protein that specifically binds to these cells. Upon completion of IHC, tissue was evaluated using a confocal microscope and then analyzed with NIH ImageJ software. Analysis parameters included cell count, sampled cell body fluorescence, and overall image fluorescence. The results obtained showed a significant decrease in microglia activation for the Poly I:C/TNFa group when compared to the Poly I:C/Control group, as well as similarities in activation levels with the Saline/Control group. These results were demonstrated in both sampled cell body fluorescence and overall image fluorescence measurements. Conclusion: This data supports the hypothesis that PD2024 is successful in reducing microglia activation through the modulation of TNFa. Therefore, treatment with a TNFa modulator such as PD2024 alongside of current antipsychotic medication could mediate neuroinflammation and reduce the dose-dependent side effects. This approach could be a promising therapeutic treatment option for those diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well as potentially for other neurocognitive and behavioral disorders.

In der vorliegenden Habilitationsarbeit wurden die Ionenkanäle von Mikrogliazellen mit Hilfe der Patch-clamp-Technik untersucht, nachdem die Mikrogliazellen in den deaktivierten Zustand überführt worden waren. Die Deaktivierung der Mikroglia erfolgte durch die Zugabe des astrozytenkonditionierten Mediums. Nach der Deaktivierung exprimierten die Mikrogliazellen einwärts- und auswärtsgleichrichtende sowie Ca2+-aktivierte Kaliumkanäle. Der auswärtsgleichrichtende Kaliumkanal wurde erst nach Zugabe des astrozytenkonditionierten Mediums exprimiert, wobei das durch die Astrozyten freigesetzte Zytokin transformierender Wachstumsfaktor für diesen Prozeß verantwortlich gemacht werden konnte. Zusätzlich wurden Chloridkanäle an deaktivierten Mikrogliazellen nachgewiesen, die an den Ramifizierungsprozessen der Zellen, d.h. dem Übergang von der amöboiden in die ramifizierte Zellmorphologie, beteiligt waren. Die an Mikrogliazellen exprimierten Protonenkanäle spielen offensichtlich eine wichtige Rolle bei der Generierung von reaktiven Sauerstoffradikalen und wurden im Prozeß der Deaktivierung der Mikrogliazellen herunterreguliert. / The current work describes patch clamp recordings in cultured murine microglial cells, which had been deactivated following exposure to astrocyte-conditioned medium. Deactivated microglial cells expressed inwardly rectifying, outwardly rectifying and calcium-activated potassium channels. The outwardly rectifying potassium channels were upregulated following treatment of microglial cells with the astrocyte-conditioned medium. The anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor was released by astrocytes and appeared to be responsible for the observed upregulation of outwardly rectifying potassium channels in deactivated microglia. In addition, deactivated microglial cells expressed chloride channels, which were found to be involved in microglial ramification, i.e., in the transformation of microglial cells from ameboid into ramified morphology. Voltage-gated proton channels, which are involved in processes of oxygen radical generation, were downregulated in deactivated microglial cells.

The eye contains closely related but widely different tissues, offering a unique opportunity to investigate the phenotype and function of monocyte-derived cell populations within functionally unique microenvironments in a single complex organ. The uveal tract and retina contain rich networks of immune cells that reside and traffic through the eye, these cells having been implicated in various ocular inflammatory processes and immune-mediated diseases. One such inflammatory condition is human posterior uveitis, an autoimmune disease mainly affecting the retina. As current treatments for posterior uveitis only serve to slow down disease progression, studies using animal models, namely, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), have focused on determining the key cellular and molecular mediators involved in disease initiation in order to expand the potential for novel therapeutic applications. The overall purpose of experiments in this thesis was to explore monocyte-derived cell populations of the uveal tract and retina, this being achieved by utilising a novel transgenic mouse model. Cx3cr1gfp/gfp transgenic mice on both BALB/c and C57Bl/6 backgrounds contain an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) encoding cassette knocked into the Cx3cr1 gene, disrupting its expression but facilitating GFP expression under the control of the Cx3cr1 promoter. Heterozygous (Cx3cr1+/gfp) mice were generated by crossing Cx3cr1gfp/gfp mice to wild-type (WT) mice. This transgenic model allowed for the exquisite visualisation of Cx3cr1-bearing monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages in ocular tissues, whilst also enabling the investigation of a potential role for Cx3cr1 in recruiting monocyte-derived cells to the eye in steady-state and inflammatory conditions.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.