INTRODUCTION: The cornea forms the anterior-most barrier of the eye, consisting of a non-keratinized pseudostratified squamous epithelium, a collagen-based stroma, and an endothelium. It is completely avascular, yet the most densely innervated structure in the human body. The sensory nerves project from the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal cranial nerve into the limbal/stromal interface. From there, the nerves branch and ascend into Bowman’s membrane, a basal lamina delineating the epithelium from the stroma, and project into the epithelium as free nerve endings. Injury to the corneal epithelium can potentially lead to impaired vision if the wound healing process is not properly initiated. Immediately after injury, nucleotides such as ATP are released and bind to purinergic receptors known to be located in epithelial cell membranes, thereby initiating epithelial cell migration to close the wound. Malfunctions in the interactions between the corneal nerves and their epithelial counterparts during the wound healing process are thought to contribute to the attenuated wound healing characteristic of diabetes. However, the precise nature of these interactions, how they facilitate wound healing, and how they are impaired in diabetes, is not well understood. OBJECTIVES: Previously, our lab has shown that a member of purinergic family receptors (P2X7) is localized in the basal epithelial cells and becomes relocated to the leading edge of the wound after injury. When the relocation is inhibited, migration is attenuated. Additionally, it is known that diabetic mouse models display slower wound healing rates. The present study has three aims: (1) to replicate the characteristic sub-basal whorl organization of the corneal nerves in organ-cultured corneas; (2) to elucidate the connections between patterns of corneal innervation and purinergic receptor expression; and (3) to understand how these patterns interact to facilitate normal wound healing and how these interactions are disrupted in a diabetic model. METHODS: Our approach was to use immunohistochemistry of dissected mouse and to visualize the tissue using confocal microscopy. Sensory innervation profiles from diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse corneas and their wildtype C57Bl6 counterparts were compared in unwounded and wounded tissue. To image the nerves a methanol fixation protocol was optimized to examine the sub-basal plexus and the apical nerves. Corneas were dissected, stained with beta III-tubulin, which identifies nerves, and with an antibody to the P2X7 purinergic receptor, which is expressed in the epithelium and nerves. Trephine induced epithelial abrasion injuries were made on separate DIO and control models to compare re-epithelialization and re-innervation between the diseased and healthy states. Corneas were imaged using a Zeiss LSM 700 laser scanning confocal microscope and optical images were taken through the cornea over a distance averaging 115 microns. Corneas were imaged using a macro tiling plugin, stitching 3x3 optical z-stacks into composite images. The 3x3 tiles were created to image the central whorl, as well as the peripheral nerve fibers. Co-localization of P2X7 and betaIII tubulin were determined by thresholding using ImageJ/FIJI software. RESULTS: The elegant organization of the centralized sub-basal whorl of the control mouse was disrupted in the DIO mouse cornea, appearing fragmented and incomplete. Analysis of 7.5 and 15 wk corneas showed the whorl to be present at 7.5 wks. Average apical nerve fiber projection length was decreased in DIO cornea. Yet, analyses at each epithelial layer demonstrated overall increased apical nerve density in the DIO corneas as compared to control while sub-basal nerve density decreased dramatically. Stromal nerves remained equivalent. P2X7 did co-localize to the large stromal nerve fibers but it was difficult to show the localization along the sub-basal nerve plexus. However in cross-section images, P2X7 displayed an intracellular polarity, and was present along the apical surface of the columnar basal epithelial cells lining the basement membrane. This localization may suggest the presence of P2X7 expressing sensory nerves, which may be ideally poised for communication with the basal cells after injury. CONCLUSIONS: These data support the hypothesis that there is indeed a difference between diabetic and control corneal innervation. While wound healing differences due to the interaction between sensory nerves and the localization of P2X7 in epithelium at the leading edge remain to be fully elucidated, the novel finding of P2X7 expression in corneal nerves confirms a potential role of purinergic receptor and nerve coordination in conducting the wound healing response.

Plus de 34 millions de personnes dans le monde vivent avec le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1). Cette pandémie est partiellement contrôlée par l’utilisation de combinaison d’agents antirétroviraux spécifiques. Cependant l’émergence de nouvelles souches virales multi-résistantes nécessite le développement de nouvelles stratégies antirétrovirales. Notre laboratoire porte une attention particulière à la compréhension des évènements cellulaires et viraux impliqués dans les étapes précoces du cycle réplicatif du VIH-1. Récemment, nous avons révélé l’existence d’une nouvelle voie de signalisation cellulaire, impliquant un canal membranaire (la Pannexine-1), un signal de danger (l’ATP extracellulaire) et un récepteur purinergique (P2Y2) participant à l’entrée du VIH-1 dans ses cellules cibles. Etant donnée que ces trois évènements cellulaires sont également des acteurs de la réponse immunologique, nous avons décidé de poursuivre l’étude du rôle des protéines de la réponse immunologique innée dans les étapes précoces d’infection par le VIH-1.Au cours de mes travaux de thèse, nous avons révélé une interaction entre le récepteur purinergique P2Y2 et la protéine de l’inflammasome NLRP3. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que la migration cellulaire dépendante du récepteur purinergique P2Y2 est réprimée pendant l’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3. A l’inverse, nous avons également observé que la polarisation des macrophages, la sécrétion de l’interleukine-1β et la pyroptose déclenchées par l’activation de NLRP3 sont sous le contrôle de l’autophagie induite par l’activation du récepteur purinergique P2Y2. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’interaction entre NLRP3 et P2Y2 constitue un nouveau point de contrôle immunologique qui régule les fonctions des macrophages. A la suite de ces travaux, nous avons analysé le rôle de ce point de contrôle immunologique lors de l’infection par le VIH-1 et avons démontré que l’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 empêche l’activation de la voie de signalisation purinergique qui implique l’ATP, la pannexine-1 et le récepteur P2Y2, et qui permet l’entrée du VIH-1 dans ses cellules cibles. Nos travaux de recherche mettent ainsi en lumière la capacité de l’inflammasome NLRP3 à représenter un nouveau facteur de restriction inductible du VIH-1. L’ensemble de mes travaux recherche souligne l’existence au niveau des macrophages d’un nouveau point de contrôle du système immunitaire impliquant la protéine NLRP3 et le récepteur P2Y2 et qui peut être moduler afin de développer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques permettant de lutter contre l’émergence de virus résistants aux traitements rétroviraux classiques. / In 3 decades infection with the virus of the human immunodeficiency of type 1 (HIV-1) caused over than 34 million deaths and the surge of new multiresistant virus strains require the development of novel antiretroviral strategies.Our laboratories revealed a new signaling pathway involving in the early step of HIV-1 infection, involving a hemichannel (Pannexin-1), a common danger signal (extracellular ATP) and a purinergic receptor (P2Y2). These three cellular events are also players in the immune response; we decided to continue the study of proteins involved in the innate immune response during the early stages of infection by HIV -1.Here we demonstrated during this work a new interaction between the purinergic receptor P2Y2 and protein of the inflammasome NLRP3. We demonstrate that P2Y2-stimulated migration of macrophages is inhibited by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conversely, NLRP3-dependent macrophage polarization, interleukin-1 β secretion and pyroptosis are under the control of P2Y2-induced autophagy.Finally, the results suggest that the interaction between NLRP3 and P2Y2 is a new immunological checkpoint that regulates macrophage functions. Following this work, we analyzed the role of this immunological control during infection by HIV -1 and have demonstrated that activation of the inflammasome NLRP3 prevents the activation of the purinergic signaling channel involving ATP, pannexin -1 and the P2Y2 receptor, and which allows the entry of HIV -1 in its target cells. Our research and bring to light the capacity of the NLRP3 inflammasome to represent a new inducible restriction factor of HIV-1.All of this research work highlights the existence in macrophages of a new immune system checkpoint involving NLRP3 protein and P2Y2 receptor and can be modulated in order to develop new therapeutic approaches to fight against the emergence of viruses resistant to conventional retroviral treatments.

Editorial on the Research Topic. Purinergic Signaling 2020: The State-of-The-Art Commented by the Members of the Italian Purine Club.

Extracellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP), released from damaged cells or coreleased as a cotransmitter from synaptic vesicles, acts on its plasma membrane receptors termed purinergic. Purinergic P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels. To date seven P2X isoforms designated P2X1-7 have been cloned that are organized as trimeric homomers or heteromers. All P2X subunits share a similar structure consisting of a large extracellular loop, two transmembrane domains and intracellular N- and C- termini. An additional structural feature is conserved aminoacids, these include ten conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular loop. All ectodomain cysteines form disulfide bonds which are organized in two areas: three disulfide bridges are localized in the N-termini half and two in the C-termini half at P2X receptor. ATP binding pocket is apparently localized between two neighbouring subunits. The aim of this Diploma Thesis was to examine the relevance of ectodomain cysteine residue and/or disulfide bonds for the expression, function and ATP binding properties of the P2X receptor. All ten, one by one, ectodomain cysteines were substituted by alanines and ATP-induced currents was recorded in HEK293 cells expressing wild-type P2X4 receptor and its mutants. Low responsible or nonfunctional mutants...

L’entose est une forme de mort cellulaire non apoptotique caractérisée par l’internalisation d’une cellule cible vivante dans une cellule hôte vivante. Ce processus de cannibalisme cellulaire qui est également connu sous le nom de « cellule dans une cellule » est retrouvé dans de nombreux cancers humains. Au cours de mes travaux de thèse, nous avons développé différents modèles d’entose in vitro et avons débuté l’identification des protéines qui répriment l’entose en combinant un criblage de petits ARN interférants à une approche de microscopie confocale. Nous avons découvert que la protéine suppressive de tumeur TP53 ainsi que son isoforme Δ133TP53 bloquent le processus d’internalisation cellulaire et l’entose. La perte de l’expression de la protéine TP53 ou de Δ133TP53 entraîne une libération extracellulaire d’adénosine triphosphate ainsi que l’activation du récepteur purinergique P2Y2, deux évènements cellulaires qui aboutissent à l’internalisation d’une cellule par une autre cellule. De plus, nous avons constaté que les cellules cannibales deviennent énescentes à la suite de l’induction de la protéine p21WAF1.Mes travaux de recherche révèlent l’existence d’une nouvelle modalité d’induction de la sénescence cellulaire. De façon surprenante, nous avons également observé que l’induction de la sénescence par l’oncogène RasV12ou à la suite de stress (réplicatifouoxydatif) déclenchait le cannibalisme cellulaire, suggérant que le cannibalisme cellulaire est une caractéristique des cellules sénescentes. L’ensemble de mes travaux de recherche souligne le lien étroit qui existe entre le cannibalisme cellulaire et la senescence. / Entosis is a non-apoptotic cell death process of live internalized cell inside the host/cannibal cell. In human cancers, commonly "cell-in-cell" cytological features have been observed over the period of time. In this study we have established in vitro models of entosis and initiated the identification of entotic repressors by developing fluorescent confocal microscopy screening of small interfering RNA. We identified that TP53 and one of its isoform 133TP53 specifically inhibits the cell internalization. Loss of TP53 or 133TP53 expression increases extracellular ATP release and the consequent activation of purinergic P2Y2 receptors, which signal for engulfment. Cannibal cells activate a senescence program through p21WAF1 induction, revealing a new modality of induction of cellular senescence that can occur in the absence of TP53 or 133TP53. Senescence induced by oncogenic RasV12 and by replicative or oxidative stresses also results in cellular cannibalism, suggesting that cannibalism is a common feature of senescent cells. Altogether, our results provide evidence that cellular cannibalism and senescence are tightly linked.

No description available.

A Doença de Parkinson (DP) é a segunda doença neurodegenerativa mais comum na população, sendo seus mecanismos estudados em modelos animais. Há evidências de que alguns sistemas de comunicação celular podem modular o desenvolvimento da DP. Os canais de potencial transiente (TRPs) e receptores purinérgicos parecem envolvidos com a neurodegeneração e podem contribuir no desenvolvimento da DP, por outro lado, as cininas parecem estar relacionadas com a neuroproteção. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão e o envolvimento destes receptores de membrana no modelo da DP induzida por 6-OHDA em camundongos (C57Bl/6) injetados com agonista (BK) e antagonista (HOE-140) do receptor B2, e antagonista de TRPM7 (Carvacrol); e em nocautes do receptores B2, pelas técnicas de imuno-histoquímica e Western blotting. Os dados revelaram modulação destes receptores no modelo, e neuroproteção após o bloqueio do TRPM7. Assim, podemos sugerir que todos os receptores avaliados podem estar envolvidos na indução do modelo por 6-OHDA, sendo possíveis alvos terapêuticos para a DP. / Parkinson\'s disease (PD) is a second most common neurodegenerative disease in the population, and the mechanisms involved in these are studied in animal models. There is evidence that some systems can modulate the development of PD. Transient potential channels (TRPs) and purinergic receptors seem to be involved in neurodegeneration and may contribute to the development of PD; on the other hand, kininas appear to be related to neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and the involvement of these membrane receptors in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model in mice (C57Bl / 6) injected with agonist (BK) and antagonist (HOE-140) of B2 receptor; antagonist of TRPM7 (Carvacrol); and in B2 knockout knockouts, by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting techniques. The data revealed modulation of these receptors in the model, and neuroprotection after TRPM7 blockade. Thus, we can suggest that all the receptors evaluated may be involved in the induction of the 6-OHDA model, and can be possible therapeutic targets for PD.

7 ABSTRACT Crystallization of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in both open and closed states revealed conformational differences in the ectodomain structures, including the dorsal fin and left flipper domains. The role of these domains in forming of ATP-binding pocket and receptor function was investigated by using alanine scanning mutagenesis of the R203- L214 (dorsal fin) and the D280-N293 (left flipper) sequences of the rat P2X4 receptor and by examination of the responsiveness to ATP and orthosteric analog agonists 2- (methylthio)adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine 5'-(γ-thio)triphosphate, 2'(3'-O-(4- benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and α,β-methyleneadenosine 5'- triphosphate. ATP potency/efficacy was reduced in 15 out of 26 alanine mutants. The R203A, N204A, and N293A mutants were essentially non-functional, but receptor function was restored by ivermectin, an allosteric modulator. The I205A, T210A, L214A, P290A, G291A, and Y292A mutants exhibited significant changes in the responsiveness to orthosteric analog agonists. In contrast, the responsiveness of L206A, N208A, D280A, T281A, R282A, and H286A mutants to analog agonists was comparable to that of the wild type receptor. These experiments, together with homology modeling, indicate that residues of the first group located in the upper part of...

Suburothelial myofibroblasts (sMF) are located underneath the urothelium in close proximity to afferent nerves and show spontaneous calcium activity in vivo and in vitro. They express purinergic receptors and calcium transients can be evoked by ATP. Therefore they are supposed to be involved in afferent signaling of the bladder fullness. Myofibroblast cultures, established from cystectomies, were challenged by exogenous ATP in presence or absence of purinergic antagonist. Fura-2 calcium imaging was used to monitor ATP (10-16 to 10-4 mol/l) induced alterations of calcium activity. Purinergic receptors (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3) were analysed by confocal immunofluorescence. We found spontaneous calcium activity in 55.18% ± 1.65 (mean ± SEM) of the sMF (N=48 experiments). ATP significantly increased calcium activity even at 10-16 mol/l. The calcium transients were partially attenuated by subtype selective antagonist (TNP-ATP, 1μM; A-317491, 1μM), and were mimicked by the P2X1, P2X3 selective agonist α,β-methylene ATP. The expression of purinergic receptor subtypes in sMF was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that ATP can modulate spontaneous activity and induce intracellular Ca2+ response in cultured sMF at very low concentrations, most likely involving ionotropic P2X receptors. These findings support the notion that sMF are able to register bladder fullness very sensitively, which predestines them for the modulation of the afferent bladder signaling in normal and pathological conditions.

Suburothelial myofibroblasts (sMF) are located underneath the urothelium in close proximity to afferent nerves and show spontaneous calcium activity in vivo and in vitro. They express purinergic receptors and calcium transients can be evoked by ATP. Therefore they are supposed to be involved in afferent signaling of the bladder fullness. Myofibroblast cultures, established from cystectomies, were challenged by exogenous ATP in presence or absence of purinergic antagonist. Fura-2 calcium imaging was used to monitor ATP (10-16 to 10-4 mol/l) induced alterations of calcium activity. Purinergic receptors (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3) were analysed by confocal immunofluorescence. We found spontaneous calcium activity in 55.18% ± 1.65 (mean ± SEM) of the sMF (N=48 experiments). ATP significantly increased calcium activity even at 10-16 mol/l. The calcium transients were partially attenuated by subtype selective antagonist (TNP-ATP, 1μM; A-317491, 1μM), and were mimicked by the P2X1, P2X3 selective agonist α,β-methylene ATP. The expression of purinergic receptor subtypes in sMF was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Our experiments demonstrate for the first time that ATP can modulate spontaneous activity and induce intracellular Ca2+ response in cultured sMF at very low concentrations, most likely involving ionotropic P2X receptors. These findings support the notion that sMF are able to register bladder fullness very sensitively, which predestines them for the modulation of the afferent bladder signaling in normal and pathological conditions.:1. Introduction............................................................................ 1 1.1. Anatomy and histology of the human urinary bladder..................... 1 1.1.1. Anatomy of the human urinary bladder..................................... 1 1.1.2. Structure of the human urinary bladder wall............................... 2 1.2. Normal bladder function and bladder dysfunction.......................... 3 1.2.1 Normal bladder function......................................................... 3 1.2.2 Sensory aspect.................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Overactivity or hypersensitivity of bladder.................................. 5 1.3 The role of functional cell types and interaction in urinary bladder... 6 1.3.1 The role of urothelium.......................................................... 7 1.3.2Theroleofsuburotheliamyofibroblast...................................... 7 1.3.3Theroleofdetrusorsmoothmusclecells.................................. 9 1.3.4 Possible interactions in urinary bladder cell types........................ 10 1.4 ATP function and Purinergic signalling in bladder........................... 11 1.5 Spontaneous activity of bladder................................................... 13 2. Objective.................................................................................. 15 3. Material and methods............................................................... 16 3.1. Ethics Statement........................................................................ 16 3.2. Cell preparation.......................................................................... 16 3.3. Solutions and chemicals............................................................. 19 3.4. Intracellular calcium measurements............................................. 20 2.4.1. Preparing cells for Calcium Imaging.......................................... 20 2.4.2. Preparing workspace of calcium imaging................................... 20 2.4.3. Calcium imaging recording...................................................... 22 3.5 Data analysis with automated Fluorescence analysis..................... 22 3.6 Confocal Immunofluorescence.................................................... 25 3.7 Statistics................................................................................. 26 4. Results.................................................................................. 27 4.1 Spontaneous calcium activity of sMF........................................... 27 4.2 ATP effects on calcium response in sMF...................................... 27 4.3 Analysis of purinergic receptors involved.................................... 30 3.3.1 Agonist stimulation.............................................................. 30 3.3.2 Signal inhibition by specific antagonists................................... 31 4.4 Confocal immunofluorescence of purinergic receptors.................. 32 5. Discussion............................................................................. 34 5.1 Myofibroblast identification....................................................... 34 5.2 Spontaneous activity in the bladder............................................ 36 5.3 ATP modulated calcium activity in sMF....................................... 37 5.4 purinergic signalling in sMF........................................................ 39 6. Summary................................................................................ 42 7. References.............................................................................. 45 Declaration............................................................................. 50 Acknowledgements................................................................. 51